Pastor Soyang Ju-cheol, a large star of the Korean church who sacrificed his life to protect the martyred Soyang Ju-cheol's gospel, served as a leader in the anti-greeting movement and religious protection movement for a total of five years and four months from 1938 to 1944. He protested against Japanese imperialism in the attitude of 'one stroke five'. Pastor Joo Ki-cheol (1897-1944) was born on November 25, 1897, in Abae-ri, Ungcheon-myeon, Changwon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do (currently Ungcheon 1-dong, Jinhae-si), as the fourth son of Joo Hyun-sung's four sons and three daughters. In 1906, he entered Gaebong School and developed a strong national spirit and extraordinary national love. When he was young, he attended Ungcheon Church, where his eldest brother, Ju Ki-won, pastured, and was named "Boy Pastor." At the end of the seven-year opening school course, he accidentally listened to Chunwon Lee Kwang-soo's patriotic lecture in Busan at the time and decided to go to Osan School in Jeongju, Pyeongbuk, where Chunwon was acting as the principal. After entering Osan School, he met with national leaders Lee Seung-hoon, Cho Man-sik, and Seo Chun and received religious education along with thorough national education. After graduating from Osan School in 1916, he went to the department of commerce at Yeonhee College established by missionaries in April of that year. However, less than a few months after entering the school, he returned home due to severe eye disease. While serving as a butler at Ungcheon Church, he taught at Gyonam School at the same time. He also devoted himself to night school and youth movement. Around this time, he marries Ahn Gap-soo, his first wife. Ju Ki-cheol attended Pastor Kim Ik-doo's revival held at Masan Munchang Church in 1920 and decided to become a pastor after a hot Holy Spirit experience, and entered Pyongyang Presbyterian Reply School in March 22. Here, he will receive thorough theology education from prominent faculty members such as Mapo Samyeol, Bae Wi-ryang, Wang Gil-ji, Kwak An-ryeon, and Nabu-yeol. After graduating from the seminary in December 1925, he was appointed as a pastor at the Gyeongnam Presbytery and appointed as a delegated pastor at the Busan Choryang Church. At that time, he set up his place of prayer at the foot of Gudeoksan Mountain and prayed all night from time to time, but the next day when he came down, his whole body was soaked in sweat as if in the rain. In addition, he wrote a preaching manuscript without going out, read the completed manuscript dozens of times until Saturday night, and recited it before preaching on Sunday. In addition, he submitted a resolution against shrine worship to the Gyeongnam Presbytery, saying that the visit to the shrine was contrary to Christian doctrines, and received formal approval. Most pastors helplessly knelt in front of the shrine, but some pastors who agreed with the chief monk proudly confronted the Japanese army's gun knives forcing them to worship the shrine. As a result, the chief monk was imprisoned for a total of five years and four months five times from 1938 to the last martyrdom in 1944. He was tortured unimaginably in prison, but eventually did not make a religious change. After seven years of arrest and release, Ahnjil, lung disease, and heart disease worsened and became a nuisance, but in prison, he always meditated and praised the Bible with a peaceful face. Just before being arrested and imprisoned in prison for the fifth time, he leaves his last sermon in his life with his old mother, wife and about 20 members of the Pyongyang Sanjeonghyeon Church gathered at his home. "Our Lord suffered a cross for me and died with the cross, but how can I pretend not to know you because I am afraid of death?" It's just that I'm determined... Pine trees should be taken before they die to be blue, and lily flowers must wither to be fragrant. I just hope it will be given to the Lord's altar before it withers." His body, which was devastated by torture at 9 p.m. on Friday, April 21, 1944, died at 9:30 p.m. that night at a corner of Pyongyang Prison, and the chief monk died laughing, "My Lord and God hold me." There was such a true Christian... In fact, almost all Baptists and Presbyterianism performed pro-Japanese acts. -Park Hee-do, who served as CEO of YMCA in "Park Hee-do", a representative of 33 national representatives, [Dongyang Jigwang]I published an Iranian magazine. The magazine published papers such as "Let's be loyal to the Japanese Emperor and cooperate in the war," "Let's despise the United States and Britain," and "Let's build Daedonga." Oriental light has one characteristic. Park Hee-do is Christian, and according to our common sense, if Christian establishes a business, the executive below him usually uses church members. However, Park Hee-do hired left-wing propaganda from the editor-in-chief, sales manager, and other reporters. They hired people who were left-wing activists in the 20s and 30s. There wasn't a single Christian. Why do you think it was? The funds needed for operation were not from Park Hee-do, but from the Governor-General. Park Hee-do was just sitting as a face-to-face madam, so he was instructed by the Governor-General to lead the communists in thought and created a magazine called Oriental Jigwang and vowed loyalty to Japan. <Jung Chun-soo> At that time, Christianity, Buddhism, Catholicism, and student organizations were all so-called extensions, and there was an atmosphere in which Koreans and Japanese became one and were loyal to the emperor. Jeong Chun-soo was a Methodist. He said that Joseon Methodists and Japanese Mesographers must unite to form an extension. Thus, I was involved in one of the seven representatives of the organization and met with the two organizations in Kabako, Japan, to discuss the joint issue. Among the various provisions adopted, Article 3 is probably remembered as Article 3, and the content of Article 3 is that sending representatives on inquiries, suggestions, and diplomacy to the government should be agreed upon with the Japanese Methodist as much as possible, but decided by the Japanese Methodist. In short, it was something like Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905. Because the diplomatic right was completely deprived. So the Methodist Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 is a joint treaty. Jung Chun-soo promoted it.
