Yugoslavia - 2

 The Turks, who invaded Vienna in 1683, were defeated by Jan Sobieski, king of Poland, and expelled from Hungary after a long war with Austria by the Austrian army of Eugene. In 1717, the Austrian army took Belgrade, and the following year in peace negotiations, the Ottoman Turks handed over Hungary and Belgrade, but Serbia refused to yield. By 1739, the Ottoman Turks had taken Belgrade again.

In the war between Turkey and Austria, the Serbs remained neutral. (The Serbs did not like the Turks who were Muslims, nor the Austrians who were Catholics and oppressed Eastern politics.) On the other hand, the Croats and Slovenians joined the Austrian army and continued to wage war against the Turks.

After the revolution in France in 1791, the European royal family united against the republican government, and the Croats volunteered to join the Austrian army and confronted Napoleon's army. But Napoleon's army ravaged Venice, crossed the Adriatic Sea, and occupied Dalmatia. Napoleon called on Austria to rebuild Dalmatia and then merge Croatia and Slovenia into Dalmatia. However, after Napoleon's fall, the Vienna Conference returned Croatia and Slovenia to Austria, and even ceded Venice and Dalmachiya's junior sites.

In 1804, the Vanturk Revolution broke out under the command of Karajorje in Serbia, and the revolutionary army asked Alexander I of Russia for help. However, when Russia, which was at war with Napoleon, failed to provide support, the revolution ended in failure. Milos Obrenovic was the leader of another unrest in 1815. He warned Karajolze, who was fighting for leadership, that he would remove him, and then sent an assassin to kill him, who was sleeping.

When the rebellion led by Miloche-Obrenovic was successful, the Turk granted Serbia autonomy. However, when Miloche showed strong pro-Ottoman tendencies, Russia began to support the aristocrats who were hostile to Miloche. Meanwhile, Britain tried to stop Catholics in the Balkans from becoming independent from the Ottoman Turks. The move was aimed at allowing only quasi-autonomy after separating it into small countries so that it could not fight the Ottoman Empire.

Romania and Serbia were recognized as independent states under the Berlin Convention in 1878, but Bulgaria was separated into Bulgaria and Rumelia (the territory of the Gusoman Empire, such as Macedonia and Albania), allowing only quasi-autonomy under Ottoman Turks. Bosnia and Herzegovina were Ottoman territories in principle, but Austria ruled until security was stabilized, and Albania also became Ottoman subordinate. (Montenegro was able to maintain its status as an independent state as it was in the past.)

Within seven years of the Berlin Convention, Bulgaria merged with Rumelia, and Serbia attacked Bulgaria, and despite Austria's mediation efforts, Bulgaria attacked Serbia next. In Bosnia, as the conflict between Serbs, Croats, and Bosnians intensified, Austria made it a justification for territorial occupation, and political confrontation between Serbia and Albania intensified in Kosovo, where the Ottoman Turks ruled.

Fierce political feuds in the Balkans sometimes led to killings. Most of the forces behind the scenes were Russia and Austria. In 1903, the Karajorjevic family's supporters killed King Aleksandar Obrenovic and Queen Draga of Serbia and threw the body out of the window.

