The last Manchuria that lost its roots - Dreaming of Balhae

 Since the Japanese colonial era, independence has established itself as the national evaluation standard due to the development of national history in the private academic world. Therefore, since Silla is not justified in the issue of national independence, many argue that the tradition of Korean history from Gojoseon to Goguryeo should be inherited, and North Korean private academia, which considers independence the best evaluation as orthodox, accepts Balhae as an orthodox national history instead of Silla. However, Balhae had been completely excluded from our history until the middle of the Joseon Dynasty, and efforts to incorporate Balhae into the history of our people began to appear only in 1784 when Balhae High School was written by Yu Deuk-gong. However, as the military officer who accepts Silla as authentic has come down so far, Balhae is still neglected in our history, and there is little interest in it, so research and achievements are very little, and even false knowledge are widely known. Bonhae's strong argument is that one of them is the "two-way resident theory." As written in the national history textbook, Balhae's dual resident theory argues that only Goguryeo, a very small number of Balhae populations, were the ruling class, and the majority of Malgal were dual national countries with dual classes consisting of the ruling class. This dual resident theory of Balhae is believed in general academia that is not very interested in Balhae, and it is mentioned in national history textbooks that reflect its claims, so the whole nation has been educated on Balhae's dual resident theory for decades. However, Balhae's dual residential theory expresses the contradiction of not examining the front, rear, left, and right of the record. First of all, if you look at the people of Malgal, Malgal was a race that existed before the founding of Goguryeo, and lived on the outskirts of Buyeo with seven tribes: Sokmalbu, Baekdolbu, Anchagolbu, Bulyeolbu, Hosilbu, Heuksubu, and Baeksanbu. The seven tribes were not unified with each other to form a nation, and their power was very small, and King Memorial (Jumong) was the first people to establish and organize Goguryeo, and after that, they were the commoners of Goguryeo until Goguryeo collapsed. In the History of the Three Kingdoms, it is recorded that King Yeongyang invaded the Yoseo region of the Su Dynasty in the 9th year of King Yeongyang's reign (598), and in the 10th year of King Taejong's reign (636), it is recorded that the total number of troops in Malgal does not exceed 3,000. Therefore, it can be estimated that the total force of Malgal at the end of Goguryeo is about 3,000 to 10,000. Now, let's estimate Malgal's total population based on this total number of troops. At that time, Tang had a total population of 50 million and 600,000 standing troops, so the ratio of troops to population was about 1:80. In addition, Goguryeo is said to have 690,000 lakes at the time of its collapse, but considering that Baekje's lake was 760,000, its credibility is problematic, so the ratio of the total population was about 5 million and 300,000 troops to population was about 1:15. Goguryeo had a very high ratio of troops to prevent the invasion of China's Unified Imperial Party, and the party had a very large population, so the ratio of troops to population in East Asian countries at that time was about 1:30. Therefore, the total population of Malgal can be seen from as little as 90,000 to as much as 300,000. And the population of Goguryeo's collapse (668) is presumed to have been targeted only around the capital Pyongyang for the reasons mentioned above, and in fact, Goguryeo's total population, including slaves, is estimated to have exceeded at least 5 million. During the Battle of Ansi Castle during the reign of King Dangtaejong, the number of high-ranking soldiers supported by Yeon Gaesomun was 150,000. It was only recruited from the northern and southern regions. About 40% to 150,000 interceptors were organized, so simple arithmetic calculations show that the total number of Goguryeo's five units, namely, the interceptors and defenders, was more than 400,000 to 500,000, and the population of Malgal was as many as 300,000 and 28200 scattered by the war. And Balhae was founded exactly 30 years after the fall of Goguryeo, so it is safe to say that the population of Goguryeo and Malgal remaining in the old Goguryeo territory has hardly changed from above. At this time, the ratio of Malgal people to Goguryeo people was 1:15, and the number of Goguryeo people was overwhelmingly high. (Calculating the Goguryeo population as 690,000 units, or 3.5 million, it is 1:11), so the dual resident theory of Malgal Balhae, which was only 1/15 of Goguryeo remaining in the former Goguryeo territory where Balhae was established, cannot be logically established. Assuming that the above calculation is completely wrong and that the population of Malgal in the 7th century is almost equal to that of Goguryeo, there is plenty of room for doubt to present in the dual resident theory. Nearly 5 million Goguryeo people, to be precise, have all disappeared to where? No matter how anti-nomadic Goguryeo was, it was essentially an agricultural country, so even if the country collapsed, it is not easy to leave the settlement, which is your hometown. In addition, Goguryeo residents did not have a destination to leave, because about 100,000 Goguryeo people who migrated to the party were scattered into the wasteland on the side and almost reached Asa, which Goguryeo residents knew is very unlikely, and it is also very likely that they moved to Silla, an ally of the party. (In fact, Balhae, which was later founded by Goguryeo Yumin, was very hostile to Silla.) Therefore, Goguryeo Yumin could only be said to have remained almost in the old Goguryeo land, so the proportion of the population of Goguryeo and Malgal would have been almost the same. Therefore, the dualism that the Malgals accounted for most of the Balhae people is bound to be a complete contradiction. In addition, even if the dualism is correct, Goguryeo residents, who are the very few ruling groups, must have a special system to rule the Malgal people, like the "Inter-Korean One System" of the Khitan, and the fact that the Malgal people have survived for 229 years without such a special system is a great basis. If so, where on earth did the dual resident theory, which cannot be established logically or in common sense, originate and establish itself as the orthodox theory of the Gangdan historical world and even spread to textbooks? The dual resident theory is based on the outline of Volume 23 of the Balhae National Geography, Volume 2, written by Japanese monk Yeongchung, and the contents are as follows. "I supported and delivered the additional writings sent by Jaedanghakganseung Yeongchung and others. Balhaeguk took place in the old region of Goryeo (Goguryo), and King Go of Goguryeo was destroyed by the party in the 7th year of Cheonmyeong Individual Emperor, and then Daejoyeong founded Balhae in the 2nd year of Emperor Poongjo of Cheonjijinjong. It was established by the party in the 6th year of Hwadong. The country is 2,000-ri in all directions, and there are no state, prefecture, and government stations, and there are villages everywhere, all of which are Malgal villages. The people have a lot of horse grinding people, and the number of Toin (Goguryo people) is small. All the Toin became the chief, followed by Dodok in Daechon, and all the people below him call him the leader. The land is extremely cold, and there is no suitable paddy field with water. I know writing in the customs of Jamot." Based on the fourth line of the above record, Balhae's dual resident composition theory was created and has been accepted without any doubt. However, note the third line of the record above. It is written that the area of Balhae is only 2,000 ri in all directions, but it is recorded in [God.Gudangseo] that the area of Balhae in the future reaches 5,000 ri in all directions. What does this mean? Not long after Daejo-yeong led Goguryeo residents to escape from the party and founded Balhae, the territory was limited to Dongmosan Mountain, the capital, and the territory was only 2,000 ri in all directions. Daejoyeong founded Balhae in cooperation with the Malgal people near Dongmosan Mountain. Therefore, the area around 2,000-ri, centered on Dongmosan Mountain, must have been a residential area of the Malgal people, so it is clear that the proportion of the Malgal people was relatively higher than that of Goguryeo. For this reason, an article was written, "It is 2,000 ri everywhere, and the people have many horseshorses and few Toin (Koguryeo people)." Later, Balhae secured stability and national power after its foundation, and based on it, it grew into a great country with more than 5,000 ri, including Goguryeo's territory, and at the same time, it returned to the same population rate as the former Goguryeo. Therefore, academia needs to be interested in this and conduct more detailed and sincere research, and national history textbooks also need to be revised immediately. And with this opportunity, while incorporating Balhae into the history of national tradition, it is necessary to recognize Balhae, a powerhouse that has an international reputation as a "Haedongseongguk," as the root of our people and pay more attention.

Distortion and truth about the alpine man, Kim Jung Ho.

