Space development began, and Sputnik of the Soviet Union became the first satellite in 1957, and Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union became the first astronaut in 1961. (Japan's animation "Royal Space Force" deals with this material, set in the virtual country of Oneyamis. In the 1950s, Geynax said that he modeled the Japanese Empire on the unbeaten model.) The United States, which lagged behind the Soviet Union and suffered the so-called "Sputnik shock," really landed on the moon in 1969 after Kennedy declared that it would go to the moon within a decade. To be honest, the efforts of these smiles are a little excessive in accordance with the Cold War. As a result, it has been stagnant since then, and Pathfinder revives its unmanned landing on Mars in the 70s (and even detente mood). The Voyager, after circling the solar system, is now out of the solar system and at the end of its life. This fantasy has disappeared, but practical, military, economic, and communications satellites have developed so much that they fill Earth's orbit. Comics, animations, everything. Since the 1980s, the U.S. has produced rockets that can be used several times (instead of throwing away huge fuel tanks), but as a result, it has caused disasters such as the Columbia. After using it for 20 years, it exploded in the air and killed all female astronauts. The Soviet Union made the first and only space station, Mir, because of Siang's terrible anti-communist education, but I didn't know it was about the Soviet Union. It is said that it was discontinued at the end of its life recently. It's broken, and most of all, the Soviet Union collapsed and the Mir astronauts were about to be beaten. In other countries, the French-led European Union is the best. It is the best commercial rocket with the United States. The launch site of the Ariane Space Corporation is located in Guyana, French Central America. I don't have a fantasy of sending out Kuchiman astronauts... ...Japan, China, and India. However, China has recently achieved the feat of sending humans into space after Russia and the United States. It is questionable why the European Union has not tried so far. Did you only do the rocket business... ... roughly as far as romance is concerned, America and Russia will be the best, and commercial rocket business will be the best in America and Europe... ...and the West will roll up. The three major Asian countries are just showing their business cards. As for military satellites, the victors of World War II, the five major powers, the monopolies, and the defeated countries have restrictions... ...did Japan have it recently? North Korea has been humiliated by saying that it succeeded in launching a satellite a few years ago. The satellite disappeared without a trace... ...and of course we launched it with American and European rockets. Recently, the United States, the European Union, Russia, Brazil and Japan signed a new space development treaty. joint venture project Brazil is in the right place.................................................................................................................................... I heard that the Mars Attraction Plan and the new "proper" manned space station are under planning, but it's very difficult. Of course, the U.S.-led initiative. I can't imagine any other country besides America. It's a dream, a military satellite, a communication satellite... ...to get people out of the universe! The Pluto Exploration Galaxy Railway... ...of course, manned space programs are much more difficult than unmanned ones. It's all the more important to keep him alive. ============================================================Purongle. Rockets were developed around the 10th century by Chinese people as weapons to attack castles, and modern rockets using liquid fuel were first developed by Goddard of the United States in 1926. His data were used to develop V2 rockets in Germany, and after World War II, it was developed in earnest as a space development tool by the United States and Russia. The history of exploration into space has only recently begun. Humans have been travelers since birth. In the 15th and 17th centuries, as a major turning point in history, European countries sent sailboats to all oceans. There are many motives for this. Ambition, greed, national prestige, religious fanaticism, criminal amnesty, scientific curiosity, desire for adventure, unemployment, etc.There were good deeds and evil deeds here, but eventually brought the earth together. The history of space development began on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 for the first time in human history. A month later, the Soviet Union carried a dog called Lina on the Sputnik 2 and launched it. The first manned spacecraft aboard by humans was launched on April 12, 1961, and Gagarin became the first astronaut. The history of space development can be divided into the first phase until France launched a satellite with its own rocket in November 1965, the second phase until the U.S. and Soviet countries succeeded in docking Earth orbit in July 1975, and the third phase after that. (1) The first period was a space science competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, reflecting the competition for the maintenance of the offensive power of strategic weapons between the two countries. The U.S.