Jasper Ridley : "TITO", p.28 ~ p.47

Yugoslavia - 1

 The early Yugoslavs lived in the upper reaches of the Dnestr and Bug rivers, about 600 miles northeast of the border between Ilyricum-Ilyria and Dalmacija. They lived on farmland cultivation and hunting, but they moved in search of new pastures without staying in one place for long. The Eastern Orthodox Church, which separated from Roman Catholicism after the 4th century and became the diplomatic religion of the Byzantine Empire, dispatched missionaries to mission the Serbs, Montenegros, Bosnians, and Bulgarians, who were based in the east of the Balkans. Meanwhile, Catholic missionaries from Rome and Dalmatia have Catholicized Croats and some Bosnians. The Yugoslavs, who lived nomadically around the 7th century when the Byzantine Empire lost control of Ilycum after Justinian I, advanced southwest and approached Ilycum. They did not move systematically, but they reached Ilycum on a small group, and it was not until 635 that several tribes settled in Ilycum. In the eastern and central regions the Serbs, the Bosnians to the west, the Montenegro to the south, the Croats to the north of the Dalmatian coast, and the Slovenes to the north.Most of the Yugoslavs settled on the outskirts of Ilycum as they did in the old nomadic lifestyle, but some Croats in the northwest were urbanized through mixed blood with the Romans. The emperors of the Byzantine Empire were often successful in rebuilding Illyricum, but among the Yugoslavs, especially the Serbs, fiercely resisted and refused to rule the Byzantine Empire. If the battle against the Byzantine Empire was in a lull, the Serbs fought against the Bulgarians and Croats, and confronted the Mazars (Hungarians) in the north. At the end of the eighth century, King Charlemange of the Franks became the supreme ruler of Western Europe on his own. His troops invaded Hungary and Slovenia, then crossed the Adriatic Sea and plundered Dalmatia and Croatia. On December 25, 800, Charumano, nicknamed the Holy Roman Emperor by the Vatican, refused to convert the empire as well as the Dalmatians, Slovenians, and Croats to any religion or sect except Catholicism, but left Bosnia and Serbia unattended. The Croats, invaded by the Hungarians in 1102, lived under the Hungarian kingdom for more than 800 years. Slovenia became a private property of the Habsburg family for 600 years after the 14th century after being ruled by German aristocrats. When the Habsburgs established themselves as Austrian rulers, Slovenia naturally became Austrian territory. In 1346, Stephanus Dusan, who exiled his father Uros and ascended the throne, took control of Hungary, occupied Bulgaria, Albania, and Macedonia, and claimed to be the "Emperor of Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Albania." However, when he died while advancing to Constantinople in 1355, his empire collapsed rapidly. Then from the east, the Seljuk Turks bypassed Constantinople and invaded. On June 15, 1389, the Turks who defeated the Serbian army in the Battle of Kosovo killed the Emperor Lazar and most of the aristocracy. The Turks, who occupied Constantinople in 1453, conquered Serbia in 1455 and annexed the Ottoman Empire. At the end of the 14th century, with the exception of Montenegro, all of Albania became subordinate to the Ottoman Empire. In most of the conquered territories, especially Albania and Bosnia, a number of residents converted to Muslims. In 1526, the Turks re-invade Hungary, defeated the Hungarian army at Mohacs, and King Lajos II drowned while fleeing. Following that, the half-brother of Royoche II, Ferdinand of the Habsburg family, was crowned king of Hungary and Bohemia. At this time, Hungarian aristocrat Janos Zapolya asked the Turks to make him king of Hungary. After many years of fighting, they signed a peace agreement, with Ferdinand ruling Croatia and Zapoyo ruling Hungary. When Japoyo died, the Turks subjugated his territory and ruled it for 150 years, but Croatia was out of control of the Ottoman Empire.

"Gung Ye" might be a hero.

 The one-eyed king, the delusional psychopath, the tyrant. This is a modifier used when talking about archery. In fact, Gungye is one of the "bad" kings we remember. This is because history records him as a king who brutally killed his wife and two sons, and who easily killed his servants. Was that really the case? Gungye was a king who rose with his bare fists and gradually took the center of the Korean Peninsula to grow his power, and he was also a person who made Silla's bone marrow system centered on blood ties into a work-oriented government system. But why did only the negative aspects of Gung Ye emerge? Are there any other faces of Gung Ye that we don't know? The program begins with these questions. While meeting Gungye in Cheorwon, there is a recent movement to jointly investigate cultural properties remaining in the demilitarized zone between the two Koreas. If the plan is successful, the site of Gungyeseong Fortress in the Demilitarized Zone will emerge as the first joint investigation site between the two Koreas. Currently, the site of Gungye Castle remains under the jurisdiction of the United Nations (UN), and all access is prohibited. The inter-Korean military demarcation line passes in the middle