the relationship between the Yuan Dynasty and the Northern Yuan

 In fact, it is said that the Mongols lived more often in Sangdo (Karakoram) than in the Great City.When I was living in a big city...There's a Mongolian "gal" around the palace, and you're staying there... for your information.The power outage of the Great Wall is now northwest of the Forbidden City.It was on the west corner of Sinmumun Gate...In Ming China, the Great Wall was smashed the Great Wall.Not to mention the demolition of the blackout building, but even the site...I dug it all up and turned it into a "moat. ************************************************ In 1370, the 15th Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, Togon Temurkan, died in Eungchang, and the crown prince Ayushiridara became the Great Khan. Soon after, the Ming army also invaded Ngchangbu, and Ayushiridakhan retreated to Karakorum. Hundreds of Mongol emperors, including Maitreyabara, the grandson of Togon Temurkan, were captured by the Ming army, and Ayushiridarakan still had the power and influence of the Genghis Khan Empire in Manchuria, Gamsuk, Tibet, Yunnan, and Central Asia. In 1372, Zhu Yuanzhang, who was a fool in the Ming Dynasty, broke into the Mongolian Plateau in the last north by dividing 150,000 troops into three paths by a general named Seodal, but was defeated by General Kukutemur in the Tol River... But shortly thereafter Kukutemur fell ill and Ayushiradarakhan died in 1378. In 1378, Togus Usgil Temurkan, who succeeded his deceased brother to become the 17th Great Khan, frequently invaded mainland China and fought fiercely against Mongolia and the Ming Dynasty. Togustemurkan entered the Hulunbuyur region of eastern Mongolia in response to Nahachu, a general of the Jalair family, who held sway over the Ming Dynasty, and entered the southward position. But this despicable Nahachu surrendered in 1387 despite having a large force of 200,000 troops under the leadership of Pungseung. (later Nahachu dies during the Yunnan conquest) To save the crisis on the Eastern Front, Togu Stemurkhan himself went to the Bouir-Nor lakeside to communicate with Goryeo and try to co-operate the Ming army. However, in 1388, he was attacked by a great army led by Namok and was severely defeated. This was a real disgrace in Mongolian history. Togusthemurkan, who fled westward to the battle of the only major loss to the untalented Jjanggae, was killed by Ishder, a descendant of Ariqbouquet, who was defeated by the Kublai Khan near the Tol River, and the Kublai family was cut off. By 1392, Ishder was able to reach Kahnwie, Mongolia, based on Oirat's support. Oirat was a group of people who were called foresters by the Mongols, based in the northwestern Mongolian Plateau and the upper reaches of the Yanisei River west of Lake Baikal. After submitting to Genghis Khan, it was organized into four Tumen, Choros, Durbet, Hoschot, and Torgut, which by this time advanced into the North Mongolian Plateau. It's a new name for Khan, but this is only the Kublai lineage that's boiled, and it's still Genghis Khan's family, and the Mongol Empire continues. Engh Zorigt Khan was crowned 19th Khan and he developed Mongolia's economy, followed by Erbek Nigul Segtskan as the 20th Khan. However, he was deceived by the sweet words of Oirat's Emperor Goo Hai, and he killed Karguchuk and took Oljayt for the beauty of Alljayt, the wife of Prince Karguchuk. Khan was then killed by Ogechikashika of Oirat. And then Gungtemur Khan came to power, but then he fell out with Oirat, and in 1402 Uggs Kasihakan, the 22nd Khan who came to power, made peace with Oirat. Olktemurkan, who ascended to the 23rd Khan in 1408, was defeated by the main forces of Yeongrakje in 1410, but he continued to train his troops and fought the Ming Dynasty all his life, and gave the Ming a crushing defeat in 1411. Delbegkan, who succeeded him at the age of 17, also dedicated his life to fighting the Ming Dynasty, and Adai Khan, son and successor of Karhochak, defeated the Ming army in 1424, and the pathetic Youngnakje struggled and failed to grasp the tactics of the Mongol cavalry Eventually, he died in the army. At that time, there were three great leaders in Oirat, but one of them, Mahmoud of Chorosbu, was most likely to surrender to the Ming Dynasty and conquer the Northern Yuan. After his death, his son Togon Taishi ascended the throne, and Chorosvu became more powerful and eventually unified various parts of the Oirat. Togon Taish killed Adai