-Soviet competition for space development began in January 1958, when the U.S. launched Explorer 1, which lost the lead in space development to the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, in the late 50s, nuclear weapons transportation moved from aircraft to rockets, and competition for the explosive power and accuracy of nuclear warheads and the distance of transportation was centered. Early intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) had to use liquid propellants that could not be stored unless injected into fuel tanks, and the United States and the Soviet Union initially had this type of guided missiles. Since early 1959, lunar probes have been able to be launched, making the rocket's coordination technology technically leap forward. With this fact, the accuracy of the guided missile has also improved rapidly. This means that when a preemptive strike occurs, the launch base on the receiving end is completely destroyed and the opportunity for a counterattack is lost. The U.S. emphasized this fact and developed a missile (guided missile) that can be kept on standby with rocket propellants injected after building a guided missile base underground. At the same time, radar detection networks were built in the Far North region to detect Soviet guided missile attacks in advance and provide time for counterattacks. As a result, conventional rockets such as Thou and Atlas, the first generation of rockets that had to inject propellants just before launch, disappeared. Noteworthy Events The launch of the NASA= National Aeronautics and Space Administration In the United States, the development of guided missiles was promoted independently by the Army, Navy, and Air Force, so unlike the Soviet Union, the space development plan failed frequently. As a result, public criticism in the U.S. has increased, and it is necessary to unify the promotion of space development. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was reorganized and established in 1915 as a national institution of basic aviation science in 1958. It has jurisdiction over all space development except for the Defense Ministry and promotes a comprehensive space plan. The mission is to plan, guide, and implement aerospace activities, conduct and prepare scientific measurements and observations by aerospace vehicles, and promote information. It has many laboratories under its wing, its headquarters in the United States, 17 facilities, and 40 tracking stations around the world. The Apollo program, which realized the lunar landing, was also promoted here. Cape Canaveral's launch base and Houston's manned space flight center are also under its jurisdiction. (2) Meanwhile, European countries also tried to actively participate in space development, but the results were sluggish. However, in November 1965, France launched the first artificial satellite A1 with its own Diamant three-stage rocket. In this way, the era of monopoly in the United States and the Soviet Union ended for 10 years. Subsequently, satellites were launched by Japan in February 1970 and China in April of the same year. Along with the competition for satellites, the development of the moon using spaceships was also fierce. The Soviet Union was the first to send a probe to the moon and photograph the back of the moon, but during this period, the United States set a new turning point for space development by boarding Apollo 11 under the Apollo program in 69 by Armstrong. Then, by December 1972, it had explored the moon six times from 11 to 17 (the 13th returned halfway due to failure) and brought back 385 kilograms of lunar rocks to Earth. Nine astronauts stayed three times a year for 171 days until 1974 to obtain vast experimental data. Its performance is also evaluated as more than the Apollo program. At the same time, the space station also began to be launched, the first space station being a salute launched by the Soviet Union in 1971, and the U.S. space station Sky-lab was put into orbit around Earth in 1973 and used for up to 80 years. The space station currently in use is the Mir launched by the Soviet Union in 1986. Above all, it is worth noting that the cooperative experiment between the United States and the Soviet Union on July 15, 1975 was successfully conducted in accordance with the signing of the agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union in May 1972. First, the Soyuz 19, launched by the Soviet Union, went into orbit, and then Apollo 18 of the United States set out on the ground, docked on the track, conducted joint experiments, separated it again, and returned safely to its own country. This is called the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), and with this end, the curtain on the second space development has been lowered. (3) In the third United States, as criticism against the government increased due to the intensification of the Vietnam War and the increase in armaments, the cost of space development relations was quickly reduced, and the number of people engaged in this job was also reduced. Therefore, many space development plans have been canceled except for the Viking plan, the Voyager plan, and the Space Shuttle plan, and the development progress has been delayed due to the reduction in development costs. Contrary to these U.S. conditions, other countries in Japan and Europe were rather active, and the Soviet Union launched more than 100 satellites every year in the 1970s. Compared to the average number of people in their 30s in the United States, it can be said that it was a big contrast. It wasn't just the quantitative aspect. The first artificial satellite in the United States was 14 kg, and by the end of the 1970s, more than 10 tons were built. As a third-term achievement, there was no great achievement in conquering any celestial body with manned spacecraft, but exploration of planets such as Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn was conducted to achieve new space development research results.