2022년 3월 6일 일요일
The main battleship of the Joseon Navy - Panokseon
◆ What is Panokseon? According to the geography of the Annals of King Sejong, various types of military ships such as Daesun, Jungdaeseon, Jungseon, Kaekseon, Maengseon, Byeolseon, Chuwaebyeolseon, Chuwaebyeolseon, and Chuwaebyeolseon were built without any specifications and were useless as military ships. The issue of military ships was raised by Shin Sook-ju in October 1461 (the 7th year of King Sejo's reign). He suggested that military ships in various places be improved so that they can be used for both military and shipbuilding, and the development of Byeongjoseon in 1465 became the predecessor of Maengseon. Byeongjoseon was developed in the reign of King Sejo and renamed Dae, Chinese, and small ships with the spread of Gyeongguk Daejeon and was used for both Joun and major for a century. All regulations on blind ships in Gyeonggukdaejeon show a clear character of the naval reduction in armament. The number of military ships decreased from 829 to 739, and the number of military ships decreased from 51,177 to 48,80. Meanwhile, in the geography of Sejong Annals, there are only 57 military ships out of 829 ships, and in Gyeongguk Daejeon, 249 out of 737 military ships are military ships are military ships. It can be seen that there was a reduction in military ships in Sejo-dae, and rather, there was a lot of use of shipwrecks. Controversy has already been raised during the reign of King Seongjong that the Maengseon is too heavy and dull to be useful as a military ship. Even in the Sampo Japanese Invasion, Saryang Japanese Invasion, and Eulmyo Japanese Invasion, which continued to occur during the reign of King Jungjong and King Myeongjong, the blind ship could not serve as a military ship. This was why Panokseon, a large military ship, was developed in 1555 (the 10th year of King Myeongjong's reign). Subsequently, after the appearance of the shield ship, a bell-shaped military ship, the blind ship lost its function as a military ship. However, this did not mean that the Maengseon completely disappeared. The structure and shape of the hull were inherited by a general ship and remained until the end of the Joseon Dynasty. The lower body structure of Panokseon or Turtle Ship developed in Myeongjongdae was no different from that of Maengseon. Maengseon is a ship with a typical Korean structure in the early Joseon Dynasty, and Chomaseon, a ship with the same system as Jounseon in the late Joseon Dynasty, shows a flat structure. In other words, a wide and flat bottom plate was placed underneath and an outer plate was placed on the left and right sides of it, and a flat Seonmijae called "Biu" was erected on the player to decorate the hull. After King Sejong conquered Tsushima Island at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty and the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty, it remained silent for a while, and it began to break out again, causing the Sampo Japanese Invasion in the 5th year of King Jungjong's reign. This rebellion served as an opportunity for the Japanese, which had been dormant in Joseon's powerful naval forces, to rise again, and it was at this time that old Joseon battleships such as Maengseon, which were originally designed to serve as a ship, were useless. In other words, the Japanese gradually contacted Chinese pirates, armed them with artillery, and mobilized ships as big as the Great Blind Ship, the largest battleship of Joseon at the time, failing to overcome the gradually modernized Japanese colonial rule. This was also because the Maengseon was originally designed to serve as a ship carrying the grain of peace. Inevitably, Joseon abandoned the Maengseon as it was and tried to confront Japan with a small lightening ship for a while, but it was unable to suffer as the Japanese invaded with more improved firearms and large ships. At this time, Seohu said in the 16th year of King Jungjong's reign, "No matter how agile the naval forces are, they are useless in a neck-and-neck race, and they must look down at the enemy and suppress it." In addition, in the 39th year of King Jungjong's reign, an appeal of the same meaning was filed by Song Heum, a vice president of Panjungchu. In the 10th year of King Myeongjong's reign, Panokseon was first tested, and after that, Panokseon became active as Korea's main force. Where did the name Panokseon come from? Panok means "a house made of boards." It is presumed that the main warship before the Panokseon was called the "Panokseon" because the Panokseon has a flat flat line on the deck, while the Panokseon has a deck added back on the deck and a pole is also installed.