Khan, a Northern Khan who was arrogant to him, and then took Tokto Abuka Taishon to the throne in 1433. But the real power was taken by Togon, who conquered the South Mongolian Plateau, and Togon Taishi became the former ruler of Mongolia. However, Togon Taishi was killed by an arrow when he was cursed by His Majesty Genghis Khan while defaming Khan with a knife in his portrait. His son, Essen Taishi, took over the shrine of Genghis Khan carefully, conquered Heunganryeong, absorbed the third-largest land of Ulyanghai Khan, subjugated the tribes of Manchuria, and demanded trade in Joseon, which was then ruled by Ido. Essenkhan expanded its territory to the West, overpowering Mogulistan Khanga of Chagatai and defeating Abulkhairkhan of Juchiga. And so the Oirat Empire was about the same size as Genghis Khan's unification of Mongolia ... Especially, the high point of Essenkan is that it defeated half a million great soldiers in civil engineering. When the pathetic Ming Dynasty imposed restrictions on border trade, Essenkan led 20,000 elite cavalry to attack the Ming Dynasty in 1449. The Ming emperor, Ju Gi-jin, led 500,000 troops to Essen Khan, but after a six-day surprise attack on the civil war, Ming was killed in excess of 300,000 troops, Wang Jin and all other Ming generals were killed and the Emperor Ju-jin and the rest of Ming were taken prisoner. This is how great Essen Khan's military technology was when he defeated over half a million men with only 20,000 cavalry in the famous Civil War. Essen Khan beheaded the main camp and threw his head at the gates of Beijing. But in the history of the pathetic Ducks, Ju Gi-jin came to life and became emperor again, and I don't know if this was also made up by the Ducks, who enjoyed manipulation, glorification, and exaggeration. I think it's said that he's revived with a face similar to that of Ju Gi-jin... Later in 1452, Essen left only those who had Oirat as their mother, and killed all of the Northern imperial families, including Toktoabukakhan and his brother Wagwarzhin Jernan, and went on to call themselves Daewon Nature Daekan. But in 1455, a minister named Arachtinsang, a subordinate, rebelled and attacked Essen Khan, who fled and was killed, and the Oirat Empire collapsed. The Oirat, which expanded significantly over the two generations of Togon and Essen, declined in East Mongolia due to the civil war, but still threatened the meadowlands between the Ili River and the Caspian Sea in the West. Essen Khan was killed, followed by a nine-year-old young Khan named Mercos Uheggt, who died a year later, followed by his brother Mullen. Mullen Khan died in 1462 and in 1463, from Mogulistan, the descendant of the Chakatai family in the West, Bekalsran founded Mandorun, the aunt of Tyson Khan, on Khan and became Taesa himself. Mandoruncan is killed in 1467 in the battle against Bolhu Ginnon and Bolhu Ginnon is also killed just before declaring Khan in 1470.Dayan, only five years old, was left of the Kublai clan. Manduhai, the young widow of Mandorunkan, took Dayan, who had been abandoned by his remarried mother, and protected him and declared him Khan. Dayan is the Chinese name given to Daewon's vocal range and his ambition to become Daewon's Khan. Dayan Khan's real name is Batumont-kei and in 1481, Dayan married Manduhai, a girl who had him take back to Cannes. Unbelievable, Dayan Khan married a woman over 30 years old, had six twins, another son, and seven children. In 1487, Dayan Khan became the Great Khan at the age of 24 and Dayan Khan was chosen as the last great Khan of the Mongol Empire. The Emperor of Ming, the Emperor of Ming, is the great Daekan who made Ming shiver for fear of him... He first attempted to unify Mongolia, completely dispelling the threat of Oirat and establishing sovereignty in the Inner Mongolian Plateau, restoring the authority of the Genghis Khanate. The traditional division was to organize the tribes of East Mongolia into six tumen, divided into the left (Jungarh) in the east and the right (Barrungar) in the west, and the left was directly controlled by Dayan Khan and the right was under the title of Zinong, Khan's son. The left was the three-tumen of Chahar, Khalka, and Wu Liangkan, and the right was the three-tumen of Ordos, Tumet, and Karachin. In any case, Dayan Khan defeated Oirat, and between 1497 and 1505, he conquered Ming's fluctuations and Gamsukseong, and in 1510, he captured the North China region and took silver to punish Ming. Anyway, even the Ming