If the Ottoman's were in decline, it would have been in 1683. Before that, the Ottoman's had poked the bean several times. It is said that the Ottoman Empire attacked Vienna 13 times in total, but the most important and major battles are two. First of all, the siege of Vienna took place in 1529 during the reign of King Schleimann, which the Ottoman Empire suffered greatly.Rather than a flag, it was a battle that I just poked... At that time, when Suleiman the Great, who defeated Hungary at the Battle of Mohachi and took possession of Eastern Europe, besieged Vienna, he was terrified throughout Europe. But the one that Schleimann had in mind was the Persian Ravine, who had been gaining more power in the east than in Europe, and then, with a little patience, he lifted the siege and defeated the Persian cavalry in Chaldilan. After that, the battle in Vienna began in earnest in 1683. 1683 was a time when the Ottoman Empire, which had declined since Schleimann the Great, shone once again before it fell into decline. The various institutions that underpinned the prosperity of the Ottoman Empire were disrupted, and Western Europe monopolized trade with the Americas and developed its power. The Ottoman relay trade was cut off. Moreover, in the war with Austria between 1593 and 1606, the Ottoman's had no clear result. I've eaten a few sides, but the Sitvan Treaty makes me throw up. Nevertheless, thanks to the success of the Prime Ministers of the Kopriligans, the Ottoman Empire once again expanded, eating Crete and losing some of Poland's provinces. But then Hungarian Calvinist leader Imre Toekköli asks Turk's great Wazir Kara Mustafa to attack Vienna, the capital of Austria. Eventually, 150,000 troops of the Ottoman Empire attacked Vienna from July 17, 1683, with the tacit support of the Hungarian army. The powerful Turkic army pushed Austria to Vienna without a chance. When the Turks took over the outer fortresses of Vienna and began to tunnel into the castle, the emperor Leopold I was the first to pack up and flee, and the remaining troops in Vienna defied the Turks with almost evil. It was almost a hopeless level of sit-in, but they fought so hard that they couldn't easily capture the Turks. Therefore, when the Great Wazir cuts the head of Christians and flies them into the city, the battle becomes terrible, cutting the head of Muslim prisoners in Vienna and displaying them. I've been holding out almost hopelessly for nearly two months, and at this time Bin comes to help me. Pope Innocent XI, at the request of Leopold I, seeks help from then-European superpower Louis XIV of France, but France, which was an ally with the Turk, rejects the offer. In the end, the Pope has provided enormous subsidies to Poland, attracting Jan III Soviet skiing. Jan Soewski, a follower of France, formed an alliance, but it is not easy to participate, and when the Pope persuaded Lauren's Charles to join the German Empire, Jan Soewski allowed him to participate.(In fact, even then Poland's main enemy was the Ottoman Empire. Seven years ago I lost my territory in the war...) Eventually, 75,000 European Union troops, including 25,000 troops led by Jan Soewski, camped in the hills of Vienna. On the morning of September 12th, Jan's bodyguard, who became the head of the European Union in Kalenberg near Vienna, attacked the Turks. Eventually, the Turks are defeated in the battle, and the Great Wazib barely escapes Vienna while the Turks are destroyed. It is said that it took 10 days just to capture this capture... In addition to political influence, this battle has a great influence on food... First, after this battle, the coffee that remained in the barracks was introduced to Europe (Viena coffee is still famous). It is said that bread called Krasang, which resembles the Ottoman crescent, and bread, which resembles the stirrups of Polish soldiers, were also made. The bigger problem, however, is that the Ottoman Empire, which later began to be pushed back, lost much of its European territory, including Hungary, to Austria and European countries in the war to 1699. The military superiority of the Ottoman Empire over Europe, which had been around for nearly 400 years, was offset. Europe, which had been defeated by the Ottoman Empire, won the first naval battle at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, and defeated the Ottoman army in 1683, offsetting Osman's inferiority consciousness and, in earnest, overtaking the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century. It was a battle in which the Ottoman Empire's efforts to overtake Europe again in a military equilibrium caused by the development of Europe in the 17th century were defeated, which eventually led to the intersection of Western Europe and the Ottoman Empire.