In 66, the Soviet Union's Venus 3 was launched to Venus, and in 1975 and 1976, the U.S. Vikings 1 and 2 landed on Mars, finding that the surface of Mars was made of red rocks and that living things were difficult. In addition, Jupiter's rings were discovered as Voyager 1 and 2 in 1977, and Voyager was launched into Saturn in 1980 and 1981, leading to the rescue of a photograph of Saturn. It was launched to Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989, respectively, resulting in sending pictures of planets. In addition, since the 1980s, space shuttles have been developed around the United States to replace rockets that must be discarded once used. The Apollo Project, an event to be noted, is a U.S. plan to land astronauts on the moon and return them safely to Earth. On May 25, 1961, President Kennedy submitted a Special Letter on State Urgent Affairs and Phenomenon, saying, "I want to achieve the goal of landing humans on the moon by the end of the 1960s and safely returning to Earth." A whopping $25 billion was invested in the entire Apollo program. Although numerous experiments and scientific accumulations have been made, there are four things that humans have surely done in common every time they travel to the moon six times from Apollo 11 to 17. Finally, just a month after Apollo 10 went to the moon, he left Earth on July 16, 69 and finally arrived on the moon on the 21st, N.A. Armstrong, E.E. Aldrin II, and M. Collins. Armstrong and Aldrin succeeded in landing in the sea of moon silence. Collins was in charge of taking pictures of the moon's surface on the atmospheric orbit while circling the moon on a command ship. This made it the first time in history that humans have stepped on a celestial body other than Earth. At that time, it was 11:56 a.m. and 20 seconds on July 21, 1969, and the first year of the universe began. Planet Exploration 1 Viking 1, 2 (USA) → 1976 Mars Landing, Geological Survey Venera: Venus Mariner 10 → 1974 Mercury Voyager 1, 2 (USA): 2. (USA) → Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Exploration 1989 Phobos 1, 2 (USA) → 1989 Mars Exploration Galileo launched NASA's Jupiter probe on Oct. 18, 1989 and orbiting Jupiter until Oct. 1997, sending instrument probes into the atmosphere to observe the chemical and physical conditions of the atmosphere, and to explore Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. On August 20, 1977, No. 2 was first launched using a Titan III rocket, and 15 days later, No. 1 was launched on September 5. No. 1 was observed after arriving at Jupiter four months earlier (March 5, 79). It is a small spacecraft weighing 825 kilograms and is equipped with 10 types of scientific measuring devices, including antennas, injection devices, TV cameras, infrared and ultraviolet measuring devices, photo polarizers, incident detectors, and radio detectors. In addition to the information to be sent to Earth, Voyager is going out into space with greetings, photos, and music from 55 countries around the world to be sent to the intelligence of the universe. Voyager will continue its observation until 2017, when the nuclear battery is in effect. Jupiter Exploration Jupiter The first exploration of Jupiter was Pioneer 10 (1973) and 11 (1974). Since then, observations of Voyager 1 (1980) and Voyager 2 (1981) have made it known in more detail. I learned more about the bare faces of the planets thanks to the recent maritime exploration rocket. Among them, it can be attributed to the U.S. Voyager 12, which was launched one after another in the summer of 1977, to learn more about the planets in outer orbit of Jupiter. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has developed a Voyager program to explore Jupiter. Voyager 1 was launched on September 5, 1977, approaching Jupiter in March 1979, and approaching Saturn in November 1980. Launched on August 20, 1977, Voyager 2 approached Jupiter on July 9, 1979, was accelerated toward Saturn by Jupiter's manpower (August 81) and was re-orbitted by Saturn's manpower (January 86) before Neptune (August 89) and finally left the solar system. The characteristic of Voyager's exploration trip (especially Voyager 2) was to gain acceleration in its orbit toward its destination planet using the gravitational pull of the planet it explored. This is called flyby or Swingby, which enabled the exploration of Uranus and Neptune. To do this, it was necessary to launch a rocket at a time when the planets were properly lined up. By 1977, the outer planets had been properly lined up. These opportunities occur almost once every 180 years. The reason Voyager could not explore Pluto was