emperor was afraid of Dayan Khan, and when Dayan Khan died in 1524, the two sides started fighting. Afterwards, Dayan Khan's third son, Barsbolt Saimalak Jernan Khan, was crowned and during his reign the civil war intensified. When Barthvolt Khan died in 1531, fighting began on the right, and Altan, the second son of Barthvolt Khan, who led Tumet, grew up to overwhelm the left wing by replacing his nephew, Zinong. After Barsbolt Khan, Bodhi Alakkan, the son of Turbolt, the grandson of Dayan Khan of Chaharbu, takes the seat of Khan, but Altan takes the initiative... The reason why he's called Altan Khan even though he's not Khan is because he's a very accomplished and he's a great figure. Altan wanted to trade with Ming, but Ming didn't respond, so he attacked Ming almost every year, especially in 1542, killing Zhang Sechung, the Ming's appendix, and capturing 200,000 people in 18 Juhyeon, centered on Sanseoseong.

In 1550, by besieging Beijing and threatening the Ming Dynasty, they awakened the tradition of Genghis Khan, and Altan allowed the captured Han people to engage in farming, and from this point on, the Mongolian Plateau was also grainy. In 1552, the Altan defeated Oirat and recaptured Karakorum, a symbol of the Mongol Empire's sovereignty, and raided Oirat's home, Zungaria. In 1566, they conquered the Qinghai region and in 1572, they went all the way to Tibet. Literally, the Great Wall was just a form. The left-wing Chaharbu moved east of Heunganryeong by the forces of Altan, and Kalkabu moved to the North Mongolian Plateau where the Oirat forces had retreated and occupied it. It was also at this time that the Mongols migrated to the Qinghai region. However, after Altan's grandson defected to Ming, Altan reconciled with Ming and Ming gave Altan Khan the title of King of Pure Righteousness. Every year, a regular trade market was held at the border, and the bone changed livestock, leather goods, and dairy products to Myeongna's textiles and daily goods, and Myeongna paid allowances to Mongolian lords. In Hughoth, supplies from China gathered and then people from all over Mongolia became the center of trade and flourished, but Altan Khan himself did not stay in the city, but stayed in the nearby meadow, Ordo. Ming called the castle naturalized in 1575. In 1578, Altan Khan became an avid Tibetan Buddhist believer, inspired by the invitation of Shenam Gyacho, who had a reputation as a high priest of the then-Tibetan buddha in Qinghai. He gave him the title of the Dalai Lama, and Shenam Gyacho became the Dalai Lama III. In this way, the Mongols' nomadic spirit was tamed in the prayers of the Ramas, by giving divine authority to the revival of the Genghis Khana that Dayan and Altan had achieved and instead the Mongols devoted themselves to the Ramas. Unfortunately, from this point on, the fighting power of the Mongols began to deteriorate because of Buddhism. In 1582, Altan Khan died at the age of 76, and there was no greater figure. Bodhi Alakkan, who was a scarecrow, died in 1547, followed by Darayson Goodenkan in 1548. Darayson Goodenkan said that during his tenure, he unified the six tribes by using a policy of conciliatoryism and lived comfortably. He was succeeded by his youngest son, Tumen, who took the seat of the Great Khan. When Tumenkan is crowned, the North Yuan is able to re-establish the unification of Mongolia and Tumenkan introduces a new decree, so he is known in history as Tumen Zagtkan. Tumen Jagt Khan died in 1592 when Naresuen of Siam ascended the throne in the year of the Seven Years' War in Joseon, and in 1593, his eldest son, Bojan Chechen, took the seat. Joseon was noisy with the Seven Years' War and his reign was quiet during the 300 Years' War between Siam and Myanmar in Indochina... It is said that during his reign, the rebellion of Bobai, a Mongolian who defected to his command, took place and helped it... In 1603, Bojan Chechen Khan died, followed by Rigden Hotagt Khan, the son of the Mangus, who took the seat of the Great Khan... Rigden Hotagt Khan was the last Khan of the North and a ferocious figure, but Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia and several Tibetan Buddhist scriptures were translated into Mongolian, which had a profound impact on Mongolian culture. Instead, it greatly deteriorated the fighting power of the Mongol soldiers and ended up boiling their knees to the Qing Dynasty... During the reign of Rigden Khan, Nurhachikan founded the Qing Dynasty in Manchuria. The