2022년 4월 4일 월요일
"I'll order you to shoot yourself," said Park Jung-hee, "I'll order you to shoot yourself."
On Oct. 16, a day before the seventh anniversary of the declaration of Yushin, Park Jung-hee's "I will order you to shoot yourself," students from Pusan National University, who were criticized for Yushin University, rushed out of the school gate through the police cordon. The police panicked. Along with citizens, protesters quickly took control of the city center. It was a rare occurrence. The police used tear gas to suppress the attack, but they were helpless. By nightfall, the number of demonstrators had risen to 50,000. The public sentiment exploded, and attacks on public buildings continued the next day. The police box and the office of the Republican branch were the targets of heavy strikes by protesters. The 10.16-11 police boxes were destroyed, the 10.17-21 police boxes were destroyed, and the anger of the citizens of the six police cars spread to Masan. Martial law was issued as of midnight on the 18th, the third day of the demonstration. Airborne units and marines were urgently deployed to Seoul and Pohang, and tanks were stationed in the city center. The demonstrators were subjected to ruthless violence. Most of the people who were taken to the martial law army were simple citizens. Of the 1,500 people arrested in the Buma uprising, only dozens were students. The demonstrations were so intense that the firing was seriously contemplated. At 2 a.m. on the 18th, when martial law fell, someone rushed down from Seoul to find out the situation. Kim Jae-kyu National Intelligence Service. The lane, the global market, he witnessed protests are serious than I expected. It is not already students ' protest. An active part of its citizens was a shock to him. On the day of demonstration Bouma to come up to Kim Jae-kyu is straight at Cheong Wa Dae, the truth of the report. Kim Jae-kyu Park received a report of the president did not hide its displeasure over. Cha Ji-chul joined by Chief Officer of the Central Intelligence Agency, the virtual world. Kim Jae-kyu, " system for resistance and distrust in government protests took place. There are showing signs of spread to five major cities. " Park - " The situation is worse, I shot myself, the word to fire down." Cha Ji-cheol - "We've sacrificed 3 million people in Cambodia, but it's not a big deal if we sacrifice 1 to 2 million?" -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I hope you don't go out. Your Excellency is " Things are worse from now on, shoot myself, the word to say." saying. "In the end of the Liberals, and that choeingyu gwagyeongju the word to a man named was it, president, but I give the command is executed by firing squad because someone is executed by firing squad?" they said.
invention of a camera
It is also known as a camera. It is used not only in commonly referred photography but also in fields such as press photography, commercial photography, architectural photography, or in a wide range of fields such as microscopy, roentgen photography, aerial photography, and astronomical photography. The origin is thought to be camera obscura (which means dark room in Latin). The prototype of the camera opscura is believed to have been used to project external landscapes or investigate solar eclipses through small holes in the roofs, walls, and doors of dark rooms. It has changed into a form that can be moved by several people, installed in a suitable place, so that the scenery can be observed from the inside, and then transformed into a small one that can be carried by one person, and developed into a shape close to the camera. Although Leonardo da Vinci invented the camera Obscure, the photographer, H.According to Gernshime's explanation, R. Bacon (1212-9412) of the UK not only knew the principle of camera obscura, but also observed Japanese food and scenery with it. However, there is also a record that the principle was discovered 20 years before bacon. Later than Leonardo da Vinci, the Italian physicist G.d.Porta (1535?