of the castle where Gungye's dream is located. As a minefield, there are few castle sites with a total circumference of 12.7km. It is quite large enough for 1,000 Cheongju people to move and live. Inside the outer castle, there is a resistance, and it was a castle built of soil. The wind tore down the castle, and only weeds and trees were thick. Before liberation, the residents who lived here cultivated rice paddies and farmed here. Choi Jeom-seok (80 years old), the only survivor who remembers that time. According to Ong's testimony, there was a place called Gunggung-dong in the castle, where there was a stone structure built of stone. Some speculate that that is where Gungye's palace was located. Even if it is not a demilitarized zone, you can easily meet Gungye in Cheorwon. The nature and place names of Cheorwon, such as Myeongseongsan Mountain (also known as "Woolumsan Mountain") (also known as "Woolumsan Mountain") where Gungye and his subordinates were kicked out by Wang Geon, a valley where Gungye took a short break, and Bogaesanseong Fortress, the last battlefield of Gungye, are deeply related to Gungye. Strangely, however, most of them talk about the end of Gung Ye, who is chased away by Wang Geon. In the summer of 918, the legend of Gungye, which is inconsistent with the record, is a farmhouse in Pyeonggang when barley ears are just beginning to cut. There was a man who was brutally beaten to death by farmers while stealing barley ears. History records that he was just Gung Ye. The disgraceful end of Gung Ye, which was brought to an end by the people's persecution. However, the legend handed down in Cheorwon is different from the historical records in this section. Most of them killed themselves. It may be proof that the people do not remember Gung Ye as such a bad king. Regarding the birth of Gungye, history is said to have been the son of King Heonan of Silla or King Gyeongmun, that is, the son of a concubine. As soon as Gungye was born, he was thrown out of the palace by a eunuch ordered by the king to kill him, and fortunately, it is said that the court lady received Gungye and secretly raised him. It is said that this is when the court lady accidentally stabbed her in the eye and lost one eye. In this way, not only birth but also growth afterwards, Gung Ye is shrouded in mystery. At the age of 10, Gungye first encountered Buddhism as he entered a temple called "Sedalsa." At that time, society was full of complaints about the corrupt Silla society. Gungye demonstrates his competence as a general as he enters the command of Yanggil. In particular, it gained power by occupying the current Gangneung region. The Hojok forces against Silla were the supporters of Gungye. In the Samguk Sagi, which is negatively written about Gungye, Gungye is also recorded as a "person who shared life and death with soldiers" on the battlefield. Gung Ye was a person who was appointed as a general. In 896, three years after conquering the territory, Gungye established a country under the national code of Goryeo, and created and used an independent era name, not China's. During his 18-year reign, Gungye is known as a capricious king who changed his national name from Goryeo to Margin, Margin to Taebong, and Yeonho four times. However, scholars interpret that the political agony of Gung Ye, who established a country by gathering different local clans, was hidden in it. The incident that left an irreparable stain on Gungye's descendant Gungye's personality is by far a historical record of killing his wife and two sons. Gung Ye, a heartless father who killed not only his wife but also his son for his wife's misconduct. However, the academic community has different opinions on this part. It is argued that even if it is true that he killed his wife and son, the cause may have been elsewhere. Once again, historical records and legends have different causes. There is a legend that Gungye's wife was a nine tailed fox, so she received Wang Geon's fortune, and there is also a story that she and Wang Geon connected. At that time, Gung Ye was facing a political crisis. The biggest problem among them was the confrontation with Wang Geon's forces. In view of this, the prevailing opinion in academia was that Gungye had to remove his wife, Kang. According to the records, Gungye does not seem to have descendants. However, there are people who are descendants of Gungye. They are Suncheon Kim and Gwangsan Lee. As Gungye became known as a tyrant, the name of Gungye was once deleted from the genealogy. However, they live as descendants of Gungye with stories of Gungye that are different from history. Most of the history recorded in Gungye's history viewed with the eyes of Wang Geon, the winner of history, belongs to the winner. The protagonist who unified the Later Three Kingdoms was Wang Geon, a powerful family of Gung Ye. Therefore, history left only Gungye, which Wang Geon saw with his eyes, in future generations. But Gung Ye had two faces. These include Gungye, who called himself Mireuk as he established the country and became an autocratic monarch with both the theocracy and power, and another Gungye, who showed off his leadership while rallying Hojok forces who wanted real reform. This is why we have to re-examine Gung Ye now.