 Few people make you think about history as much as the life of Kim Jung-ho, an alpine man known as the producer of Daedongyeojido. His life as a map editor and geographer is known to us as a form far from the truth because he was thoroughly distorted in the dark ages of the nation during the Japanese colonial period. The traces of Japanese imperialism, which strangely transformed his greatness into a sense of inferiority of our people more than 60 years ago, still remain intact. Although textbooks have been corrected by the pioneering efforts of meaningful people, the existing insensitive materials still remain the same. I hope that the work of being respected for the novel fiction of "climbing the whole country several times and Mt. Baekdu several times in adversity" will end now. This is because the outstanding and pioneering achievements made by Gosanja Kim Jung-ho in support and guidance and the heart for the people itself are worthy of sufficient respect and respect. Rather, what we need to do now should be to think about how to continue the achievement and spirit of such alpine people in a modern way. A boy was walking up a mountain path where Kim Jung-ho's dreams were rare. I was out of breath because I walked too fast, but the boy continued to climb up without a break. Soon the boy climbed to the mountain peak. A cool breeze came in. The boy looked down the mountain, wiping the sweat off his forehead and holding the map in his hand. The boy, who had been looking at the map and actual terrain for a long time, shook his head and muttered. "What a mess! It doesn't fit." Yeah, let me draw it." The boy decided, clenching his fist. This boy is Kim Jung-ho, who later painted Daedongyeojido. A boy who wants to make an accurate map After washing the dishes in the evening, his mother weaves. My father fell asleep. His son, Jeong-ho, is looking at the picture on the board under the whistle. "What is it that you've been looking at?" "It's a picture of my neighborhood." My mother let go of her work and looked into the plank that Jung-ho put out. "This is my house." This is the way to the marketplace, this is the way to the mountain, Samteo, Seonangdang, ..." My mother smiled. Then, my mother's eyes quickly widened. This is because you can't sit in a room and draw a picture like this. My mother guessed that it would have taken a few days because I had to go around and measure it with a ruler. "When did you draw that? Did you leave the writing room?" "Yes, mother. I've never missed a writing room. Because I did it after the writing room." Only then did my mother feel relieved. "It's late at night, so stop sleeping." I lied down, but I couldn't sleep. I was very tired from walking around during the day, but the view of the village from afar from the mountain was in front of me. The next day, Jung-ho finished his writing room and went to draw a map. My mother tiled Jung-ho, who returned tired. "There are times when you study. As a child, you have to study that is the basis. If you miss this time, you can't go back. But aren't you doing something else? If you study hard and fail to pass the exam in the past, my family will not be able to escape poverty. Do you get it?" Jung-ho learned what he learned in the writing room late at night. I also studied harder in the writing room than before. However, when the writing room was destroyed, I went to draw a map as before. As Jung-ho got older, he abandoned the idea of looking at the past. I thought it would be better to get pleasure by doing what I wanted to do rather than living well by serving as a government official. One day, my friend Lee Yong-hee came to visit. "I came to give it to you because I found this in my luggage." What Lee Yong-hee handed over was a map of Sincheon-eup, Hwanghae-do, where the village where Jeong-ho lives is located. Jeong-ho carried the map around and compared it one by one. However, the map was not the same as the truth. There were many places such as mountains and rivers that were different or missing, while there were many missing. Around that time, I learned that there was a "Chosunjeon" in Gyujanggak, Seoul. The next day, Kim Jung-ho went up to Seoul. Gyujanggak's inspector was from the same hometown, so I was able to see Joseonjeon. First, I saw Sincheon-eup, Hwanghae-do. He didn't even get it right. There are many things missing and the dimensions are wrong. 'I should make an accurate map.' Kim Jung-ho firmly resolved with his heart. Chrysanthemums bloomed in the small courtyard of Kim Jung-ho's house, the crime of making a map. Kim Jung-ho was looking at bees and butterflies flying into chrysanthemum flowers. At that time, Lee Yong-hee rushed in. "Hey, Jung Ho". You should hurry up and avoid your body. I showed the map to Daewongun, and it became a source of trouble." "How could it be a source of trouble?" "I didn't know this would happen. Who guessed?" Well, the land of the country is the secret of the country, and they jump because they made a map and revealed it all. So how long do you stay away from home? In the meantime, I told you well..." Kim Jung-ho sighed. Lee Yong-hee also bowed his head like a sinner. "I can't believe that maps made through all kinds of hardships for 30 years are a sin." The daughter, who overheard in the kitchen, stopped crying. Not long after Lee Yong-hee went back, the pozols rushed in. "Kim Jung-ho, come out and receive this ora." Kim Jung-ho opened the door and stepped out calmly. The pozols bound Kim Jung-ho. "Now, search the whole house and find all the maps and woodblocks." Kim Jung-ho was taken to the vineyard. The vineyard began to interrogate Kim Jung-ho. "Kim Jung-ho was going to confess to the truth. Go ahead and tell your outsiders that you made a map to sell it to them." Kim Jung Ho was ridiculous. "How could you think of that! The map of our country in Gyujanggak was so insufficient that I just wanted to make a detailed and accurate map. I just did what I wanted to do, and I didn't think it would harm the country. Wasn't it helpful in defeating the French fleet?" Kim Jung-ho was trapped in a vineyard. Lee Yong-hee explained to Daewongun to save Kim Jung-ho, but it was not worthwhile. Kim Jung-ho decided to write Paldo Folklore Paper because he didn't think he would be released soon. I was going to write one book a year in detail about the customs and recognition of the province. However, the grape captain pulled out Kim Jung-ho every day and kept asking for the same thing. Kim Jung-ho's answer was bound to be consistent. The grape captain made him hit the gonjang. Then, this time, I made him play a scarier character than Gonjang. "Argh! Argh!" Kim Jung-ho shouted because it was so unbearable. Then he broke his leg and lost his mind. Kim Jung-ho, who was dying, was dragged into prison and laid down. It was regrettable that Kim Jeong-ho was lying down without writing the Paldo Folklore Paper, which he was going to write in prison. There was a smell of burning wood in the prison. It was the smell of woodblocks burning like firewood in Daedongyeojido burning like firewood. This is what happened in January 1867. The above article is the original text of "Big Star Big Light Kim Jung-ho." "Standard Transcripts" (Gyohaksa). It's in the 1997 book. Kim Jung-ho, the nephew of a second-year elementary school student who read this book that his brother learned and passed on to him, said he felt sorry for him. And Daewongun, who killed Kim Jung-ho, said that he was really bad, and that people in the past who didn't recognize anyone who did such a great job were so foolish.   This article is what our sons have learned from school textbooks until now and not long ago. The great manuscripts about the alpine man Kim Jeong-ho still in bookstores are almost the same. Textbooks have already changed, and books that briefly introduce alpine people record new facts, but those who write biography that will directly affect children are unable to wake up from the mimong. It's unfortunate. For your information, this article was included as a reference to the Standard Transcript, which explains the contents of the changed textbook. In the newly written textbook, Kim Jung-ho and Kim Young-ja said, "Welcome. It was hard to come, right?" Boy Kim Jung-ho welcomed his friend Choi Han-ki. Choi Han-ki entered the room and put down the bundle of books he brought. The two sat face to face with their desks in between. The two sat face to face with their desks in between. Kim Jung-ho and Choi Han-ki have been close to each other since childhood. "Are these the books?" Kim Jung-ho solved the frozen book. Having a poor family, he always borrowed books from Choi Han-ki, who lived wealthy as a nobleman. "Well, I think this will write the geography of our town." Kim Jeong-ho always wanted to make a map and geography of his hometown. Geography refers to a book that records the climate, land, products, population, etc. of the region, and important facts of the past and present related to the region. "Isn't it the order to go there several times to make a map?" Kim Jung-ho shook his head at Choi Han-ki's words. "It's easy to think like that at first glance." But that's not the case. Just because you walk around doesn't mean you can draw a map. Can you climb a high mountain 10 times to look at the terrain and make a complete map of the greens? You need a lot of knowledge to make a map." Kim Jung-ho thought that in order to make a map, basic knowledge should be strengthened first. Choi Han-ki nodded and admired his friend's words. Even as an adult, Kim Jung-ho's passion remained unchanged, making drawing a map his whole life. In the 1800s, when Kim Jeong-ho lived, society changed a lot, unlike in the early Joseon Dynasty. So he felt urgent to create a new geography and map for the times. Kim Jung-ho first looked at many geographic maps and maps that have been handed down since ancient times. Comparing geography with each other, it was difficult to follow any one record because there were many mixed records.