The biggest feature of the structure and characteristics of the ◆ Panokseon is that it is a multi-layer battleship first. Since all warships in the wartime are flat, combatants and non-combatants are on the deck, which reduces combat efficiency, while Panokseon hides non-combatants (Rogun) in Panok and allows combatants to attack while looking down at enemies from the list. In addition, the wide deck above the listing of Panokseon is good for installing cannons and has the advantage of increasing the range. (At that time, cannons could not raise their squares as easily as they do now, and they had to insert solid wood.) In addition, the structural characteristics of Panokseon can be divided into the characteristics of Western ships and the characteristics of Panokseon, and first of all, there are no Yonggol and ribs, which are characteristics of Western ships. Instead of Yonggol, the structure of the main plate replaces Yonggol. Because of this, the floor is flat.There are no ribs that are placed horizontally in the Yonggol to maintain the lateral strength of the stomach. Instead, Garyongmok replaces this, and Garyongmok supports each member of the left and right signboard. Therefore, Hanseon was made by the shell first method of making the outer shell first under public law. Players (foreign objects) are also made of wide boards, and the shape of the ship becomes boxy. Second, the characteristic of Panokseon is that it is a track installed throughout the deck. From the player to Sunmi, there is a track on the entire ship. The track prepared in this way is called a listing.It has a track that is much wider than the width of the hull, so the paddle is supposed to be held between the hull and the track, protecting non-combatants engaged in labor during battle. The wide and flat space on the list provided a good place to install cannons, increasing combat efficiency. It is Korea's first pure combat ship. Previous battleships are also used to transport grain during peace, but Panokseon is a pure combat ship. The listing of the player's division, which is wider and flat than the hull, is advantageous when chasing the enemy by increasing the firepower of the battleship on the player side. After a certain period of time elapses after the ship is built, the entire ship is dismantled and newly assembled. This is a characteristic of not only the Panokseon but also the entire Hanseon, and since the Hanseon was customized by inserting it into a wooden pond, the ship can be dismantled and repaired after a certain period of time. The bottom of the boat is flat and thick, so the boat can be stably placed on the tidal flat at low tide, and it can be pulled to the land to prepare for wind and waves. The advantages of Panokseon's naval tactics, such as Panokseon's naval tactics, have a very great effect, especially in the battle against Japan, and old naval battles are usually a tactic of leaning side by side on enemy ships and going over enemy ships to fight with swords. These tactics were the most common tactics in Europe and anywhere in the world in the 16th century. Of course, the Japanese also use this tactic. For example, in the records of the Annals of King Jungjong, "If a Japanese enemy jumps into the ship with a knife, no matter how many warriors there are, Daeheukju, a large battleship of Japan, was equipped with only three cannons and 200 spectators.However, in Korea's naval tactics, the incineration of red vessels mainly by archers was the first tactic. Therefore, our naval forces used a lot of artillery, and the diameter was larger than that of Japan, so it was usually about 90 to 130 mm.(At the time of the 16th century, it was important to prevent the enemy from getting on our ship.) Therefore, at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, swordships and ships made by inserting swords into ships were to protect our navy, who were not familiar with sword techniques, and to attack with a bow. The crystal of this tradition is Panokseon. Panokseon first has a two-story hull to safely protect non-combatants engaged in labor and attack the enemy on the second floor. Therefore, it is difficult for the enemy to climb to the second floor of the Panokseon, while the Panokseon can attack while looking down at the enemy. Panokseon was created to prevent the enemy's long-term neck-and-neck race and increase the efficiency of attack by our long-term archery. Since the ship is on the second floor, it is relatively higher than the enemy ship, so it cannot jump in recklessly (the advantage is that it comes out well in the naval records), and the artillery is much larger than that of Japan, so it is 13cm for Cheonjapo, 10cm for Jajapo, and 7cm for Hyeonjapo. With the development of traditional archery, Panokseon's Cheonja cannon was able to shoot 200 shots and Hyeonja cannon was able to shoot 100 shots. Naturally, the range is much longer, so the Japanese rifle usually has an effective range of 50m at the 200m intersection, whereas according to the records of King Sejong, Cheonjapo Port is 1,500 steps, and Hyeonjapo Port is 800 steps. It is incomparably large. In this way, Panokseon made enemy tactics useless and fought allies in an advantageous position by providing sufficient places to lead our organs to the advantage of archery and artillery battles and making Panok, which would serve as a high bastion to prevent enemy short-range battles.