greatness of modern France

 Louis XIV, the 17th-century sun king, established the strongest European country, including centralization, 400,000 standing forces (previously dependent on mercenaries), and the construction of the Versailles Palace, but came to his son Louis XV in the 18th century and played with his wife. After his death while running in luxury, he came to his son's age of 16 and exploded. Louis XVIsen, in fact, showed signs of reform, including the appointment of reformist bureaucrats, but failed due to opposition from aristocrats such as dismissing them. It is as if she has been charged with the sins of her father and grandfather... ...and so is her wife, Marie Antoinette, the Austrian Princess Marie Antoinette. At the beginning of the revolution in 1789, moderate reformers such as Lafayette, the French war hero of the American Revolution, respected kings and queens, but after the king and queen were captured trying to flee to Austria in 1792, they gained superpower. Dismissed and established the First Republic. Prussia and Austria-centered German forces invaded, but they were defeated in Balmi. German poet Goethe participated in the war and said, "Today, a new history has begun..." The following year, Robespierre and Mara and other super-strong forces executed kings and queens and carried out terrorist politics for about a year and a half. A lot of people are guillotine. The problem is the same revolutionary comrades. Robespierre is known as a very upright dictator, but he was finally arrested in 1794 for the Thermidor Rebellion and himself was guillotine. The murder of Marado. Tell them to go after the conservative reformers... ...who are over-meetin. Addictive goods. Enjoy. However, he defended them in "Termidor" by Kim Hye-rin, an old romance cartoon. That's because they have ...Ajumma Bichunmoo writer democratic wind or ....... the June Struggle, as the North Sea stars year, when ssangpal After ..........., Talleyrand, Alfred Foucher and other bureaucratic corruption (Instead, salsanggeuk at least, who's worse ... or neom), Republic of Korea, run in 1799, Napoleon was a coup. Napoleon was 1792 spotlight as the Battle of Toulon after Italy, Wednesday afternoon for Egyptian expedition. Egypt has failed. Napoleon once took office in the Caudillo.. were all over Europe and at war since 1792 France. Drop the Republic of Korea, and 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte emperor by becoming. The first war more aggressively to countries at the same time, then sweep through the transition to the offense, the Europe ............... jjalbang the splendor of the What did I say? If possible, I want all ........... the king of Italian king of Spain and Germany, Netherlands, King children and the Corsica chonneom neundao. But Russian expedition failed and lost the Battle of Leipzig next year of 1812, 1814, Russia, Austria, Prussia after the fall of Paris. For The most notorious Russian troops are coming to Paris. Corsica, Napoleon was once home to Elba near gwiyangga me come back next year. Gooch in the battle of Waterloo peuroisengun he lost the game. In 1815, Napoleon escaping Elba is the opportunistic attitude of the French newspapers until they reached the North Pole, Paris = > ........ "criminals escape the island!" "The general advanced crushing force" "Her Majesty the great osidwa in Paris!" with Alfred Foucher, the epitome of opportunism, and what money for military ................. yakadwa ............., 1821, in the South Atlantic island of St. Helena a British colony near as much as Africa this time until his death have endured your captivity. As a British governor to be insulted. Ssaemtong. ....... but it turns on Allied's largest contributor to Russia are England? About four million people died in the Napoleon War. Half of them are French. Of course, it's nothing compared to the 10 million-unit world war, but except for the war, it's the biggest casualty in European history along with the Thirty Years' War. Louis XVII returned in 1814. The grandson or nephew of Louis XVI? To be exact... ...Pushet was an opportunist and died after a cold reception. On the other hand, Talalang continues to be rich and noble. The French Revolution of July 1830 expelled Charles X, the last king of Bourbon Street, and the spirit of revolution continues. I don't respect Roh Moo Hyun either! This establishes the superiority of the East-West political system. The Jews were also freed from the ghetto... ...before, for example, until the 18th century, Chinese culture was so popular in Europe that the Qing Dynasty of China and Edo of Japan were so popular. Qianlong and others... I don't know about the economic power of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea, but I don't think the political system was bad. However, this established the superiority of politics among all Western fields. During the same period, the Industrial Revolution is underway. Japan only fully accepted it after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, and since 1861, China has pursued the "East West Book Period" (the harmony of Eastern and Western civilizations......it is true, but the reality is absurd) of the 1894 Sino-Japanese War in 1894. After the opening of the port in 1876, we went similar to China, and in 1894, it was the Gabo Police Station, which was a full-scale Western civilization. To be honest, it's too late... ...by the middle of the 19th century, the superiority of Western civilization is clear, but Korea and China will not let go of Eastern civilization until the end of the 19th century. The past system was abolished only in 1894 in Korea and 1906 in China. It would not have been easy for Goryeo to abolish the millennium-old system. ===================================================I've come! Boseam. 1789 Jeremy Bentham published a preface on the principles of morality and legislation. 1789 George Washington was elected the first president of the United States. 1792 King Gustav III of Sweden was killed. 1792 Russia and Prussia invaded Poland. 1794 Robespierre executed. After the reign of terror, the Thermidor Rebellion began. For centuries, the world's political history has been filled with countless examples of ambitious people who try to overthrow or overthrow the regime, and monarchs and kingdoms who reign. At the end of the 18th century, a new phenomenon began to occur. The common people stood up against the monarchy that ruled them...Then he won. These were important revolutions that took place in major countries such as Britain and France, not just unrelated examples that took place in neighboring countries. First of all, the British colony of North America declared independence and emerged as a new country. Next, the French people, tired of the tyranny of the House of Bourbon kings, revolted against Louis XVI, who had ruled as the fifth king of Bourbon since 1774. Both the middle class and the poor have long been dissatisfied with the rule and privileges of the aristocracy, but it was Louis who declared that he would exempt them from taxes that ignited their anger and led to the revolution. On July 14, 1789, a huge crowd swept through Bastille, a prison in Paris. At that time, Louis XVI, who was staying at Versailles Palace, was surprised but helpless when the people declared themselves citizens of France and no longer subjects of the King of France. Louis XVI did not know to what extent the people were dissatisfied because he had not been in touch with reality for so long. Marie Antoinette, a similarly foolish Austrian-born queen, said, "Then eat the cake!" when she was told that the people were angry because there was no bread to eat. As the revolution accelerated, anarchy broke out in France, especially in Paris. The king, queen, and her family were detained in parliament and later imprisoned. Finally, in the winter of 1792-3, they were decapitated from guillotine one by one. Monarchs of neighboring countries such as Austria, Prussia, and the UK threatened to invade the new republic, which is now ruled by a committee known as the National Convention. Finally, Prussia launched an attack. Not only did the French Republic defeat Prussia, but it also attacked the Netherlands and captured Savoy. However, in his home country, the central coalition that overthrew the king began to divide. In 1795, the National Council was replaced by another committee known as the Director-General (Directoire). However, this system failed to create a truly democratic republic. In 1799, the First French Republic failed. Although the Republic did not recover until 1848, and would not return until 1871 and become permanent, the absolute monarchy of Bourbon was gone forever. Eventually, the seeds of reform were sown that would bring down all the absolute monarchy in Europe. 1. French Revolution - Rebellion - 1789 Events - New System - French and European Revolution and Counter-Revolution - War, King's Execution, Terrorism - Governor's Government and the Spread of Revolution 2. Others... ♣France-Prussian War ♣ The French Revolution, a major revolution that shook France from 1789 to 1799. It reached its first peak in 1789. Therefore, the commonly used word "1789 Revolution" refers to the end of the Angsien Regime in France and is also used to distinguish it from the later revolutions of 1830 and 1848. Although historians do not agree on the motives of this revolution, the following factors are generally cited. ① France had the largest population in Europe and could not feed this population enough. ② The wealthy bourgeoisie, who was expanding their power, was more thoroughly systematically excluded from political power than in any other country. ③ Farmers were seriously aware of their situation and tended to support anachronistic and burdensome feudal system. ④ Philosophy advocating social and political reform has spread more widely in France than anywhere else. ⑤ As a result of France's participation in the American Revolutionary War, the nation's finances were completely destroyed. Rebellion began to take shape in February 1787, when the finance minister, Charles Alexandre de Kalon, convened a prestigious society (a parliament of high priests, great aristocrats, and a handful of bourgeois representatives), proposed increasing taxes collected from privileged groups to create fiscal deficits.