that Pluto was far away at that time. In addition, Pluto was difficult to access because its orbit was tilted significantly. The Voyager Plan is equipped with two sets of all observation equipment in consideration of overlapping safety. It weighed 825 kg, was able to output hundreds of watts with one small nuclear power plant, and was equipped with a bowl-shaped antenna with a diameter of 3.7 m. Ulysses revealed the three-dimensional structure of the solar circle, leaving the ecliptic for the purpose of obtaining an entire image of the sun by observing it from NASA, a space shuttle on October 6, 1990. Space Station (Space Station) A large space structure built on Earth's orbit where humans experiment and observe space while living semi-permanently. In order for humans to advance into space, people or equipment will be transported from Earth to the space station by space shuttle, and then reorganized here to travel through space in earnest, so the space station will be used as an outpost for space advancement. The space station, developed so far, has mainly provided a place for humans to adapt to space, and the first space station, a Soviet Salute, was launched in April 1971 and combined with the orbiting Soyuz 10 to form a 26t-weight 23m-long space station. A total of 22 crew members boarded here and conducted 1,600 various experiments and observations to show that humans can adapt to space in the long run. The first space station in the United States was launched in May 1973 as a Sky Lab, and due to an abnormality in solar panels in the early stages, the crew repaired it in space and restored its function. After conducting experiments on human activities in zero gravity and observing the Earth and space, SkyLab entered the Earth's atmosphere in July 1980, disintegrated, and then sank into the Indian Ocean. As the second-generation space station, the Soviet space station Mir was launched in February 1986. Mir is a large space station with a total length of 13 m, a diameter of 4.2 m, and a total weight of 21 t consisting of three modules, with a record of 326 days of stay by Yuri Romanenko, showing the possibility of humans permanently living in outer space. The U.S. is jointly promoting the development of Freedom, a 100-meter-long and 300-ton space station after SkyLab, along with the European Space Agency (ESA), Canada, and Japan, and if Freedom is completed, it will be possible to stay in space for 30 years. In addition, the Mars probe will be assembled and launched here to be used as an outpost for the construction of the Mars base, paving the way for space exploration further. Future space stations will develop into larger and more complex forms and eventually into interplanetary space bases or space cities. If the space station construction grows in size and people can live in space permanently, it is expected that a space family will be born in the near future, and space development will become more serious and commercial use will become more active. The space station has a microgravity (almost zero gravity) that is about a millionth of the Earth's gravity, and this weightless state can be used to make 100% purity crystals impossible on Earth due to Earth's gravity, and these technologies are used to synthesize new materials or manufacture new drugs. In addition, observations and experiments are conducted on how plants or animals adapt to zero gravity. When a person is in zero gravity, it floats in outer space and is similar to the fetal state felt in the mother's womb. If you exercise in zero gravity, your arms and legs will swim freely, and even with a small force, you will swim far away, making it difficult to fix it at one point. In addition, the blood circulation of the human body is easily circulated from the lower half to the upper half, so each part of the human body loses tension and feels like all muscles are floating. The meal in space is space food, which is done while swimming through well-packed food, and the toilet seat belt is worn in a garbage disposal device attached to the wall, where there is no sewer and toilet paper is placed in a special container. On the space station, the distinction between day and night is unclear, and the sun rises and sets twice a day. In this situation, a sleep mask is worn and a fixture is used to sleep. Space Shuttle In the 1980s, the space shuttle program began in the United States to reduce the enormous cost of space development. A space shuttle can make about 100 round trips to space. The Columbia was first launched in 1981 and circled the Earth 31 times.
The Challenger, launched in 1986, exploded, dampening plans for a space shuttle, but in 1988 it succeeded again. The Hubble Space Telescope was also launched by a space shuttle in 1990 and has a diameter of 2.5 meters and a condensing power of 50 times that of the ground. (4)A satellite launched under a plan to build a completely new material using space weightlessness, space, and space, where the material is not affected by gravity, so it can be heated without touching the furnace wall to prevent impurities from entering the wall. In addition, even substances with extremely different specific gravity can be mixed evenly. Today, space shuttles developed in the U.S. are being put into practical use, and plans for space plants will also be materialized.