Personal opinion of a member of a historical club - The End of Neoliberalism
Today, neoliberalism - that is, ideas that value only freedom of capital - sweep the world... Destroying all social safety nets, constantly restructuring and hiring non-regular workers, driving people to chronic unemployment... Chronic unemployment is coming as the number of people who have to work with the power of science decreases. It's obvious that the tertiary industry will look like a secondary industry when machines develop. China and India currently provide the world's labor force with cheap wages and large populations as weapons, and neoliberals dominate the market with cheap wages. Already, countries are only barriers to labor and not barriers to capital. Over the past decade, China has achieved an annual average growth of 10%. At the same time, however, the gap between wages and the rich is also increasing rapidly. Did you watch the news a few days ago? It is said that 40,000 people rioted near Shanghai. This phenomenon will intensify as China's social conflict intensifies, and a gradual rise in wages and prices will eventually prevent China's economic growth. South America and India will also follow in the footsteps of China. Finally, neoliberals will invade Africa, which is currently in chaos, under the guise of democratization. Just as Iraq is invaded by oil today, neoliberals will conquer Africa as an American army, establish pro-American regimes, and rob labor with the United States. Africa will also face the wall of limitations in economic growth caused by rising wages and prices. Moreover, Africa is not as populated as China and India. If China and India are combined, it is 2.5 billion won. But Africa is less than 400 million. If Africa faces a situation where chronic unemployment continues as in current Korea, the world's labor power will be lost. The welfare state may seem a pretty cool alternative, but the power of the welfare state is weak and the capital is strong. Capital does not want the welfare state to maintain its power. Under the guise of efficiency, numerous government agencies are falling into the hands of capital today. Today, capital is evading taxes in all ways, including establishing branches in countries under the corporate tax system. Capital will eventually be unable to consume surplus products only by the market. This is because the purchasing power of proletarian art, which has to buy goods, is rolling to the floor due to the global reduction in real wages and restructuring of neoliberalism, which began in the 1970s. Economic growth from neoliberalism will accelerate consumption, accelerate resource looting, and consume all available resources on the planet. Ultimately, it may break down. Marx said that at this point, the "global Great Depression" will take place, and the proletariat of the whole world will be allied around the "most capitalist" and the communist society will come to the ground through the revolution. I don't think that's going to happen. I hope so, but it won't be inevitable. During the neoliberal looting of human society, which will continue for at least decades to come, they will occupy tremendous technology and means of production. With that power, they will try to build a spaceship and go into space. In Bruce Sterling's science fiction "SKZ Matrix," the currency of the universe is energy. Neoliberals will become looters who live with only energy, abandoning humanity for the efficiency of competition, and the rest of the human race will collapse with the decomposed Earth. To prevent such a situation, the proletariat of all nations must unite under the banner of humanism and create a global unification planned economic system. Like the UED in the StarCraft Terran scenario.
History of China (Seojin)
[Seojin ( A.D.265 ~ A.D.316)]
- "Peace for a while" that calmed down the turbulent times of the three heroes, Liu Bei, Cao Cao, and Sun Quan.
After half a century of political change and economic development, the phase in which the three kingdoms coexisted in a balanced manner began to break. Accordingly, the Wei Dynasty established by Cao Cao, who was based in the midfield, was a powerful force and destroyed the Chok Dynasty established by Liu Bei in 263. The Wei Dynasty regime made efforts to unify the China Continent, but at the same time, its survival was also in crisis.
In 265 AD, Samayum (Samayum) came out of the backstage to the front of the stage, and he received a "Seonyang-inherited" from the Emperor of the Wei Dynasty and built a new dynasty, Jin. And more than a decade later, Jin succeeded in conquering the On Dynasty established by Sun Quan, which ended the division of the Chinese continent, which was a century from the end of the Han Dynasty.