The council rejected Kalon's reform proposal and instead called for a triad of clergy, nobles, and third members that had not been convened since 1614. Despite this resistance, when Kalon's successors tried to push ahead with reform, a rebellion of "noblets" broke out. In particular, the resistance of Parlemang, the High Court, was strong, but the power of the High Court was reduced by the edict of May 1788.In the spring and summer of 1788, there was a disturbance in Paris, Grenoble, Dijon, Toluse, Forens, etc. King Louis XVI yielded to this and summoned Jacques Necker to the cabinet. Necker promised to convene the Triad on May 5, 1789. In addition, he actually allowed freedom of speech, and France was flooded with brochures containing various ideas for national reconstruction. The Trinity election, held between January and April 1789, coincided with the growing unrest due to poor harvest in 1788. In fact, no class was excluded from the vote. Voters filled out a petition containing their complaints and wishes. The delegates elected to the Trinity were 600 third-party representatives, 300 aristocratic representatives, and 300 clergy representatives. The Triad was convened at the Palace of Versailles on May 5, 1789. They soon split over the fundamental issue. Are we going to use plagiarism based on the number of people? The third status was advantageous if the former was decided on whether to use the voting method for each status, and if the latter was decided, the two privileged classes were to press the third status. In the fierce battle over this legal issue, third-party delegates gained the support of the aristocracy, which the king showed favor with. The third status ignored the king and held a meeting on the tennis court on June 20 to raise his family's pledge not to be separated until a new constitution was enacted in France. The king reluctantly gave in and encouraged clergy and nobles to form a constitutional National Assembly by incorporating a third status. At the same time, however, they began to call up troops to disperse them. The fact that they tried to deceive each city and province for two months at a time when the problem of continuous food shortages reached its peak made each city and province angry. Rumors that the king and the privileged had set up a "noble conspiracy" to overturn the Third Reunion led to the Grand Peur in July 1789, and the farmers were terrified and out of their minds. When troops were deployed around Paris and Necker was dismissed, riots broke out in Paris. On July 14, 1789, the crowd occupied the Bastille, a symbol of the tyranny of the king. This incident was no longer a riot, but a revolution. The king had to give in once again. When he visited Paris, he showed that he approved national sovereignty after wearing a tricolored hat. During the Great War in July, farmers rose up against landowners in the provinces. Now the nobles and the bourgeoisie were terrified. The National Assembly realized that there was only one way to calm farmers, and on the night of August 4, 1789, it promulgated a feudal system and a decree abolishing the 1/10 tax. He then adopted the Declaration of Human and Civil Rights (8.26), proclaiming freedom, equality, inviolability of private property, and the right to resist oppression. The king refused to approve the decree of August 4 and the declaration of human and civil rights were very innovative. The crowd in Paris rose again and marched to Versailles on October 5. The next day the crowd brought the king's family to Paris. The Constitutional National Assembly was newly established with the court officials and worked on a new constitution in Paris. [New system] The Constitutional National Assembly has abolished the feudal system and abolished the old order. Civil equality (only in France because of the continued slave system in the colony) was achieved, and equality of rights was established to qualify for public office. The decision to attribute church-owned land to the state in order to liquidate public bonds led to extensive redistribution of wealth. The bourgeoisie and self-employed farmers undoubtedly benefited the most, but some agricultural workers were also able to buy land. The National Assembly, which deprived the church of its source of income, decided to reorganize the church by enacting the Framework Act on Civil Affairs for Priests as the next measure. However, the Pope and most of the French clergy rejected the law. This began to cause division, fueling violence along with controversy. The complex administrative system of the Angsien Regime was swept away by the Constitutional National Assembly, and instead, a reasonable system was established in which France was divided into states, counties, districts, and communities to rule by an election-based parliament. The principles that form the basis of the law's progress have also changed fundamentally, and this system has been introduced into new administrative districts. The judge was appointed by election. The Constitutional National Assembly tried to establish a constitutional monarchy system in which the king and parliament share legislative and administrative powers. This constitutional monarchy might have been possible if the king had sincerely wanted to rule with new authority. But Louis XVI was weak and indecisive, and was nothing but a prisoner of aristocracy and advisers. From June 20th to 21st, 1791, he attempted to escape France. But he was stopped in Baren and sent back to Paris. A series of events in France gave new hope to revolutionaries in the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and other countries that suffered from the devastation years ago. In addition, everyone who wanted change in Britain, Ireland, Germany, the Hamsburg Empire, Italy, etc. sympathized with the revolution. Revolutionary clubs have been rigged in all these countries. Many counter-revolutionaries in France, nobles, priests, and some bourgeoisie, abandoned their domestic battles and fled. Many of these "refugees" called up troops near the northeastern border of France and sought support from European monarchs. European monarchs were initially indifferent to revolution, but became impatient when the French National Assembly declared the revolutionary principles of international law: that each citizen had the right to self-determination. Pope Avignon was reintegrated into France on September 13, 1791, in accordance with these principles. France and other European countries' goals have only deepened. Foreign supporters of the revolution were collectively referred to as Jacobians, and on April 20, 1792, France finally declared war on Austria and Prussia. In the first phase of the Revolutionary War (1792-4-9), France repeatedly lost. The Austrian-Prussian coalition crossed the border and advanced quickly toward Paris. The French revolutionaries believed that the king and nobles had betrayed them, and on August 10, 1792, they occupied the palace where the king lived, and imprisoned the king's family. In early September, the Parisian crowd attacked prisons and slaughtered nobles and priests who had been imprisoned. Meanwhile, as the revolution awakened democracy, volunteer forces continued to flock to the army. The French held back the Prussian army on September 20, 1792, with all their might. On the same day a new parliament - National Convention was convened. The next day the National Convention is the monarchy has declared and the establishment of a republic. The Revolutionary Armed Forces in (9 to 1793, 1792. 4) the second phase of the war troops defeated the enemy. The French, Belgium, Savoy, Savoy, the occupation of the Nice and abolished the feudal system here. In Korea, factions were divided into the Girondists, who hoped to build a bourgeois republic in France and spread the revolution across Europe, and the Lovespierre Mountainists, who wanted to give more political and economic power to the lower classes, but limited their revolutionary activities to France. King Louis XVI of the National Convention, despite efforts of the Girondins of treason, and on trial in which the death penalty is executed on Jan. 21, 1793. In 1793, spring, the Revolutionary War entered its third phase. The French, beaten more and more prosperous again. England formed a (First alliance called off later.) coalition, the alliance, Prussia and Austria joined almost all European monarchs. The invading troops displayed the Paris and hand over the Rhineland and threat to Belgium, France. The reversal of the charter as extremists in 1792 and strengthening the forces of the consequences. Girondins leaders have ostracized by the National Convention, and sans-culotte (workers, with craftsmen and a small trader, elbowed out, agricultural workers, etc.), supporting sanakttang thermidor Revolutionary calendar and power two years maintained power by the time (1794. 7. 27) rebound on March 9. The sanakttang jirongdeu party and they will be queen are liberal bourgeois as lot of pressure, and also radical in order to meet the needs of defense against the enemy and adopted liberal economic and social policy. These are the best plan to introduce (the government limit to limit the), levies on the rich and poor or economically better Government subsidy was paid to people who should be free and mandatory education, and declared that In addition, the exiled nobles and commandeer property sale. These special measures is strong opposition among the Vendée The counterrevolutionary revolt, in Provence, Normandy 'a federationist.', Lyon and Bordeaux's rebel uprising of the field, in Brittany olppaemidang a series of counterrevolutionary riot of (chouans) protest movement. However, the resistance was crushed by the politics of terror. Terrorist politics arrested at least 300,000 suspects, 17,000 of whom were sentenced to death and executed, and many more were killed in prison or without trial. At the same time, the revolutionary government recruited more than a million men. Thanks to the supplemented army, the Revolutionary War entered its fourth phase in the spring of 1794. Thanks to a brilliant victory over the Austrian army in Pleurus (1794 June 26), the French retook Belgium. With victory, terrorist politics and economic and social sanctions seemed meaningless. Robespierre, the "clean man" who oversaw various sanctions, was overthrown by the National Assembly on the 9th day of Thermidor, the second year of the revolution, and executed the next day. Following his downfall, the highest price system was soon abolished, and the royalist's "white terror" took place in the western and southeastern regions. The royalists tried to take control of Paris, but they were defeated by the young general Napoleon Bonaparte on the 13th day of the fourth year of the Revolutionary calendar. A few days later, the National Council was dissolved.