And looking at the various maps, there were some outstanding ones, but the contents recorded there were already old ones. In addition, it was difficult to connect with each other because the method of mapping each village was different. So he newly supplemented and corrected these points and completed a unified map of Korea in 1834. This is the claim that he remained around the age of 30. Along with this, he also created a new geography. Kim Jeong-ho saw that the number of noblemen in the village and how the genealogy was not very important in geography. It was said that those who contributed to the development of the village or those who did good for others should be recorded and used as an example regardless of yangban and sangmin. Kim Jeong-ho believed that geography was the basis of the map, so the two were inseparable. So he always said this. "With the mountain range at the center, the climate here and there is different and the words are different. And the lifestyle varies depending on the environment. Just dividing the land is not enough. Therefore, you can fully understand the region only by looking at the geography and map together." In 1856, Kim Jeong-ho completed Dongyeodo. This map was used not only in palaces but also in government offices. However, this map was also drawn on paper, so in order to use it in various places, it had to be copied with a brush. Not only was this work very difficult, but I thought that I could protect and love my land only when I saw many people. So he decided to engrave the map on a woodblock to mass-produce the exact map. One day, Choi Han-ki visited Kim Jung-ho. I was suffering badly. "No, your forehead is a fireball." Where are the family?" "They went to pick up rice in the rice field. If someone keeps coming in and out of the room because I'm sick, it interferes with my work. So he showed no signs of pain." Choi Han-ki was even more surprised to see Kim Jung-ho's hands covered with wounds. His hands were burred and there was a bruise. Come to think of it, isn't there woodblocks scattered all over the room? "You started making woodblocks."" Choi Han-ki shed tears of Kim Jung-ho's passion. He was doing such a hard job without even having a proper meal. It was not easy to boil trees, dry them in the shade, turn them evenly with saws, and sell them one by one. "I want to help you, too." Choi Han-ki used to be moved by Kim Jung-ho's actions. He passed the examination early, but refused to take a government post and studied hard to learn a new study. In the meantime, he helped Kim Jung-ho map from time to time. Kim Jeong-ho carved 126 doyeop on the front and back of the wooden board, which is about 40 centimeters long and 30 centimeters long. He tried to make the wooden sculpture complete by stamping it on paper and correcting it immediately if there was a mistake. Finally, in 1861, he completed Daedongyeojido after a long hard time. If the woodblock is stamped on paper and connected, the height is 6 meters and 60 centimeters higher than that of a two-story building. Daedong in "Daedongyeojido" refers to our country and means a large country in the east. This also means that Korea is a big being that does not have to be wary of others. From Kim Jung-ho's thoughts, we can get a glimpse of his independence. Daedongyeojido Island shows the topography around the stream of water, the source of life, so it is easy to grasp the relationship between mountains and water. This map production method is a unique technique unique to Korea that has been handed down since ancient times, and Kim Jeong-ho inherited and developed this traditional technique more accurately in Daedongyeojido. Kim Jeong-ho marked the distance between villages by marking dots every ten ri on the map. In addition, fortresses and beacon stations were also displayed, allowing them to be used as military maps in times of emergency. Kim Jeong-ho left a great cultural heritage such as Daedongyeojido, using drawing a map as his lifelong business. The spirit of Kim Jung-ho, who loves the country more than anyone else and loves the people, will remain in our hearts forever with the guidance he made. Note (Added Home): The above article is in the 5th grade textbook. Thanks to the ceaseless efforts of those who want to publicize history right away, he changed all the distorted facts during the reorganization of the textbook in 1997, and realistically depicted the life of Gosanja, who should be respected. Enjoy the history of the power of truth and the passion of the invisible. Did Kim Jeong-ho die in prison? "Daedongyeojido" and the story about Kim Jeong-ho During the Japanese colonial period, Japan tried to completely eliminate the roots of Korea. As part of its symbolic work, the Government-General of Joseon building was built in Gyeongbokgung Palace, the center of Korea. This building is shaped like a Japanese when viewed from above. And the Seoul City Hall building has the shape of a letter called 이라는 when viewed from above. According to feng shui, Gyeongbokgung Palace has been recognized as the No. 1 spot on the Korean Peninsula where the spirit of support extends from Baekdusan Mountain. However, Japan has put a lot of iron piles on large rocky mountains because it cuts off the vein from Bukhansan Mountain, a premature birth, to Gyeongbokgung Palace. They have done many bad things that are difficult to accept in common sense for their exclusive interests. One of them was forging the royal seal of Emperor Gojong in the process of robbing the Korean Empire into their colonies, and if this important incident is revealed now, you can see how much Japan was bent on hiding the truth of our history and how shameless it was. The Japanese imperialism distorted the history of Korea based on the colonial view, which means that the Korean people are inferior, so they can develop further only under Japanese rule. And the Japanese imperialism removed a lot of data from Korea, which was unfavorable to colonial rule. Against this background, important things were fabricated about Kim Jeong-ho, who created Daedongyeojido. However, we still know this lie made up to justify colonial rule as true. This falsehood of rationalizing colonial rule has been continuously published in national school textbooks so far, and is also being aired on children's programs on television. One of the decorated stories is that Kim Jung-ho died in prison. In 1993, the Korean reading textbook for the second semester of the fifth grade of elementary school published by the Ministry of Education ends with a unit called "Kim Jeong-ho. However, he was killed for an unfair crime. At that time, it was because stubborn people who ruled the country misunderstood it as looking at the map and letting others know the situation of the country. At the same time, they seized and burned the young map's wood with Kim Jung-ho's blood and sweat, so it's a pity. At that time, Korea rarely traveled to and from foreign countries and was reluctant to accept a new culture. Kim Jung-ho suffered an unfair death. However, his achievements shine brilliantly to this day and are alive in our hearts. In addition, his unwavering will and beliefs will remain an eternal teaching to us." However, Kim Jeong-ho's record of prison history cannot be found anywhere. There are many evidences that can be guessed from the fact that the theory of jade and sand is wrong. First, "Cheonggudo", "Daedongyeojido", and "Daedongjiji" made by Gosanja Kim Jeong-ho have never been confiscated or confiscated. In fact, even if you look closely at the historical records of the time, such as Annals of King Gojong, Diary of Seungjeongwon, and Chugukan, there are no such traces. Second, it was said that there was a possibility of leaking state secrets, so he was imprisoned and all the wood of Daedongyeojido was seized and incinerated, and currently, a sheet of wood of Daedongyeojido is displayed at Soongsil University. In addition, in 1931, there are two woodblocks on the list of Godoseo Hall exhibited at Kyungsung Imperial University, and it is written that Japanese who refused to enter have dozens of woodblocks of Daedongyeojido. In addition, descendants of Choi Seong-hwan, who was the financial supporter of Gosanja, testified that they had many woodblocks of Daedongyeojido, but they disappeared in the fire. Judging from these facts, the wood of Daedongyeojido would not have been seized or burned. Third, if Gosanja Kim Jeong-ho was a sinner, Yoo Jae-gun would not have been able to recklessly publish a story about him in the Yihyang-gyeon Munrok published shortly after his death. Fourth, Choi Han-ki and Choi Seong-hwan, who were close to Gosansa, and General Shin Heon, who provided a state secret map in Bibyeonsa Temple, should have been involved and received any punishment, but no such records or traces can be found. On the contrary, Shinheon occupied a high position in the order of King Daewongun and the order of the royal court. And if Kim Jeong-ho was a sinner, Shin Heon would not have been able to leave a record in his collection that Kim Jeong-ho cooperated with him to create Daedongyeojido. The first official rumor of Kim Jeong-ho was published by the Japanese in 1934. In the book Kim Jeong-hojeon, it is found that the rulers of Joseon, including Daewongun, were foolish and indifferent to the development of the country. The following is the end of "Kim Jeong-hojeon." As everyone knows, Daewongun is a big adult who hates foreign countries, so when he saw this, he said, "Isn't it a big deal if the country's secrets are leaked to other countries?" and at the same time, the woman soon caught Jeong-ho and locked him in prison. Ah, it's sad! Jung Ho who hasn't met the right time...…. Will the remuneration during his lifetime be as terrible as the report and contribution? Although so, how can jade be buried in the mud forever? When the war began in the 37th year of Myeongchi (1904), Daedongyeojido (Daedongyeojido) not only contributed greatly to our military (Japanese military), but also marveled at its detail and accuracy with the best data when the Governor-General launched a land survey project. Oh, Jung-ho's hardship finally showed a brilliant light. It is Hari-ro. In this way, Kim Jeong-hojeon does not recognize Kim Jeong-ho's contribution, but rather imprisoned him. In addition, the production process of Daedongyeojido is written differently from the facts.