~1615) recommends using the camera opscura as a tool for painting in his 1558 book "Magia naturalis." This was a well-known book at the time, and Leonardo da Vinci's note had been buried for about three centuries after his death, so there was a time when Porta was considered the inventor of the Camera Obscura. Meanwhile, Italian physicist G. Cardano wrote in 1550 that inserting a lens into a hole in the camera obscura would give a brighter image, and that the Venetian aristocrat D.Barbalo announced the effects of aperture in 1567. Looking at the connection between camera obscura and camera, the portable camera opscura presented by Wurtzburg monk J. Chan in 1685 is seen as the prototype of future box cameras or reflex cameras. The portable camera opscula was mainly used as a painting tool, and it was T. Wedgwood of England who conceived the idea of making images using the camera opscula, and the experiment was conducted around 1802 but failed. Unlike the camera opscura, the daguerreotype camera is the purpose of fixing the image from the beginning, that is, the camera for taking pictures. It has two wooden boxes overlapping and allows you to adjust the focus by pushing a dark slide from the back into a box with a lens in front of it. As for the lens, Chouvalier's Colourless Lens, which is said to have been modified by French Chouvalier for photography, were used, and the brightness was F14, which was not a complete lens. The camera went on the market in Paris in 1839. Meanwhile, according to Gernshime, British optical mechanic F. West advertised the sale of popular cameras two months before the daguerreotype camera was released, a calotype invented by W.H.F. Tolbert. The lens of the Daguerreotype camera was not performing well at the time of its release, so the demand for a brighter and sharper lens increased, so Vin's Petzbal designed an F 3.4 lens, and a forktrendel's metal camera with this lens was sold in 1841. Around 1850, cameras using folding sticks or cloth bodies were released. In addition, a two-eye stereoscopic camera (stereo camera) was also produced around this time. And the Collodion Act of 1851 was F.S.It was announced by Archer. The wet plate method was more convenient for photographing than the daguerreotype and the calotype, but there is a disadvantage that the photographing must be completed when the photosensitive film is wet. Therefore, studies have been conducted to prevent the wet plate from drying, and since 1856, a collodion plate in Norris, England, which covers the wet plate membrane with a solution such as Arabic rubber or gelatin or casein and dries it, has been commercially available. However, in 1871, Murdox of England announced a keyboard made by silver bromide, making it easier to handle cameras. As the dry plate became common, the sensitivity was higher than that of the wet plate, so it became impossible to expose it with a lens cap like in the wet plate era, and a drop shutter (gilitin shutter) installed in front of the lens was devised. Then, a folding hand camera came out, and a shutter was also operated at high speed. In the next 10 years, a changing box with several keyboards and a magazine camera with several keyboards inside the camera that can be replaced by a new one when photographed. Reflex cameras, on the other hand, were designed in 1861 to remove mirrors with handles only while T.Satten adopted the Camera Obscura Principle, as well as two or three patents and products, but later became the basis for numerous large 1-anliflexes such as Sophoflex, Solentonflex, and Graflex. This camera was introduced in 1898. A paper roll film was released by J. Eastman in 1884, and a Kodak camera using the roll film was manufactured and released in 1888. It is a simple box camera, but it succeeded in popularizing photos as the famous phrase, "Press the button, we'll take care of the rest." Subsequently, a nitrocellulose-based film was completed in 1889, and a pocket kodak using a folding roll film was released in 1898. In the 1900s, the products that are the basis of today's cameras were introduced, and the first was the German O in 1925.It is a Leica that uses 35mm film designed by Barnak. The original work was completed in 1914, but the announcement was delayed due to World War I, and after that, Leica has been released up to the current M6 model. The other is Raleiflex by Frange Heideke Co., Ltd., which was released in 1929. It is a model that opened the era of 2-anliplex, but only a small amount is currently produced. In addition, Chase Icon's spring camera group also formed an era, and these cameras laid the foundation for the current small cameras. And although they are not as common as these cameras, the Ermanox with F2 lenses was released in 1924. Until World War II, the 35mm camera group, which was the peak of Leica Contacts (Chiseicon Company), Lolai and numerous 2-anliflex, and the spring camera group were the main models of cameras. However, after the war, 35mm 1-anliflex and EE cameras that adopted Pentaprim appeared, and Kodak's instrumental camera group and auto focus (autofocus) cameras were developed again. In addition, a digital camera has recently been developed that can take and store photos without films.