The Three-Year Revolutionary Constitution, passed by the National Assembly, stipulates that five presidents have executive power and legislative power in both houses (also known as the Senate and the 500-member legislative court). The bourgeois-Republican system of governance could have developed smoothly if the struggle between revolutionists and counter-revolutionaries had not continued throughout Europe throughout the war. However, wars worsened the existing hostility between the presidential and legislative governments, and often created new animosity. These conflicts ended with a coup d'état in the 5th year of the Revolutionary calendar, on the 18th day of Fructidor (1797 September 4), and a coup d'etat in the 8th year of the Revolutionary calendar, on the 18th day of Borumer (1799 November 9). The first coup abolished the governments themselves. The French army, which won the Pleurus, continued to advance to Europe. Rhineland and Holland were occupied, and in 1795, Holland, Tuscany, Prussia, and Spain negotiated peace. In 1796, when the French army led by Bonaparte entered Italy, Sardinia soon gave in. Austria was the last country to surrender (1797–Cammo Formio Treaty), and most of the countries occupied by France became "sister republics" and had a system that mimicked France. Peace on the European continent did not end the spread of the revolution. Most of the presidents listened to the appeal of foreign Jacobinists, taking over the wishes of the Girond Party, which tried to spread the revolution to Europe. Thus, in 1798 and 1799, the French army advanced to Switzerland, Papal States, and Naples, establishing the Republic of Helvetia, Rome, and Partenope, respectively. However, Britain was still at war with France. The Ministry of Finance, which could not expect a British landing, decided to threaten India's British government by occupying Egypt at Bonaparte's request. Bonaparte's expeditionary forces easily captured Egypt following Malta, but the fleet escorting the expeditionary forces was destroyed by Horatio Nelson's fleet on 1 August 1798 at Abukir Bay. The great powers, anxious about the progress of the revolution, were encouraged by the crushing defeat of the French army and formed a second alliance. The alliance, joined by Austria, Russia, Turkey, and the United Kingdom, won a great victory over the spring and summer of 1799 and forced the French army to retreat to the border. After returning to France, Bonaparte took advantage of the reputation of the government, which had been tarnished by military defeat, and his great reputation, overthrew the general government in a coup d'etat on the 18th of Brummer and established a government. Although Bonaparte declared that the revolution was over, he immediately spread a new form of revolution to the world.