In other words, both textbooks made by the Japanese Government-General of Korea and the Korean government cited poor maps made in Korea as the opportunity for Kim Jung-ho to create maps. Regarding our old map, the textbooks issued by the Government-General of Korea describe it as "a mess" in Korean textbooks as "a lot of mistakes, but no benefits." However, is it possible to create such a detailed and accurate map of Daedongyeojido (more than 200 pages) with only one achievement that an individual explored and actually measured? It is almost impossible. Although he would have explored, he was able to complete an outstanding Daedongyeojido because he referred to many high-quality maps expelled from Korea. Mount Everest is the highest in the world because it is in the world's tallest Himalayas. It is difficult to rise so high alone in the middle of the plain or in the middle of a low mountain. When considering this, it does not make sense to say that Daedongyeojido is outstanding and at the same time express the level of Korean maps before that as false. "Friend Kim Jeong-ho was deeply interested in maps and geographic maps from an early age and collected maps and geographic maps for a long time to make Cheonggu-do by comparing the maps of these various maps with each other." "I wanted to make a map of Korea, so I widely collected maps and old houses owned by the Ministry of National Defense and Gyujanggak, compared them with each other, and combined them by referring to geographic books to create a map, and I commissioned Kim Jung-ho to complete this work." The previous article is in the preface to Cheonggudo Island made by Kim Jung-ho, and was written by Choi Han-ki, a master of practical studies, who was honored with the government post of the current chief justice of the Supreme Court, and the latter is part of Shinheon's Daedongyeo Book. A similar article is also found in Kim Jeong-ho's Exhibition among Yoo Jae-gun's The Book of Yihyanggyeon. However, there is no word in any of these books that Gosanja has toured the whole country. Instead, all three of them record that "Daedongyeojido" was compiled by Kim Jeong-ho after the good points of collecting all the existing maps. Even now, there are about 400 kinds of elaborate ancient maps made before Daedongyeojido. At that time, there would have been many better high maps. Nevertheless, it is said that Kim Jeong-ho was persecuted by the government and that the reason why he produced the map was poor at the time of the past, but what was this? There was a conspiracy to lead colonial rule to an advantage by undermining the tradition and excellence of our people. However, the story of Kim Jung-ho and the production process of Daedongyeojido in current Korean textbooks is very similar to those made by the Japanese Government-General of Korea sixty years ago.                                             In "Geography Trip Out-of-Class" by Noh Woong-hee and Park Byung-seok, Gosanja Kim Jeong-ho's Geographic Ideas - Yang Bo-kyung, a professor of geography at Sungshin Women's University, and Kim Jeong-ho, a Gosanja, are one of the most representative geographers in Korea. Daedongyeojido, which he created, is also evaluated as the best work among ancient maps in Korea. However, Kim Jung-ho himself or the process of producing maps or supports is not well known. The birthplace of Gosanja has long been known as Bongsan, Hwanghae-do, and in the late 1980s, a theory was raised that it was Tosan, Hwanghae-do. Anyway, it seems that Gosanja was born in Hwanghae-do and moved to Seoul to work. The birth and death of Kim Jung-ho are also unclear. This is because Kim Jeong-ho is not included in the genealogy of Cheongdo Kim Clan and is not recorded in any literature of the late Joseon Dynasty. Pastor Kim Yang-seon, who served as the director of Soongsil University Christian Museum and made achievements in studying ancient maps, recorded that Kim Jeong-ho was born in 1804 and died in 1866. Although the grounds are not specified, this point is recognized as valid. Considering that Minbi was recorded as King Gojong's queen in Daedongjiji, which is believed to be Kim Jeong-ho's last work, it can be seen that she survived until 1866. There are about four types known so far as records of Kim Jung-ho and his achievements, but they are still very brief. Among the Ojuyeonmunjangjeonsango written by Ohju Lee Gyu-kyung, Jiji Byeonjeol, Universal Gyeongwi District Byeonjeol, and the achievements of outstanding figures from all walks of life during the Joseon Dynasty.You can only experience the wet. Kim Jeong-ho produced "Suseonjeon" (1840s), a map of Seoul, "Cheonggudo" (1834), "Dongyeodo" (1857), and "Daedongyeojido" (1861, 1864), and "Dongyeodoji" (1834~18444), a map of the country. Most of his achievements are concentrated on national maps and national geography. It can be seen that he had a special interest and will in producing domestic maps and supports, especially maps and supports for the whole country. This contrasts with Hyegang Choi Han-ki's efforts to produce world maps and world support, who is a close friend of Gosanja Kim Jeong-ho and an outstanding practical scholar in the 19th century, and it is presumed that the two shared roles. Kim Jeong-ho's maps and maps made by Kim Jeong-ho, such as "Cheonggudo" (1834) and "Dongyeodo" (1857) and "Daedongyeojido" (1861, 1864), are all drawings. Since evangelism is a map depicting the entire country, it is more meaningful as a map representing and symbolizing our country than any other type of map. This is because the national map is a map that can confirm the appearance of Korea as a whole and how it expresses our country. National maps are produced based on various types of maps. Therefore, it is a synthesis of each type of map, and it also represents the level of cartography at the time of production. Kim Jeong-ho independently synthesized the achievements of Gunhyeon Map, Bangan Map, Woodblock Map, Folding Map, and Portable Map, which developed in the late Joseon Dynasty, and made national maps with their respective advantages. What is outstanding about the maps created by Kim Jeong-ho is that they combined two large-scale maps developed in the late Joseon Dynasty, a map of the country and provinces that were actively killed in the private sector after Jeong Sang-gi's "Dongguk Map" in the mid-18th century, and a detailed map of the county and local governments. The national maps created by Kim Jung-ho are the largest existing national maps. These are large maps with a length of 6.6m and a width of 4.0m when connected throughout. These maps are scale maps that specify the scale on the map, and are maps marked with longitudinal lines. The longitudinal chart map is a map drawn by applying scale based on a relatively constant-sized plan and has been called a chart map or a room coordinate map. Daedongyeojido is designed to easily guess the distance by dividing one side into 120 ri from north to south and 80 ri from east to west. The scale was also displayed in the contents of the map. In other words, every 10 ri on the road was dotted to indicate the distance. In particular, the 10-ri points on the road do not have a constant interval, indicating topographical conditions. Gari Ledyard, who wrote the Korean version of the Map of Cartography series, which compiled the history of map development around the world, evaluated Daedongyeojido as the best map among maps in Korea. It also means that it has deviated from the long-standing tradition of Eastern maps. In other words, there was a strong tradition of recording various explanations in the margins or maps of the map and containing a lot of information. Cheonggudo, a national map created earlier by Kim Jeong-ho, also strongly reflected this tradition, and the map looked complicated by writing population, farmland, military government, grain, nicknames, Gunhyeon goods world, and distance to Seoul next to the Gunhyeon name. However, Daedongyeojido showed a sophisticated form like modern maps by establishing a new way to reduce the writing as much as possible and symbolize the content to be expressed. The biggest characteristic of the content and expression of "Daedongyeojido" is the characteristic expression and discernment of mountains and water. If you look at Daedongyeojido, you can see the mountain the strongest. The reason is that the mountain was not expressed as an independent peak, but as a subsequent mountain range (mountain range). Moreover, the mountain range was expressed in a thin and thick manner so that the size and height of the mountain could be known. Through this, the watershed and mountain ranges, which are the most important factors in understanding the topography as a home for people's lives, are clearly revealed clearly. The thickness varies according to the hierarchy of the mountain range, such as the thickest of the large liver that runs from Baekdusan Mountain, then the thick vein that divides the large river, and the thickest stem that splits from the vein. This is a map of the perception system of mountains and streams that people had during the Joseon Dynasty, showing that the map is a projection of thought. In the legend of Cheonggudo Island, Kim Jeong-ho expressed that "the mountain ridge and the stream of water are the musculoskeleton and blood veins of the ground."