massacres committed by the Israeli government and Lebanese militia
The savage Arab-Muslims think they need a "kind club of love." Well, why do Arabs hate Israel so much? The reason is to protest Israel's so-called ruthless punishment of the so-called "less inferior" -- for example, "mad to tear the first act," "allah" in his head, "brainless" and "crude" -- rich, well-educated, benevolent Israelis will lead them all to the right path. In the process, a little "hawk of love" is inevitably needed. In the logic, Arabs and Muslims form a crane... I've had it all this time, so... Apart from the fact that the Palestinians were deprived of their land, especially in their lives, they are living a little better than complete garbage... Both sanitation and cultural and economic... Of course, all of these things are deliberately and secretly done by the Israeli government... Should I call it the Palestinian Census Day Program? Of course, there are times when I see the barbarism of Arabs and Muslims that Israel's actions are somehow good, but here I'm going to take a look at the Israeli government's genocide and torture and persecution of Palestinians... In Korea, there are many pro-American, pro-Israel newspapers, so I know that Israel has been genocide, but I don't think I know the details... So I'm going to take a closer look at it. Of course, the general manager at this time is now the famous Ariel Sharon, and first of all, let me write down an interview about the Chatura genocide that occurred during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. Approximately more than 3,000 people have been slaughtered in Sabra and Shatila... This interview is an interview with a militia that participated in a genocide in February 1983 by Spiegel, a German weekly magazine... The title is "Your Gaja is the Revenge." We gathered at Shahrt Wadi in the Nightingale Valley southeast of Beirut, on Wednesday, September 15th. We were about 300 people from eastern Beirut, southern Lebanon, and the Akara Mountains in the north. I was a member of the Tiger Militia of former President Carmel Chamoun. The officer of Palange called us up and took us to the meeting place. They said they wanted us to do "special activities." The officers repeatedly told us, "You are envoys of good faith." They told us, "You are each avenger." At that time, about 10 Israeli soldiers in blue uniforms arrived. They didn't wear a rank badge. They played cards, and they were good at Arabic, except that all Jews pronounce the hard sound "h" as "ch." They talked about the Palestinian refugee camps in Shabra and Shatila. It was clear what we had to do and we waited for it. We must swear that we will not disclose anything about our activities. At 10 p.m., we boarded a U.S. military truck given to us by the Israeli military. We parked the truck near the control tower. Right next to the Israeli military base there, there was already a truck, just like the one we rode. Some Israelis in Farange's uniforms were with the troops. Our officers said, "The Israeli friends who will accompany you will help you carry out the mission." They instructed us not to use firearms as much as possible. "Everything must go quiet," we looked at the other colleagues. They had to carry out their duties with bayonets and knives. The valley was lined with bloody bodies. Half-awake women and children were crying for help, putting our whole plan in danger of falling through. Screaming woke the refugees up. At that time, I saw again the Israelis who participated in our secret meeting at that place. One of them signaled us to step back from the entrance to the refugee camp. Then they started shooting. The Israelis used flare to support us. There were shocking scenes showing what kind of people the Palestinians were. Some people, including women, hid themselves behind donkeys in a small valley. We unfortunately had to shoot down the poor beasts to end the Palestinians hiding behind the donkeys. When the donkeys screamed in pain, the image stuck in my head. It was a horrifying scene. A colleague entered a house full of women and children. The Palestinians screamed and threw the gas stove to the floor. We sent the trashy humans to hell. At about 4 a.m., our group returned to the truck. Then, as the morning sun rose, we entered the refugee camp again. We walked past the bodies. As we tripped over the bodies, we shot and stabbed the Mosen witnesses to death. Killing people was easy once you tried it a few times. Then came the bulldozer of the Israeli army. "Bring everything to the ground. Don't let any witnesses live." But despite our efforts, there were overflowing people. There was a great deal of confusion as people fled from place to place. It was impossible to bury them all underground. It became clear that the plan had failed. Thousands escaped from there. Many Palestinians have been saved. As a result, people are now talking about genocide everywhere and sympathizing with the Palestinians. Who is to rate the sufferings we suffer? I Just be a live syatilla in water, food, eat, my neck and they battled for a full 24 hours. Sabeura and sya of Tila in September 1982 massacre, fascist party Falange members of Christian militia in Lebanon, Israel, with aiding and abetting in the survey of the root sabeura syatilla been stormed and started the indiscriminate slaughter in the Palestinian refugee camps.