Qing Dynasty is actually a nomadic empire and a successor state to the Mongol Empire. And if that's the reason... Nurhachikan entered into an alliance with Genghis Khan's younger brother, the Khassar family's Jorginho Mongolians. From this time on, various Mongolian ministries, including the Horchinbu, received various royal titles and titles, and the Qing Dynasty became the combined government of the Manchurian and Mongolian nobility. In 1626, the Hongtaijikan, who succeeded Nurhachikan, fought fiercely against Rigden Hotagtkan, who also fought bravely, but had already left it to Tibetan Buddhism, the fighting power weakened and eventually lost to the Eight Armies of Qing Rigden Khan fled. Rigden Khan died in Qinghai during the expedition to Tibet in 1634, and Hong Taijikan captured Rigden Khan's young son, Ejay, and his mother, Empress Sutai, who gave Hong Taijikan the jade seal used by the Yuan emperor. Hongtaijikan thought that Genghis Khan's Mandate came to him, and in 1636 he convened Kuril Thai in Shenyang, and was elected as a common emperor of three races by Manchus, Mongolians and Chinese representatives, and the Great Mongol Empire ended in 1634.

the Austrian Empire that followed the Siege of Vienna

 

Austria, which defeated Turkey and signed the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, formed an empire. Originally, the Habsburgs of Austria were the Holy Roman Emperor... the German Emperor. So Austria is under the direct control of the German emperor. But in the Thirty Years' War of the 17th century, Germany was devastated by the death of one-third of its population, and each empire was effectively independent. Germany had been divided since the late Middle Ages in the 14th century, but the Thirty Years' War and the resulting Treaty of Bestfarren in 1648, were certainly true. Everything was a trick of the French Cardinal Richelieu... ...although the Buddha died just before the end of the war. And so the Habsburgs have no choice but to cling to their direct control of Austria... ...and to make matters worse, 200,000 Ottoman Turks, encouraged by Louis XIV, the French Sun King. But blessing in disguise. Austria annexed Hungary and other countries with the Treaty of Karlowitz and formed an empire that controlled Middle Eastern Europe larger than what is now French territory. By the end of the 18th century, southern Poland was also annexed. However, as you can see in the Pumple below, Napoleon took over the capital Vine in the early 19th century, depriving him of the title of the Holy Roman Emperor in name only. Later, he became a victorious country, became the chair of the Federal Republic of Germany, and Italy and Venice and Lombardy were also accepted, but both Germany and Italy were defeated in the 1860s and kicked out in the 1860s. And by this time the empire was at a big crossroads... ...because there was already a nationalist craze in Europe. In the February Revolution of 1848, the Hungarians rose up and managed to suppress it with the help of the Russian army. The German rulers (Austria) are only a few, and they're alienated from German reunification, so this is not a state, it's a private estate of the Habsburgs. A country that cannot exist in the 19th century. But this is where the greatness of the Austrians comes into play, and Emperor Franz Josef breaks up the empire in 1867 after losing the Seven-Week War against Prussia. Independence of Hungary, the emperor of Austria and the king of Hungary... ...that is, one monarch, one government and two capitals... ...Vine and Budapest. This is the famous Austrian = Hungarian dual empire. The Germanic people, who were in power, put the Mazars, the Hungarians, into the same ruler. The rest of the population here are furious................Czech Slovakian Polish Romanian Slovenian Croatian ..............and yet marginalized. And what's more, the Hungarians were so sneaky, they wanted independence when they were the governed, and now they have power and they put pressure on the minorities in their territory. Rather, the intensity of the repression was more than... ...Germans. If a poor man succeeds suddenly, he will be scarier than the rich. But all in all, Austria = Hungary is really doing well... ...and they've had peace and prosperity for 50 years. It was one of the eight major world powers... ...at least sixth place: Britain, France, Germany, the United States, Russia, Austria = Hungary, Italy, Japan. The capital city of Biin was a very beautiful city, and