In order to build a unified state, Seojin established a complete bureaucratic system.
Economically, the rulers of Seojin restored the social economy by implementing policies for the people to stay comfortable, thereby stabilizing the social order that had been severely confused during the era of war. However, good years have not passed, and after the death of Samayum in 290, the Rebellion of the Eight Kings took place, and bloody massacres began for 16 years within the Samah clan. As a result, Seojin rapidly declined, and in 316, Seojin collapsed as Jinminje Samaeop surrendered under the pressure of Yuyo.
Although Seojin was a unified country, there was a national conflict that was not seen before in the Qin regime of Emperor Xi, so the unification of Seojin always included factors of division and unstable elements. After the fall of Seojin, China immediately fell into serious division and confusion.
History of China (Triple Kingdoms Period) - The Three Kingdoms Period
[Three Kingdoms Period (A.D.220 ~ A.D.280)]
- Liu Bei, Cao Cao, Sun Quan. The era of Poongwoon's son.
The era of division in which China's continent was divided into three kingdoms was a period of constant war, and Cao Cao's Wei Dynasty, Liu Bei's Chok Dynasty, and Sun Quan's Onda all tried to build a new unification empire by destroying the other two countries and unifying the midfield.
The continued prenuptial war between the three countries brought constant pain to the working people. However, the rulers of the three kingdoms all did their best to expand their skills and win the war, and as a result, agricultural productivity during this period developed very much.
Wiinara greatly contributed to the development of agriculture in the midfield by making great efforts to the development of Gundun (military-farming) and Mindun (farming by civilians). Choknara was usually called the Heavenly Land (a country like a grain warehouse in heaven) because the fertile land has a castle plain of thousand ri. Onara also dominates the Sanwol region, where ethnic minorities in Southeast Asia reside several times, in southeastern China.
History of China (Huhan Dynasty)
[Donghan (East Han, A.D.25 ~ A.D.220)]
- Donghan, a country that rose again after the destruction of the Kingdom of Kings.
In the 25th AD, Yusu, a distant tributary of the imperial family, rebuilt the Han Dynasty and built the capital in Nakyang, which is called Donghan or Huhan in history.
Donghan completed the creation of a brilliant Korean culture with the development of the culture as the economy of society recovered to some extent through Gwangmujungheung (the revival of the Han Dynasty by Gwangmuje).
In the same era, the rule of Hojok was a characteristic politically and economically. The families of different regions took control of large amounts of land and farmers and established large farms to develop a self-sufficient battlefield economy. Even having the ability to own individual troops, all of this eventually became an element that destabilized society.
Farmers were no longer able to tolerate various tyrannys such as tyranny, tyranny, and harsh exploitation of the hospital in the late East Korea, and eventually the famous "Hwanggeon's Rebellion" exploded. The East Korean Dynasty, which was hit by such peasant rebels, eventually had only a name, but it was actually like an destroyed country.
As a result, China entered an era of great division called the Three Kingdoms Period for 400 years.
History of China (Wohan Dynasty/Jeonjeon Dynasty)
[West Han Dynasty (B.C.206 ~ A.D.25)]
- The origin of the Chinese people's identity, the Han Dynasty.
The West Han Dynasty is China's second unified dynasty after the Qin Dynasty.
In 206 B.C., Han Go-bang destroyed the Qin Dynasty, won the battle with King Cho Pae Hang-woo, and became emperor in 202 and built the capital in Jangan-now Seomseoseong West Bank, and history calls it the "Seohan Dynasty."
In the era of the Western Han Dynasty, the feudal system was basically established, and there was great development in both political, economic and cultural aspects. During the Hanmu period, Han Dynasty was Asia's most prosperous and wealthy multi-ethnic country. Since the Han Dynasty also established studying abroad as the ruling ideology of China's political and ideological circles, the culture of studying abroad has a profound influence on China's thousands of years of history since then.
The political system of the Han Dynasty also advanced to establish a complete monarchy system, which also became China's basic political system as it continued to develop and solidify for thousands of years after China.
The Han Dynasty has a very important position in Chinese history, because Chinese culture has been called Han Culture since then, Chinese in the Jungwon region have also been called Han People, and Chinese characters can all be found in these names.
In the late period of the letter, the contradiction of society gradually became acute, and Wang Mang, a foreign husband, usurped the Han Dynasty and established a new country, and the Seohan Dynasty came to an end.