Palestine Liberation Organization (plo), and in the first three months after Israel invaded Lebanon in tears of the Palestinian refugees to Syria that took place only weeks after it moved to the base massacre, which caused shock and outrage in the world. Israel had promised the Reagan administration that it would not advance to SurveyRoute if a ceasefire was made on the condition that the PLO would withdraw from Syria, but Prime Minister Menahem Vegin and Defense Secretary Ariel Sharon decided to ignore the agreement, and Israeli forces rushed to SurveyRoute the next morning. The United States and Israel protested the government of Lebanon, but weak Lebanese government, not just powerful horse and had some ulterior motive in the U.S. government seems different. The Israeli military said the heavily armed soldiers and tanks surrounded the refugee camps and syatilla sabeura far right militants in Lebanon after being brought in refugee camps. A victim of a ‘party murder’ for two days until Wednesday morning in the afternoon 18 million the day is not known exactly how much. Even relatively conservative on statistics of the International Red Cross murder victim to 27.5 million people. The figure is mainly based on bodies that are falling all over the site. The limb was severed most of the bodies were. As a weapon of genocide machine guns, the militants prefer an ax and bayonet. The butcher in a hole dug by mobilizing the bulldozer from bodies did not properly excavated. On top of that, abduction and disappearance of their calculation, the damage to the number of far higher. This dirty with Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, (Perhaps, the organizer) is now aiding and abetting of operations. Gojongseok, Editorial Writer aromachi@hk.co.kr ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- on Israel's actions and crimes against humanity is considerable sympathy vote as the features are reflected as a victim, but they have always been a long record was Hitler's massacre of Jews and a suit ... but jinjjappwaswi, blaming biingwonAmong them, it shows the most primitive and ignorant form. There must be a lesson in world history in how such indiscriminate persecution and display of power will eventually lead to the annihilation of Jews. I guess they don't want to think that tolerance is another weapon that guarantees their survival.
Battle between the ancient nomadic cavalry archers and the mixed army of settlers.
1. The basic strategy of nomadic forces - swarm; gather.attack in droves- refers to the intensive attack of several units on a specific target.
①Effective Use of Swarm - Divide units into small groups and take turns hitting and pulling out.The mounted archers in the back are direct as they go forward, and the mounted archers in the front are bent over their shoulders as they fall back.These attacks, as if they were a wave, are of paramount importance.
②Why do you need a swarm? First, the hit rate has increased.Even if you can't hit the target, you can meet other goals, and it's hard to hit because the number of allies is dispersed and you can move freely. Second, it's good to retreat.The surrounding forces can easily escape if their power is weakened or exhausted, but the surrounding forces cannot.Of course, if there is an enemy force outside the surrounding force, the surrounding force is often involved in reverse. Third, it is advantageous for securing and disseminating information.The army is spread out and open, so it is possible to respond immediately to the situation elsewhere and to continue to recruit supplies.Of course, it's impossible for a besieged force to do so.
③So how do you solve a worm?How can I avoid getting caught? In order not to be surrounded, it is important to secure the same mobility as the enemy or to utilize the terrain that can limit the enemy's mobility.If you are surrounded, you must firmly protect your formation while waiting for salvation outside.An archer who can respond to the enemy is also essential, and if there is no archer, it must somehow withstand it with the power of defense.However, it is important to note that the power of defense equipment is also limited.
④Do you need only a swarm? No. Swarm alone cannot do fatal damage to the enemy, and even if it does, it takes too long.Also, in order to quickly destroy the enemy at once, close combat or charge is important, and an appropriate number of medium-sized soldiers or infantry is required to achieve this.Most nomadic armies mobilized infantry or heavily armed heavy-duty soldiers to war.
⑤The final strategy is, first of all, it is important to attract the enemy to light-armed soldiers.The enemy must also be somewhat prepared for the nomadic army, and to offset the enemy's advantages, they must provoke the enemy or pretend to lose and draw it out of an advantageous terrain.Of course, if the enemy did not have such a topographical advantage, it would be the next step. Next, quick mounted archers shoot arrows at the enemy's position and induce the enemy's formation to be dispersed.When the enemy's formation is dispersed or too focused on the front defense, heavy cavalry or infantry immediately flock to the side.If the enemies quickly returned to their original state, the mounted archers fired arrows again.As he continued to reduce the strength of the enemy, he changed his horse. If you repeat this to some extent, the enemy will surely try to escape.If the heavy cavalry attacks at this time, the enemy can be destroyed.If you continue to resist despite doing this, stop the attack, form a siege, block the distribution, or retreat and reorganize once and then attack again. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Then, what is the strategy of the residents?The answer is to hide troops, utilize topography, and join forces!