various philosophers, artists, scientists, etc. enjoyed its heyday. There's a Jewish population of 10 percent, and Hitler, the poor painter who scorned it. However, only Austria has developed and Hungary and other eastern regions are still poor... The weakness that the structure of the Industrial Revolution also cut the empire in half. During World War I, in 1916, Franz Josef, the reigning emperor of the Habsburgs, dies, and in 1918, his son, the last emperor of the Habsburgs, kills himself with a pistol. The territory is divided into seven countries: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, parts of Poland, parts of Italy, parts of Romania, parts of Yugoslavia... Currently, Czech Republic and Slovakia are divided, and Yugoslavia is divided into Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia. Some parts of Slovakia have moved to Ukraine, as many as 11 countries. That means that the people were diverse. The distribution of people in short clips. The Austrian Empire, the official name of the territory controlled by the ============================================================ Habsburg monarch, was established in 1804 when Franz II, the last emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, declared himself Emperor Franz II of Austria. Two years later, the Holy Roman Empire died down. After the fall of Napoleon (1814–15), Austria again became the leader of a small state, but was expelled from the German Confederation after being defeated in 1866 in the Seven Years' War against Prussia. Austrian Emperor Franz Josef took a renewed interest in the eastern part of the empire, trying to strengthen his empire with heterogeneous elements. Even before the war, he realized the need to compromise with rebellious Hungarians. The result of the negotiations was a grand compromise signed on February 8, 1867. It was not a compromise between Hungary and the rest of the Austrian Empire, but between the emperor and Hungary. Franz Josef once promised not to amend the constitution without the advice of the Reichsrat, but the intention of the Austrian people was not considered when signing the agreement. Hungary gained responsible cabinet membership and full internal autonomy under the agreement, and instead agreed that the Austrian Empire should still be maintained as a large nation for war and diplomacy. Franz Josef thus relinquished the privileges and non-Mazars protection obligations within Hungary to maintain the Habsburg dynasty's external reputation. The 'Joint Monarchy' consisted of the emperor, his subjects, the foreign minister, and the army minister. With the exception of the emperor himself, there was no co-prime minister of Austria and Hungary and no co-ministerial cabinet. The joint issue between Austria and Hungary was to be considered by a delegation of representatives from both countries' parliaments. The customs union and profit distribution regulations will be revised once every 10 years. Thanks to this provision, Hungarians were given the opportunity to receive a reward from the rest of the empire once every 10 years. The Compromise began to take effect in March 1867, when the Hungarian Parliament approved the agreement as a constitution. The Austrian Parliament was unable to amend the grand compromise and was only allowed to ratify it. As a reward, the German liberals, the majority in Congress, won considerable concessions from the emperor. Individual rights were secured, a completely neutral judiciary was created, and freedom of faith and education was guaranteed. But ministers still held the emperor individual accountable, not the Austrian parliament. The official name of the country formed by the Great Compromise was Austria-Hungary. The kingdom had its own name, king, and history. But the rest of the empire was just an accidental mass with no clear definition. The region was known in principle as 'the kingdoms and countries that send representatives to the Austrian parliament', and more simply 'the other half of the empire'. The unnamed area was soon called "Austria," "Austria in the true sense of the word," and "Little Austria," but it was all technically incorrect, and it was not until the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1915 that the "other half of the empire" was called the "Austrian Empire." The cause of this confusion was that the Austrian Empire, made up of miscellaneous pieces, was not a country with a common ritual or purpose, but a territory owned by the Habsburg family.