This idea of land can be said to be the view of the land and nature of the contemporaries, and Kim Jeong-ho visually and accurately reflected the traditional view of nature on the map. Another notable feature in the map made by Kim Jeong-ho is the roads, county and prefecture boundary marks, beacon, station gardens, 1,100 islands, ranches, and historical and geographical old names. Among them, road expressions have received a lot of attention because they are unique. In "Daedongyeojido", roads were marked in a straight line, which was rare in previous maps. This was to avoid overlapping with rivers expressed in curves, as "Daedongyeojido" was a woodblock print. Rather, it made the road more clearly recognized. In addition, in order to more clearly distinguish between rivers and roads, dots are marked on roads every 10 ri, and dots on the road are very convenient for users to express the distance by notifying the distance of the road along with the scale. One of the biggest advantages of Daedongyeojido is that it is a woodblock map, that is, a printed map, that is, a map improved from the map made earlier by Kim Jeong-ho. Woodblock maps play a major role in the distribution and popularization of maps. The reason why Daedongyeojido became famous was that it was possible to take several copies and distribute them to many people because it was a woodblocked map. Therefore, for the majority of the people who had difficulty accessing detailed and rich maps, Daedongyeojido would have been a groundbreaking map. Here, you can read Kim Jung-ho's idea that maps are not only necessary for a small number of officials and scholars. It can be seen that Kim Jeong-ho is a culture that many people should know about the country's appearance, and he thought that guidance and support were needed when the country was dizzy. "Suseonjeon," a map of Seoul made by Kim Jung-ho and considered the highlight of the map of woodblocks in Seoul, may be in the same context as a woodblock version. Daedongyeojido is the most elaborate and elegant map among woodblock maps. It has beauty and clarity as a woodblock on top of its rich content. The harmony and clarity of precise roads and rivers, organized letters and symbols, and powerful mountain streams that seem to move alive have an excellent engraving that no other map can follow. In this respect, alpine man Kim Jeong-ho was a great instructor, a great evangelist, and an artist who realized the artistic value of maps. In other words, it is possible to read Kim Jung-ho's idea of recognizing and sublimating the map as art through the appearance of pursuing the aesthetic dignity of the map. Daedongyeojido is the largest national map in Korea, but it is also easy to see and easy to carry. To this end, Kim Jeong-ho made Daedongyeojido in the form of a chop chop chop. This point is also the most different from Cheonggudo, a national map completed by Kim Jeong-ho in 1834 (34th year of King Sunjo) prior to Daedongyeojido. The corrugated map is simpler than the booklet-type map, and is very convenient to see or carry. In addition, the advantage of a foldable map is that it can be viewed in detail in parts and connected to each other, making it free to combine. Daedongyeojido is divided into 120-ri intervals and 22 floors in the north and south, and one floor is made into one stack and 22 maps are connected up and down to become a national map. The map on the first floor was divided into 80 ri intervals from east to west, and the first verse was folded and unfolded like a folding screen or accordion. If 22 concubines are connected, it becomes the whole, and one concubine is folded again in a foldable form, folding and spreading like a folding screen. Therefore, if only a part is needed, only a part can be pulled out and carried for reference. For example, if you travel from Seoul to Gangneung, you don't have to take the entire map with you, but only take the map on the 13th floor from Seoul to Gangneung. It shows that Kim Jung-ho thought of the map as useful data for looking around the actual area. The biggest reason why "Daedongyeojido" was loved by many people was that it could be widely distributed to the public because it was a woodblock map, and it was personally convenient to collect, carry, and read. At the national level, detailed maps were created in the 18th century. However, the map was neither visible nor available to the general public. Kim Jung-ho shines more in terms of recognizing and realizing the social needs and changes of precise guidance. However, as commonly thought, it was not that a great map such as Daedongyeojido was created through independent efforts alone without any foundation. This is the result of reviewing and synthesizing numerous maps from earlier periods in Bibyeonsa Temple and Gyujanggak Pavilion. In addition to the national map, Kim Jeong-ho compiled the national geography, Dongyeodoji, Yeodobiji, and Daedongjiji. Dongyeodoji (17 out of 20 books, owned by Yeungnam University Library), was the first national geography book compiled by Kim Jeong-ho, and was compiled between 1834 and 1844, and continued to be revised and supplemented until around 1861. Yeodo Biji (20 books, director of the National Library of Korea) is a support compiled by Choi Sung-hwan and Kim Jung-ho, while Daedongji (15 books, director of Korea University Library) is Kim Jung-ho's last work. Yeodo Biji is composed of two different systems from the other two compiled by Kim Jeong-ho alone, including only county-hyeon support for each province.In addition to regional support, Dongyeodoji contains historical and geographical contents and road-related contents, including Yeokjuhyeon, Yeokdaegang Station, Yeokdae customs, Yeokdaegwanje, and Jeongri-ro.Daedongjiji is in front of the support of each province and prefecture, and in the second half, it contains Sansugo, Byeonbanggo, Jeong-ri, and Bangyeochongji. The system of Daedongjiji is a form of further development of Dongyeodoji, which reinforces mountain ranges, rivers, and national defense issues in the contents of Dongyeodoji, but these two parts are not conveyed. The systems of Dongyeodoji and Daedongjiji are unique compositional methods that are difficult to find in previous national geography or townships. In other words, it is noteworthy as a combination of regional support describing the characteristics of the region at each regional level and geography by subject such as river, road, national defense, and mountain stream. This seems to have been an attempt to synthesize the research results of practical geography that blossomed in the late Joseon Dynasty after inheriting the vein of national geography compilation in the early Joseon Dynasty and Eupji compilation in the late Joseon Dynasty. From the standpoint of modern geography, it can be said that by combining the research method of regional geography and the systematic research method to create perfect support, the framework for explaining the country more accurately and systematically was established in Daedongjiji. In addition, the rise and development of practical geography is based on changes in domestic social and economic conditions such as the development of commercial and distribution economies and related changes in the national spatial structure. In terms of content, Kim Jeong-ho's supporters have important differences from previous national geography and townships. First, the realistic and material aspects of geography were emphasized by excluding items and contents related to people, surnames, and poems, which were traditionally important. Second, the military aspect was emphasized, so Dongyeodoji set "Holy Land" and "Strategy" groups as items with movie sides, and Daedongjijiji made "Jeongo" groups as independent items to record foreign invasions and previous battles. In Daedongjiji, it is possible to read his geographical thinking that provisions such as Sansu, Holy Land, Infant, Jinbo, Bongsu, Jindo, Ranch, etc., were also related to the defense of the country. Third, we can examine the logic of academic and scientific support studies, such as the attitude of compilation of support based on thorough realism and historical evidence of the content, and the attitude that reflects regional changes through continuous supplementation. While having these things in common, each of the three types of support has its own characteristics. Dongyeodoji is an early form of Gosanja Ji, who tried to collect data by extensively comparing and citing many documents learned by Kim Jeong-ho. Yeodo Biji is characterized by compression of the contents and a brief description. What is noteworthy in this book is statistics by county and prefecture, such as Hogu, Jeonbu, Gangyeokpyo, Geukgopyo, Bangbangpyo, and Gunjeonjeokpyo, which are summarized at the beginning of each province. In particular, the extreme mark and defense mark, which seem to have been a reference for his map production, are records that are hard to see in other books. Daedongjiji is a support that combines Kim Jeong-ho's lifelong tenacity and efforts. Daedongjiji reflects the attitude and consciousness as a mature geographer. This book summarizes Kim Jung-ho's own views, which are revealed in history, geographical names, mountains, and roads. In addition, based on thorough realism, unclear content was boldly deleted and items were adjusted. The three types of national geography compiled by Kim Jeong-ho are the best national geography produced after the compilation of national geography, which was implemented as a national project in the early Joseon Dynasty, and after <Northeastyeoji>, compiled by Bangye Hyung-won in the late 17th century. He tried to establish a new supporting science by combining the two contexts of geographic geography of the Silhak School, which is close to traditional regional geography, and geographic geography. Kim Jeong-ho, the progressive nature of Kim Jeong-ho's thought, was a geographer. However, his achievements and influence are shining in all disciplines and fields targeting our country and history. This is due to his advanced attitude to synthesize the geography of the time and the realism of his works. Gosanja Kim Jeong-ho emphasized the production and utilization of guidance and support in the management of the state. Choi Han-ki's point of view is also Kim Jung-ho's view, saying, "All of the world's experience is on the support map (Book 6 of the Records of Speculation, Chumul Geography, Ji Ji Ji-hak)." Kim Jeong-ho recognized support and map as complementary beings, and thought that the insufficient part of the map should be revealed as support. To this end, guidance and support were compiled with individual strength, and the combination of guidance and support was successfully carried out.