Goguryeo Medical and Alchemy

 Much of the medicine in ancient society depended on shamans. It was a shaman who cured King Yu-ri's illness. However, Goguryeo's medicine did not stay here alone. The Tang Dynasty's book "Yuyangjapjo" conveys outstanding Goguryeo medicine, recording that Goguryeo customers used acupuncture well to cut an inch of hair into 10 strands and stab the gaps they saw there. Goguryeo medicine was also spread to other countries, and Deokrae was originally a Goguryeo man who naturalized in Baekje and was dispatched to Japan during the reign of King Gaero of Baekje to deliver Baekje medicine. Through this, Goguryeo medicine influenced Baekje and Japan. In the Goguryeo period, acupuncture and medicinal herbs were developed. Seeing the publication of a medical book called Baekje Sinjipbang, which summarizes medical knowledge and experiences such as medicinal ingredients, quantity, and how to take medicine, Goguryeo must have had such a medical book. Goguryeo doctor Mochi went to Japan to become the king's doctor, and Ahn Jak-deuk-ji learned acupuncture from a tiger and had great medicine to tell <Japanese secretary> that there was no disease that could not be cured by governing. Eleven kinds of Goguryeo medicinal materials are introduced in Sinnongbonchogyeong, written by Do Hong-gyeong, a famous Taoist of the Yang Dynasty, with pharmacological knowledge fused with Chinese alchemy. Among them, Goguryeo's gold along with ginseng is introduced. In particular, gold is related to alchemy, which is believed to be made and taken. In this book, it is mentioned that Goguryeo's gold is well smelted and can be taken well. The appearance of a fairy depicted in Gangseo Daemyo with a bowl of medicine and medicine, and the appearance of a god riding a phoenix with a medicine pot drawn in Tonggu No. 4 are related to alchemy that shows taking such refined gold or ginseng. Goguryeo's alchemy was especially developed and had a great influence on Taoism in China.

Every man and woman dressed their faces blackened their teeth.