①Enemies surround you?Then we can lay siege to them, too! Are the enemies surrounding you?You don't have to worry.If the enemy tries to surround him, it will come into the prisoner's mouth and eat the remnants of his teeth.--in other words, our army should also surround the enemy.Then what? First of all, a highly mobile force is needed.If it is too slow than the besieged forces, it may be surrounded in reverse, and the besieged forces will gain time to see and evacuate.Therefore, a quick mobile unit is needed. If the mobile unit is satisfied, the next thing you need to do is hide them.No matter how much the enemy is distracted by the plunder, if you see our troops hiding, you cannot surround our bait troops.Of course, mobile units should be hidden as much as possible, but they should be hidden behind forests, behind walls, or between reed forests. Of course, no matter how well you hide it, it is also important for the decoy unit to properly provoke and seduce the enemy in front of you. An example of this is the fight between Alexander and Skittai.At this time, Alexander used his own light cavalry as bait and used the alarm as a topography to beat the skitai mounted archers.
②Enemies are going to surround you?In the middle of the river? If the enemy wants to surround, it is necessary to select the topography well so that the enemy cannot surround it.No matter how many cavalry they are, they cannot surround themselves in the mountains, forests, or wide rivers.It's an equatorial cavalry.Of course, even if you use the topography well, remember that if you are lured by your opponent, it is a steal.
③Aren't your enemies eating? The enemy also has a base.The enemy's residential points include nomadic areas, trading centers, and villages under them.If these areas are occupied, the enemy will naturally run out of funds.The biggest drawback of the nomadic army is that it is too weak for money.Mongolia also secured financial resources to attack the Geum Dynasty by occupying commercial bases, and other nomadic peoples have also been the basis for securing commercial bases = prosperity.Conversely, if you take over their commercial bases and persuade them with money, of course there will be internal strife between the enemies.It is a strategy mainly used by prominent Chinese dynasties in the past, such as Alexander and Bizantin.
④But we still have to fight.Then? If you have to fight to show them the example, or if you have to, you must join forces.Joint management of cavalry, archers, and heavy infantry is the secret of victory. Archers constantly respond to enemies, cavalry chase enemies, and heavy infantry block enemies' charge, which is the core of the combined forces.For example, the European Crusaders also used this tactic to win against Saracen (why did they forget and fight the Hundred Years War?) and in the Song Dynasty, they learned how to make a palace using dramatic palaces and godfathers, and in Byzantine, they used Kataplactos and Scutatus. Managing such complex departments must be one of the biggest homework of the settlers' generals. I have explained the above nomadic fighting methods, response methods of settlers, and examples.If this is made into a movie, won't it be possible to enjoy the beauty of true strategy and tactics?
Tamesigiri - Japanese trial cut
In the past, it was very important to test the performance of the blade in Japan. The newly created black tested the blade by cutting down various objects, and the most notorious of these objects was the human body. In the case of using a body, the performance of a newly produced knife was generally tested using the body of a criminal who had just been executed. The bodies were hung, and workers even caught the bodies and cut them straight. The most common method was to lay the body on a platform stacked with soil to fix the limbs, and then cut down the middle part of the body with a sword. In the case of severe trial cut, several bodies were stacked and hit vertically. It is said that "five bodies were amputated" in a single blow. The Yamada family also worked as a death row, receiving money, and testing the blade's performance instead. They tested the performance of the sword using the body of a decapitated death row and recorded it in detail. Over time, Trial Cut using bamboo and straw has become a general method. During World War II, Takamura Taisaburo, a young man who later becomes Toyama Ryu's fugitive, has the opportunity to make a trial cut for his troops and live livestock to supply food to the people of the surrounding villages. Taisaburo's experience may have been valuable knowledge for him, but it is far from the standardized trial cut characteristics of today. Originally, Trial Cut focused on the effect of the knife's attack on the human tissue, but over time, the demonstration itself was more emphasized than the blade's ability to cut. Today, a bunch of tatami mats are often used in Trial Cut. It doesn't matter if you use a bundle of horses to circle the straw. If you cut a bundle of tatami mats in the correct way, you will feel very similar to cutting the human body. The shaking and recoil of tatami mats are similar.