In the end, the production and compilation of maps and support he achieved were a compilation of 19th-century Joseon's national land information and systematization. In this respect, he can be said to be a visionary who presented and practiced the importance of national land informatization. The maps and supports he made are the last golden pagoda of traditional Asian maps and support. His works demonstrate the characteristics of the times in that they clearly project people's perception of the country and region during the Joseon Dynasty, which means that guidance and support have successfully reached the essence to be achieved. Gosanja Kim Jeong-ho produced and compiled maps and supports and published these materials. Achieving map publication even in difficult conditions started with a critical sense of monopolizing information on the land by the state and ruling class, and showed that it was recognized as an object to be shared by the public. In addition to the construction and systematization of national land information, his idea of disseminating and popularizing information stands out more in the rapidly changing political and social reality of the time.In addition, portable map production, which can be seen in Daedongyeojido, is advanced in that it is designed to be used while moving detailed and abundant national land information. It takes into account users and consumers, and also pursues the practical use of local information. From today's point of view, the fact that Kim Jeong-ho, a former Korean-American class, was able to build a wide range of national land information is also meaningful as it reflects the changes in the social class that led the study. By the 19th century, the fact that the general common people were able to access high-quality land information and further develop it to establish a new land information system shows the progress of Kim Jung-ho's idea, and on the other hand, reflects the transformation of Joseon society and land that gave birth to such individuals. Gosanja Kim Jeong-ho and Dongyeodo Lee Sang-tae 1. Gosanja's birthplace 2. Gosanja's birthplace 3. Gosanja's residence 4. Gosanja's Dangho 5. Gosanja's theory of national experience 6. However, few people know exactly the birthplace, residence, and birthdate of alpine people. Moreover, it is even more unknown how Gosanja produced Daedongyeojido and wrote Daedongjiji. Why are there so many questions about the alpine man who made an immortal achievement in the history of Joseon geography called Daedongyeojido? This is because there are few records of him compared to his brilliant achievements. Therefore, speculation and speculation were bound to continue. However, according to a recent study, Gosanja compiled three major maps: Dongyeo-doji, Yeodo-bi-ji, and Daedong-ji, and produced three major maps: Cheonggudo, Dongyeo-do, and Daedong-yeo-jido, and many questions surrounding them are revealed.   1. No researcher raises an objection to the fact that the birthplace of the alpine is Hwanghae-do. The theory of Bongsan in Hwanghae-do is likely. However, it seems that the native mountain of Hwanghae-do is the birthplace of the alpine. This is because the first support he wrote was Dongyeodoji, and it is marked as Wolseong Kim Jeong-ho Dogyeon in the letter of this book. In general, the place name written in front of the name indicates the main building. If so, Kim Jeong-ho is not Cheongdo Kim, but Wolseong Kim, or Gyeongju Kim. There are suspicions like this, but if you look at Yeodo Biji, this question is solved. This book is written by his sponsors Choi Seong-hwan and Gong Jeo, and if you look at the compilation, "YESUNG Choi Seong-hwan Seongokbo Dopyeon, Osan Kim Jeong-ho Baekwonbo Dopyeon," and YESUNG is Chungju Oh Seong-hwan. In addition, there are Baekon and Baekwon, the ruler of Gosanja, and it can be seen that Baekwon is his letter. Then, why did Gosanja say "Wolseong Kim Jeong-ho" instead of "Osan Kim Jeong-ho" in Dongyeodoji? This is somewhat solved by looking at the Daedongji Hwanghae-do Tosanhyeonjo. The old name of Tosan Mountain was Wolseong. Therefore, it can be assumed that Gosanja is not from Bongsan, Hwanghae-do, but from Tosan, Hwanghae-do. 2. The exact date of Gosan-ja's death is unknown because the records of Gosan-ja's life and death are rare. Therefore, Lee Byeong-do said that Kim Jeong-ho survived for four generations, including Sunjo, Heonjong, Cheoljong, and Gojong. Yes, Gosanja produced Cheonggu-do in the 34th year of King Sunjo, compiled Yeodo Biji during the reign of King Cheoljong, produced Dongyeo-do, Daedongyeojido in the 12th year of King Cheoljong, and reprinted Daedongyeojido in the first year of King Gojong. However, this much is insufficient. Kim Yang-seon was the researcher who specifically pointed out the birth date of Gosanja from 1804 to 1866. However, Kim has a credibility problem because he does not provide evidence that this is how Gosanja lived. As a result of a close review of the contents of Daedongji, I found that Gosan survived until the 3rd year of King Gojong (1866). In the reign of King Gojong in the first year of the national flag of Daedongji, a civil monument is recorded as the queen of King Gojong. Other kings were crowned crown prince after being proclaimed as crown prince and then ascended together, but King Gojong did not have a queen because he was crowned immediately without the days of crown prince. In March (1866), three years after King Gojong's ascension, Min was greeted as a queen. This fact is detailed in the Annals of King Gojong and is also recorded in Daedongjiji, proving that Gosanja survived until March (1866) in the 3rd year of King Gojong's reign. It is relatively reliable to point out that Choi Han-ki, a close friend, was born in 1803 and died in 1877, while Kim Yang-seon pointed out that he was born in 1804 and died in 1866. There is no basis for clarifying the exact time of birth of an alpine, but it can be clearly pointed out that his death was in the 3rd year of King Gojong (1866). 3. It is not known when Kim Jeong-ho, the residence of the alpine, moved from Hwanghae-do to Seoul. It is said that Gosanja lived in Mallijae outside Namdaemun after coming to Seoul. Jeong In-bo's point of view on the residence of Gosanja is vivid. He said that Gosanja lived in Mallijae Pass based on the testimony of Han Se-jin, who had been acquainted with Gosanja during his lifetime. However, if you review what was published in the Dong-A Ilbo in 1925 ahead of Jeong In-bo's article, it is said that the Joseon Minmun Association pushed to build a monument in Yakhyeon outside the south gate where his remains are located to commemorate Gosanja's legacy. From this point of view, it is thought that Gosanja lived near Yakhyeon. And the theory that he lived in Gongdeok-ri outside Seodaemun is very wrong. This is because Gongdeok-ri is beyond Mallijae Pass when you open the capital city such as Suseonjeon and check the location. Gongdeok-ri is outside Namdaemun, but it is far from Seodaemun. Yakhyeon, Mallijae, and Gongdeok-ri are close to each other. Judging from the fact that the Joseon Gwangmunhoe pushed for a monument to be erected, it is believed that there must have been considerable historical evidence, and it is believed that Gosanja lived near Yakhyeon. 4. Kim Jeong-ho, the leader of Gosanja, was self-proclaimed as Gosanja. And the family situation was poor and his status was humble. Therefore, it would not have been easy for him to have a title. Most of the 65 kinds of librarians he cited in Daedongji were borrowed from Choi Han-ki and Choi Sung-hwan, not from his collection. Oju also pointed out that Choi Han-ki has many books. At that time, books were very expensive, so most people could hardly have books. Considering these circumstances, it is not the title of the Gosanja, but the title of Choi Han-ki that the district map intermediate is marked as Taeyeonjae. According to Ohju's theory of district map variation, Choi Han-ki obtained a district map published by Jang Jeong-byeong of Cheong, and he engraved only the district map with the help of Kim Jeong-ho, except for the district map. Therefore, the middleman of the Earth map is Choi Han-ki, not Kim Jeong-ho. Gosanja was a square number that carved the earth map, not a middleman. Taeyeonjae is not the title of the alpine, but the title of Choi Han-ki, the middleman. 5. Few people believe that Gosanja, a national expedition theory of Gosanja, climbed Baekdusan Mountain seven times to make Daedongyeojido. However, in the past, it was uncritically accepted to enhance the greatness of the alpine. This fact is impossible for anyone to accept if they think about it a little coldly and rationally. Transportation relations, economic power, physical strength, beasts, none of them can suggest the possibility and only solidify the fact that it is impossible. It is also hard to believe that Gosanja has toured the country three times to make a precise map. Let's look closely at the following historical records.

What's the sure way for Jung Joo Min to win over nomads?

 As you all know, the confrontation between nomadic and permanent residents took place quite frequently.Of course, most of the causes were economic reasons.When nomadic and Jeong Ju-min trade, Jeong Ju-min is in a much more advantageous position (nomadic goods are not necessary for Jeong Ju-min, but Jeong Ju-min's goods are needed for them).The frequent trade friction could also be the cause of the war.Extreme temperature changes are also the cause.For example, there is a reason for the rapid decline in temperature in Seojin of the Huns, and whether the period of the establishment of the Mongolian Empire is also a boon can be seen as one of the reasons for unity. Anyway, is it almost inevitable to face off between regular residents and nomads?So I roughly wrote down a way for the residents to win. 1. You should avoid the war itself. First of all, beating nomads does not benefit economically, so you should avoid the war itself.Of course, it would be nice to periodically slaughter nomads like gold and yo to remove their sprouts, but the results have become miserable (providing nomads with justification for unity;) and it is considered the best way to minimize trade friction. 2. Conciliate or alienate the enemy rather than a head-to-head confrontation. If you can't avoid the war, you have to win.However, if you try to beat nomads by force, you have to take a huge loss.In addition, even if you win as written above, there is no income, so a head-to-head confrontation is a waste of money.Hanmuje is a representative case.Although it weakened the power of the Huns by investing a lot of money and manpower, the country is almost a rag.Eventually, they make up for their finances by resale or other means. Also, head-to-head confrontations reversely make the opponent unite.One of the characteristics of nomads is that they work well when they are united and in vain when they are scattered.The nomadic empire is built on a huge commercial network.However, if the benefits of commerce are less than those of nomadic, you will immediately enter the path of dissolution.Conversely, if you have a strong enemy or goal, you will be strongly united and such a powerful country is the Mongolian Empire.However, if you go to a head-to-head match, the other party will naturally unite.Of course, they exchange enormous damage to each other and fight. Therefore, of course, in order to reduce damage, the enemy must be conciliated and separated.The reason nomads fight against settlers is economic, but if the reason disappears, there is no reason to fight.So the best way is to alienate each other and lure one of them to his side.A good example is that Han separated the fierce anger and destroyed it. 3. Use cavalry and infantry in conjunction. In the end, if the war led to a head-on confrontation, we had no choice but to prepare for the battle.If so, the link between infantry and cavalry is the most important.Archers play a role in exchanging arrows with their opponents, spearmen block enemy attacks, cavalry protects allies' sides, and uses tactics to counterarm enemies.I think the key is how well you use them organically.If a cavalry plays separately from an infantry, it will be broken by a powerful nomadic cavalry, and if there is no cavalry, the number of troops will gradually decrease and eventually be swept away.The Battle of Calhe, which had Parthia and Rome, showed how large the absence of cavalry, and what happens when the battle between Hungary and Mongolia confronts nomadic cavalry without the support of infantry.

How to fight Sword & Shield.