Christian superiority, Islamic inferiority...Battle of Vienna in 1683, Intersection of

 If the Ottoman's were in decline, it would have been in 1683. Before that, the Ottoman's had poked the bean several times. It is said that the Ottoman Empire attacked Vienna 13 times in total, but the most important and major battles are two. First of all, the siege of Vienna took place in 1529 during the reign of King Schleimann, which the Ottoman Empire suffered greatly.Rather than a flag, it was a battle that I just poked... At that time, when Suleiman the Great, who defeated Hungary at the Battle of Mohachi and took possession of Eastern Europe, besieged Vienna, he was terrified throughout Europe. But the one that Schleimann had in mind was the Persian Ravine, who had been gaining more power in the east than in Europe, and then, with a little patience, he lifted the siege and defeated the Persian cavalry in Chaldilan. After that, the battle in Vienna began in earnest in 1683. 1683 was a time when the Ottoman Empire, which had declined since Schleimann the Great, shone once again before it fell into decline. The various institutions that underpinned the prosperity of the Ottoman Empire were disrupted, and Western Europe monopolized trade with the Americas and developed its power. The Ottoman relay trade was cut off. Moreover, in the war with Austria between 1593 and 1606, the Ottoman's had no clear result. I've eaten a few sides, but the Sitvan Treaty makes me throw up. Nevertheless, thanks to the success of the Prime Ministers of the Kopriligans, the Ottoman Empire once again expanded, eating Crete and losing some of Poland's provinces. But then Hungarian Calvinist leader Imre Toekköli asks Turk's great Wazir Kara Mustafa to attack Vienna, the capital of Austria. Eventually, 150,000 troops of the Ottoman Empire attacked Vienna from July 17, 1683, with the tacit support of the Hungarian army. The powerful Turkic army pushed Austria to Vienna without a chance. When the Turks took over the outer fortresses of Vienna and began to tunnel into the castle, the emperor Leopold I was the first to pack up and flee, and the remaining troops in Vienna defied the Turks with almost evil. It was almost a hopeless level of sit-in, but they fought so hard that they couldn't easily capture the Turks. Therefore, when the Great Wazir cuts the head of Christians and flies them into the city, the battle becomes terrible, cutting the head of Muslim prisoners in Vienna and displaying them. I've been holding out almost hopelessly for nearly two months, and at this time Bin comes to help me. Pope Innocent XI, at the request of Leopold I, seeks help from then-European superpower Louis XIV of France, but France, which was an ally with the Turk, rejects the offer. In the end, the Pope has provided enormous subsidies to Poland, attracting Jan III Soviet skiing. Jan Soewski, a follower of France, formed an alliance, but it is not easy to participate, and when the Pope persuaded Lauren's Charles to join the German Empire, Jan Soewski allowed him to participate.(In fact, even then Poland's main enemy was the Ottoman Empire. Seven years ago I lost my territory in the war...) Eventually, 75,000 European Union troops, including 25,000 troops led by Jan Soewski, camped in the hills of Vienna. On the morning of September 12th, Jan's bodyguard, who became the head of the European Union in Kalenberg near Vienna, attacked the Turks. Eventually, the Turks are defeated in the battle, and the Great Wazib barely escapes Vienna while the Turks are destroyed. It is said that it took 10 days just to capture this capture... In addition to political influence, this battle has a great influence on food... First, after this battle, the coffee that remained in the barracks was introduced to Europe (Viena coffee is still famous). It is said that bread called Krasang, which resembles the Ottoman crescent, and bread, which resembles the stirrups of Polish soldiers, were also made. The bigger problem, however, is that the Ottoman Empire, which later began to be pushed back, lost much of its European territory, including Hungary, to Austria and European countries in the war to 1699. The military superiority of the Ottoman Empire over Europe, which had been around for nearly 400 years, was offset. Europe, which had been defeated by the Ottoman Empire, won the first naval battle at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, and defeated the Ottoman army in 1683, offsetting Osman's inferiority consciousness and, in earnest, overtaking the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century. It was a battle in which the Ottoman Empire's efforts to overtake Europe again in a military equilibrium caused by the development of Europe in the 17th century were defeated, which eventually led to the intersection of Western Europe and the Ottoman Empire.