The world's first university was the University of Bologna in Italy in the 12th
It's BoA to find Bologna! The temple of legitimate unemployed people... ...university campus! It is said that Japan has a small campus, but they are surprised when they come to Korea. Oh no... I'm not bragging about this... ...we have a high population density. Of course, I meant a university in the modern sense. The modern world is a wave of Western painting! In that way, Korea is Gyeongseong Imperial University during the Japanese colonial period. ================================================================= University's history can be found in Korean institutions during the Zhou Dynasty of China and Academia established by Plato around 387 BC, but modern universities began in Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. The first universities were founded in the 12th century as the University of Salerno (medical) in Italy, the University of Bologna (law), and the University of Paris in France. Oxford University (1167) and Cambridge University (1209) in England were also typical of early universities and have been handed down to this day. The emergence of a nation-state in the 18th and 19th centuries gave a new aspect to the development of universities. Founded in Germany in 1810, the University of Berlin became the beginning of modern universities and occupied a clear position in the history of university development. In Germany, it was emphasized that universities are both places of communal life and places to study academics and explore the truth. In particular, the University of Berlin set a good precedent for emphasizing academic research and fostering scholars, centering on the freedom of the university. In France, Napoleon established the Imperial University in 1808 to provide university education as well as serve as a centralized educational administrative organization. After that, by developing a unique bureaucracy and national examination system, university education mainly served as a gateway to management. In England, Oxford University and Cambridge University have long been in charge of cultivating Shintoism and fostering leaders by respecting character education centered on the aristocratic class. After that, with the establishment of Shinje University, including London University (1836), universities became common people, and new changes took place in the content and method of education. On the other hand, British universities maintain traditions that value gentleman education, personality education, and leadership training. Early universities, including Harvard University (1636) in the United States, were established after the model of British universities. However, in the United States, universities began to be influenced by German universities in the early 19th century, and the graduate school system developed under the influence of German universities after the 19th century. In the 19th century, American universities began to take their own path. In other words, university education in the United States has established a school style that emphasizes the practicality of learning, and the university's culture has also been greatly opened. In particular, the opening of universities developed a unique beginner university in the 20th century in the unique environment of the United States that emphasizes civic enhancement. In this way, universities were developed according to the unique background of each country. Today, universities are systematically established, and their characteristics and functions vary in form and type depending on the country. 1. The development of Korean university education was influenced by China, and in 372, when King So So-rim of Goguryeo was a national university, teaching science, literature, and martial arts, and Silla established and operated a vocational education institution. During the Goryeo Dynasty, the Gukjagam was established to inherit the Silla curriculum, and Choi Chung's Gujae was greatly developed as a private university. During the Joseon Dynasty, Sungkyunkwan was a higher educational institution for Confucianism and management. In Hanmal and Japanese colonial era, higher educational institutions such as Severance (now Yonsei University Medical College), Boseong (now Korea University), Ewha (now Ewha Women's University), Yeonhee (now Yonsei University, now Dongguk University), and Sookmyung (now Sookmyung Women's University) were established. The only university established under the name of a university was Gyeongseong Imperial University (now the predecessor of Seoul National University) established by the Japanese government, but after liberation, all vocational schools were promoted to universities, and many national and private universities were established. Under the current Higher Education Act, universities aim to cultivate character, to teach and study profound theories and applications necessary for the development of the state and human society, and to contribute to the state and human society (Article 28). There are universities that are colleges and universities that are universities, and universities that are universities of education have been called universities since 1990. The school period is four to six years. Other educational institutions with the name of universities under the Higher Education Act include junior colleges, industrial colleges, broadcasting and communication colleges, and technical colleges. The curriculum shall be operated as prescribed by the school rules, and the completion of the curriculum shall be based on grades, credits, etc., but the completion time required per credit shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree. The teaching methods include day classes, night classes, seasonal classes, and classes by broadcasting and communication, and the practice semester system can be operated according to the school rules.