 The most commonly seen, used, and most convenient to use in movies, and balanced weapon in all aspects of the workshop. It can be said to be the representative black of the West, Longsord. Longsword is a weapon with excellent versatility in many ways, such as throwing away the shield, grabbing the foamel, and cutting or stabbing it strongly when you meet a strong enemy.  In addition, the combination of the balanced weapon Longsod and the shield that provides the best defense has always been the main focus in that it has been recognized for its effectiveness, easiest to learn, and easy for beginners to use, and impregnable defense. In that sense, today we will learn how to use shields and various weapons. 1. Basic posture First of all, the basic posture of using a sword and shield is to hold the sword in your right hand and the shield in your left hand and hold the sword with the shield attached to your body. Here, the position of raising the sword is divided into high, middle, and white, and high is to raise the hand holding the sword high. A mudeul puts a sword on the waist and points the tip of the sword obliquely to the enemy at the same height as the shield. White refers to turning the club back when hitting and holding it back as if hitting. In the high posture, it is a common cut, and in the middle posture, it checks the enemy with a check dagger or stab, and in the white posture, it can make a strong smashing blow. (Although it is an example of a long-sod used with one hand, it shows a good attack in the white posture. It should be noted that when you lift a shield, your feet should not go in front of the shield and you don't lift your feet) All these postures can be changed freely and connected in one movement. The range of defense that prevents the enemy's attack is mainly the face and corner of the shield, and the guard of the sword and the blade of the sword. 2. Confrontation against the enemy Scope to attack the enemy: Shield is a weapon that provides very strong defense, and the exposed part of the sword-bearing hands, head, legs, and torso is the only place we can attack the enemy. However, we must think that shields cannot defend every part and reveal loopholes at different points. If you raise it to defend your head, your legs are defenseless, if you lower the shield, your shoulders and head are defenseless, and if you tilt the shield, your right shoulder will be exposed. Also, the hand that came out for the attack can be an important range of attacks. The problem is that the enemy must reveal these weaknesses, and we can expose them by painting them. The important thing is that the moment we tilt the shield to make a powerful blow shouldn't be an opportunity for the enemy. (Expose a loophole - "Why did I do that?" Battle of the enemy with the sword: In this situation, it's a great interest to us that the pattern changes dramatically depending on the type of shield. In the 16th century, Buckler, who shows an example of lightweight equipment with the advent of guns, has relatively little scope to defend himself, so it cannot be defended just by holding it passively, but it has no choice but to be a good presence without learning to actively defend against enemy attacks. In addition, since the shields are small, there are relatively many loopholes, so they cannot be approached recklessly, and this environment has created a form of battle in which they find loopholes a little apart and attack each other.         However, the medieval battle, or shield at this time, was forced to deal with shields with high ranges of defenses such as tower shields and kite shields, so no matter how hard it was to attack the shield, and loopholes were almost impossible to damage the enemy. This advantage played a major role in ensuring that shields were active in the modern era as universal equipment anywhere in China, India, Europe, and the Middle East. Then, what should we do with an enemy with such excellent defense? It can be answered by searching for medieval battle records and textbooks. The battle between shields and shields at this time is largely divided into two types, one of which is "painting" referred to in Unit and the other of which is a physical fight to be said from now on.       Painting was also widely used as a way to attack enemy loopholes relatively safely while keeping a little distance from the enemy, but painting itself was difficult to achieve in the case of relatively skilled soldiers (regular drivers began to abandon shields as armor developed). In addition, if you use painting freely, the user himself needs to be skilled in many ways, so let's move on to what was explained in Unit.    Then, what took place the most at the time was physical fights. Here, a variety of technologies and situational reversals are waiting for us seeking new knowledge. First of all, the enemy's shield was emphasized over and over again, but it was an impregnable fortress itself, so in order to succeed in a proper attack, it was approached to the point where the shield met. At this time, the basic attack that took place a lot was a way to push the enemy with a shield to lose the balance of the enemy, and it was a way to cross the sword over the shield and stab the enemy.  Another method (the scene of a physical fight) is to hang the shield on the edge of the opponent's shield to the edge of the shield and tilt the shield. The opponent will expose a tremendous gap to unexpected attacks, and the swift attack at this time will bring victory to the attacker. It is also a problem with the shield, which limits the view of the shield, especially the lower part. At this time, a terrifying attack method was developed in which a sword was inserted into the lower part and then cut down to find an X egg that was not well defended. In addition, we can say that the technique of cutting the opponent's leg while looking up at the enemy was useful and widely used by applying The Fighting's Blue Tree different viewing technology. The technology of beating the shield hard with a sword and hitting the enemy with a shield has also been widely used as a very powerful technology. We can easily see what kind of technology this technology is by looking at Diablo 2's Paladine Smit Technology. You can hit your hand or thigh holding the enemy's sword with the edge of the shield. What's important when using all of these techniques is that shield swords should be kept in mind that the moment of attack is the biggest loophole, that the shield should be defended, that the shield should attack and defend with the sword, and that attack and defense should be done at the same time.  Even if you know that, you win half. The 해Two-Hand Sword against the Two-Hand Sword Man can show off its colorful and fast technology compared to the Long Sword, which has only a simple attack, and its range and destructive power are almost incomparable to the Long Sword, which is held with one hand. However, by looking at past records, shield users can easily find themselves in an advantageous position by entering the enemy's weapon range. For example, if you hold the shield high and push the enemy's hand with the enemy's weapon, the enemy will be temporarily in a difficult state to attack, and the shield user will be able to attack the enemy effectively by using the spleen longsode. However, it should be noted that if you lift the shield high recklessly, your legs will be treated.   Of course, we have to pay attention to painting in a different dimension, and it's important not to forget that the key to victory is to defend firmly and stick together, keeping in mind that the strong power of the two-hand sword and the long range does not exert much power if it goes inside.  Considering that the battle axe against the axe has a center of gravity in front of it, its power or cutting power is not allowed, and most of the battle axe is used with both hands, it is too much to block with a shield. In addition, something big can happen while blocking with a sword, and sometimes the shield is split, so it should always be important to block it with a side, not the edge of the shield, and when the shield is attached to the body, the protruding blade may come into the shield and the thigh may be handled. Of course, this Battle Access reduces its power when it's close to you. (Think about holding and using the axe blade)It can also be seen that the key to victory is to compete.  It's mostly similar to the axe of the battle against the iron fence. The response is similar to an ax, but there is no fear of splitting the shield. However, if you get hit even once, you will be roughly absent-minded, so be careful. Wo Hammer is similar. However, when it comes to Warhammer, it will be much more fatal than Mace.  The point of victory is to get close to Paulam (Halbud, Buju, Bill, etc.) and Spear (Short, Long, Glave, Partizan). However, in the case of powerful cutting and hitting, especially in the case of Paulam, there is a use of stealing weapons by hanging them on shields or swords, so keep in mind that allowing them a favorable distance may lead to loss of attack.  In addition, the hook can be pierced very easily and killed immediately, so you should be particularly careful about the enemy's movement. The key is to defend especially firmly and approach quickly.  It can be said that it is an example of a very wrong battle against a plane. Even beginners can use it right away without training, boasting Mace's power to cry and will give him a hell of a blow with additional acceleration on the chain. It is a weapon with much higher attack power compared to its weight, and it is a weapon that is often caught in the corner of the shield and changes its orbit to how your body works. Weapons that are fast, powerful, confusing, and free to change orbit. If the chain is long and broken regardless of whether it is a light glove or a heavy glove, you may need some skill, but you may take away your weapon. Fortunately, this is also a weapon that reduces attack power when it is attached. However, it is also important to note that when defending this weapon, it should be blocked only with a side, not the edge of the shield.  I just want to shout Amen to Hae-ja who is in the frame.

15th Century Gothic Plate Armor

 Since the 12th century, as vulnerabilities to defense have been pointed out in the existing Chain Mail Hoverk, knights have found their way to defend their bodies more safely. Thus, in the 14th century, from the coat of plates, which fixed iron plates inside leather clothes like the Joseon Dynasty's two-sided armor, plate mail covering arms, legs, and torso with complete plates, and in the 15th century, plate armors were finally completed. With the completion of plate armourization at the time, the complete shirt-type chain mail worn underneath the existing plate mail was changed to a padding armor with only the arms and waist, which lowered the defense force by wearing a complete chain mail weighing 34kg. Meanwhile, with the advent of these new armor, the demand for armor on the battlefield has increased rapidly, along with the British Rose War, the European Hundred Years War, and other disputes, with soldiers wearing plate armors, Italy's Milano armour industry reviving, low-priced, low-end plate armors, and near-arts. This armor is collectively referred to as "Gothic style," and this word "Gothic" is also used to refer to Renaissance Armor in the 16th century, especially medieval armor, and in more detail, it is called German Plate Armor. Italian Plate Armor later called the "Milanese style," which literally refers to Italian Plate Armor, not to any form of special. The etymology of the name comes from the name of the city of Milan, a famous Italian armor-making attraction. We've heard of two representative Milan style armor. While Gothic armor mainly uses sallet-type pitches, there are a variety of features, including barbuta-style pitches with a T-shaped face and pitches with remnants of the 14th century's Houndskull-type remains. Even if it's not just made in Italy...     It is a salad-type pitch that can be said to be a characteristic of Gothic armor.  This beaver covers your chin, neck, and face perfectly.  Protect your head and face by flipping this salad.   It's how you wear it.    It's finally! Price pressure of $5000. Gothic armor, especially German, is indispensable. Hans Talhofer, a 15th-century German prosecutor who systematically established German swordsmanship as a successor to Johannes Leichtnauer in the 14th century, improved the Gothic armour of the past to create Gothic armor that emphasized movement rather than particularly convenient defense for gladiatorial combat.