 The emperor's son marries his relatives, and the king's son marries several ministers. Instead, the following government posts were inherited, and there was a fixed system immediately before and after that, but after a long time of generation, they were unable to prove each other. Punishment does not have a taejang, and the family property is sometimes buried, exiled, and the serious one is killed. All weapons take only one-third of the land's production, but there are no other key players (usually if there is a public service, all of them recruited and used), and weapons like to use spears and knives. The sophistication of making a blade by soaking iron is incomparable. The bow is six to seven feet long, and the grain of the tree is straight, and it is glued to the inside and outside as a large. Every year, Myeongil is held on January 1, March 3, May 5, June 15, July 7, July 15, August 1, September 9, and October, and on Myeongil, families and adults gather together to feast and drink, and they give each other goods. lacquerware is used for food, and earthenware is used for high adults. Once used, throw it away immediately. There are only chopsticks and no spoons. Men cut and tie their hair short, and each person wears a dagger. The woman pulled out her eyebrows and drew them on her forehead, and her hair was hung on her back, followed by her legs, and the length reached the ground. Every man and woman dressed their faces blackened their teeth. When they meet each other, they sit down and perform courtesy, and if they meet Johnjang on the street, they take off their gods and gat and pass by. The houses were covered with wooden boards, but tiles were used in the places where the emperor and the king lived and temples. Each person likes to drink tea, so they have a tea shop on the side of the street to sell tea, so the person on the street pays a bill and drinks a cup of tea. When 1,000 or 100 people gather everywhere people live, they open a market and set up a store. The rich take women they can't rely on, give them clothes and food, decorate their faces, call them Gyeongseong, attract passengers, accommodate them, feed them stocks, and receive the price. Therefore, those on the road do not prepare food. Regardless of gender, both men and women learn the ladle (the ladle is called Kagana, but it is usually 47 characters), and only monks read scriptures and know Chinese characters. Both men's and women's clothing are colored with arongjin patterns, and white patterns are made on a blue background. The man's top comes down to his knees, and the bottom is long and drags him to the ground. There is no gat, but it is made of hump bamboo, and the forehead is funky and sharp at the front and back, so it is barely enough to cover the topknot, but the emperor, king, and his relatives use the lip-o-mo, and the forehead is round and sharp. It is about half a letter high and is called made of raw vinegar. Satgat is made of boulevard and large or window wood. It is used when men and women travel. ------------------------------------ In one of the writings depicting the Japanese in the Haedong Empire, "All men and women who decorate their faces dyed their teeth black.There's a phrase that says, "You're you kidding me? If you look at the Chinese history book, you can see the introduction of Heukchiguk in the articles about the Japanese, and you can infer whether the custom of Heukchiguk remains. Also, as some infer from the end of Baekje, I imagine whether he is a person of black teeth.

The world's perception of Korean history, especially Westerners.

 There are not many Westerners who are interested in Korean history, but it is not easy to do proper research or study because there are few books or materials even if there are few.   Most of them are old or written by someone who was studying Japanese history or Chinese history, so there is bound to be a distorted view.  In this situation, many foreigners believe that Korea has been a subsidiary of China for generations, that the annexation of Korea and Japan is legal, and that the Ministry of Imra and Japan is strictly true.   Furthermore, Japan is now the world's second-largest economy and the only Asian power to compete with the Western world since the Russo-Japanese and Pacific wars.  In the eyes of Westerners, unlike other helpless Asian countries, Japan is strong and somewhat similar to itself.   The problem is that historians also had that thought, so they fell into the prejudice that Japan would have been successful from a long time ago, ignoring most of the influence on Japanese civilization in China and Korea and achieving a unique civilization.  Needless to say, China, where Toyinbi is represented, has been a great country since ancient times and is still a great country. From the perspective of foreigners, it can be said that East Asia itself.  Most neighboring countries paid tribute and were culturally influenced, and the conquering dynasties of immigrants were established several times, but except for Mongolia, all of them eventually assimilated and extinguished, so I think China is a world with India rather than a country.  Naturally, most historical events are related to China, and historical materials and relics are the most abundant, so scholars who study Asia have no choice but to be the most studied field.   Under such circumstances, even if Korea has a much higher international status and is enthusiastically supporting Korean history research, the distortion of Korean history from the perspective of China and Japan will not disappear for the time being.   In the case of Sohae, I am interested in ancient weapons and war history, so if you look at foreign books, Turk, Mongolia, and India are expressed in detail.  It is natural that there was a lot of contact with the Western world and research was active.  China and Japan are relatively weak, but that doesn't mean they're serious.  It's dark when you come to Korea.  There are many mistakes even in the eyes of outsiders like Sohae, and there are many cases where the contents to be clearly recorded are omitted.  The reason why Yi Sun-shin and Turtle Ship come out relatively often is that they defeated Japan, a great samurai country.   It is difficult to catch up with Japan and China in terms of national status and favorable feelings of foreigners.  I think the government and private academia, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, should reflect on themselves, and we should also avoid making useless emotional disputes over the authenticity of Handan meat and colonial modernization.