The Bronze Age on the Korean Peninsula was around the 15th century B.C.

 The Bronze Age on the Korean Peninsula eventually collapsed as the Korean archaeological conventional wisdom of around the 10th century BC rose to around the 15th century BC, much earlier than this in various parts of the country. As a result, not only the ancient history of Korean history, which does not have a documentary record of the time, but also the ancient history, which begins with the History of the Three Kingdoms, has a new turning point. In addition, these results are evaluated as a major event in Korean history compared to the excavation of Pungnaptoseong Fortress or the discovery of manuscripts of the Hwarang Century. Until now, the Korean archaeological community has considered that the southern central and southern parts of the Korean Peninsula entered the Bronze Age of using patterned earthenware at the earliest around the 10th century of B.C., and the current national history textbooks are the same. However, the results of various chronological measurements of Bronze Age ruins and relics recently identified in the submerged area of the Namgang Dam in Jinju, Gangwon-do, and Jeollanam-do adjacent to North Korea are appearing around the 15th century of B.C. beyond this conventional wisdom. What is even more surprising is that the highly developed Bronze Age itself, including dolmens and non-wave-shaped bronze swords, which are representative tombs of the Bronze Age, has been confirmed to be in or before the 10th century of B.C. These results prove that the claim that the opening of the Bronze Age on the Korean Peninsula was right before the excavation of Dangunneung Tomb in 1993 was around the 20th century of B.C. and that the South Korean academic community, which had rejected it, was completely defeated. The recently investigated submerged area of the Jinju Namgang River is coming out around the 15th century of the B.C., with various Bronze Age ruins and relics identified here well beyond the 10th century of the B.C. In the case of the remains of Okbang excavated by the Seonmun University investigation team among the submerged areas of the Namgang River, the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage's radioactive carbon dating results showed that it was B.C.1590-1310 and B.C.1620-1400, respectively. These results were similar in other Namgang submerged areas, with two charcoal excavated from Bronze Age residences excavated by Konkuk University Museum also found to have surpassed the 10th century B.C. 1420-B.C. 1100 and B.C. 1400-B.C. 1100 BC. In the case of Gangwon-do, the Bronze Age is rising further than the Namgang River basin. In the case of Gangneung Gyo-dong Residential Area 1, the date was found to be 1878-1521, and the other two residential maps were found to be around the 15th century of B.C. In addition, the only Bronze Age ruins in Joyang-dong, Sokcho, where bronze axes were excavated in South Korea, were also found to be B.C. 1206 - B.C. 830, and the remains of Bangnae-ri, Gangneung, which was measured by Nagoya University in Japan, were also B.C. 14th century at the earliest. In addition, as a result of requesting a foreign laboratory to measure carbon dating on a Bronze Age residential map in Juknae-ri, Suncheon, Jeollanam-do, which was discovered by the Chosun University Museum, the results were B.C. 15th to 16th centuries. What is noteworthy here is that these solidarity measures did not come from one specific research institute, but were obtained by commissioning various domestic and foreign institutions. This is increasing the reliability of these chronological measures. In addition to the ruins of the house site, the occurrence of dolmens and bronze is also rising. The dolmen ruins in Birae-dong, Daejeon, where the bifa-shaped bronze bronze dagger was excavated, and the ruins in Joyang-dong, Sokcho, where bronze axes were found, were dating from the 9th to 10th centuries BC. Given that these non-wave-shaped bronze axes are relics of great casting technology among bronze, it became clear that the crude level of bronze ware, which preceded them in the Korean Peninsula, appeared earlier than this. Cho Yoo-jeon, director of the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, said, "Until the prehistoric remains of the Namgang River came out, we estimated that it was around 400-500 B.C.," adding, "Archeology breaks down theories after sleeping, and the Bronze Age is also entering a new stage."

The scenery before the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592.

 If modern rest around Gyeongbokgung Palace, cultural space, and royal history museum are linked together, their historical and cultural character will be further strengthened and become a cultural infrastructure in name and reality. Since there was dignity in the court culture in the past, the space called the palace contains the weight of historical time and the aura of culture that it was the best of the time. But how much do we know about court culture? It has been more than 20 years since the palace was restored by Japanese invaders, but it has not yet been restored to its original form. In the space called the palace, which was poorly recreated through the restoration project, a ritual event is held with more clumsy skills, and inside the real palace building designated as a cultural property, clumsy copies are displayed under the name of the reproduction exhibition. It is not easy to recall the dignity and dignity of the king, the ruler of all, from the strange appearance of the reproduced wax figure. Rather, you can only see a fake human being dwarfed in the magnificent space inside Geunjeongjeon Hall. Isn't this our sad self-portrait of "making a living palace" today? The ceremony of hydrological shift at the main gate of the palace takes place day by day between Gwanghwamun Gate and Heungnyemun Gate in Gyeongbokgung Palace, in front of Deoksugung Palace Daehanmun Gate, and in front of Donhwamun Gate in Changdeokgung Palace, but there is no space inside the palace to convey the historical weight of the Joseon Dynasty. The gatekeeper is just a substitute and has nothing to protect. The inevitable emptiness that comes from here depresses us. Even at the Jongmyo ritual held in the middle of the day on a Sunday, May every year, I feel the pretense of an event that lacks sincerity. Only when the person who succeeded the throne brought the ancestral tablet of his father to Jongmyo Shrine's shrine was he able to inform the whole people through the announcement of Daesa-myeon and past tests that his time had arrived as a monument.It is almost impossible to recall the story of the heir to the throne, who lacks legitimacy, enshrined the birth father's god in Jongmyo Shrine to secure legitimacy while watching the current Jongmyo ritual. Is the ritual held in the middle of the day a ritual is held every year in the middle of the night when the ancestor god who will enjoy the ritual food can only come down to the ritual given by his descendants. Even under these circumstances, as the palace was restored, events to fill the palace yard and exhibitions to fill the interior of the palace were being pursued under the name of utilization. Can we truly restore or reproduce the culture of the past? Are you trying to do that? Are you in a hurry to use it even though you can't manage it? The palace is not a park. The "Jongmyo Park Seok damage incident," which occurred in the second week of November, clearly showed that the previous concerns were not just rain. While constructing an office for managers in Jongmyo Shrine, he stopped destroying dozens of gourd stones covered on the road where the king, crown prince, and ritual specialists with incense and congratulatory gates walked. Of course, the stones are bound to be broken, and many of these have happened so far, so the history of the past may not have remained in the gourd stone at all. However, the important thing is the attitude toward cultural properties. It is worth asking the authorities who manage cultural properties whether they are forgetting that they are precious cultural heritages to be handed down to their descendants because they are focused on their current purpose and utilization. Since it is registered as a cultural heritage, you may think that it is necessary to be considerate, create a space to participate, and build an office well to manage it well so that people can get closer. However, if you really thought so, it is worth remembering why Jongmyo Shrine and rituals were listed as World Heritage Sites. The authority of Jongmyo Shrine made the "Abanggung Project" at Jongmyo Park, a legal event even approved by government offices, meaningless. The authority was illuminated as part of the national consciousness leaning on tradition and cultural properties. However, as long as homeless people gather on benches in twos and threes, and elderly people who have starved for a meal continue to exist as a still space in the middle of the city, Jongmyo Park will be nothing more than a false sense of authority that ridiculously drove out women challenging patriarchy. Cultural properties are like that. It must be alive in life, and in order to do so, it must not be an island from the surroundings. However, it is exciting and enjoyable for modern living people to enter the space and experience it, and to keep the space alive, but damage and loss of the original character are also famous terms and conditions. The palace or Jongmyo Shrine is a cultural heritage, not a park. Japanese colonial era We cannot go back to our place after correcting ourselves the status of the palace that has changed with the intentional establishment of a modern park. What is more disrespectful than women flying their skirts back and forth in front of Jongmyo Shrine is that a doll is placed on the roof, a seat where only one person could sit in an era. Isn't the still and helpless doll recognized as an image that embodies the identity and passive aspect of Korean culture? The relocation of the National Museum of Korea to Gyeongbokgung Palace means that it is not just the relocation of institutions, but the time when the palace culture can be reproduced. Forgetting the yesterday of our palace, which was distorted and shabbyly disparaged by the Japanese imperialism, and reproducing the brilliant past stems from the ritual of cherishing even a single chapter of Park Seok.