"I'll order you to shoot yourself," said Park Jung-hee, "I'll order you to shoot yourself."

 On Oct. 16, a day before the seventh anniversary of the declaration of Yushin, Park Jung-hee's "I will order you to shoot yourself," students from Pusan National University, who were criticized for Yushin University, rushed out of the school gate through the police cordon. The police panicked. Along with citizens, protesters quickly took control of the city center. It was a rare occurrence. The police used tear gas to suppress the attack, but they were helpless. By nightfall, the number of demonstrators had risen to 50,000. The public sentiment exploded, and attacks on public buildings continued the next day. The police box and the office of the Republican branch were the targets of heavy strikes by protesters. The 10.16-11 police boxes were destroyed, the 10.17-21 police boxes were destroyed, and the anger of the citizens of the six police cars spread to Masan. Martial law was issued as of midnight on the 18th, the third day of the demonstration. Airborne units and marines were urgently deployed to Seoul and Pohang, and tanks were stationed in the city center. The demonstrators were subjected to ruthless violence. Most of the people who were taken to the martial law army were simple citizens. Of the 1,500 people arrested in the Buma uprising, only dozens were students. The demonstrations were so intense that the firing was seriously contemplated. At 2 a.m. on the 18th, when martial law fell, someone rushed down from Seoul to find out the situation. Kim Jae-kyu National Intelligence Service. The lane, the global market, he witnessed protests are serious than I expected. It is not already students ' protest. An active part of its citizens was a shock to him. On the day of demonstration Bouma to come up to Kim Jae-kyu is straight at Cheong Wa Dae, the truth of the report. Kim Jae-kyu Park received a report of the president did not hide its displeasure over. Cha Ji-chul joined by Chief Officer of the Central Intelligence Agency, the virtual world. Kim Jae-kyu, " system for resistance and distrust in government protests took place. There are showing signs of spread to five major cities. " Park - " The situation is worse, I shot myself, the word to fire down." Cha Ji-cheol - "We've sacrificed 3 million people in Cambodia, but it's not a big deal if we sacrifice 1 to 2 million?" -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I hope you don't go out. Your Excellency is " Things are worse from now on, shoot myself, the word to say." saying. "In the end of the Liberals, and that choeingyu gwagyeongju the word to a man named was it, president, but I give the command is executed by firing squad because someone is executed by firing squad?" they said.

invention of a camera

 It is also known as a camera. It is used not only in commonly referred photography but also in fields such as press photography, commercial photography, architectural photography, or in a wide range of fields such as microscopy, roentgen photography, aerial photography, and astronomical photography. The origin is thought to be camera obscura (which means dark room in Latin). The prototype of the camera opscura is believed to have been used to project external landscapes or investigate solar eclipses through small holes in the roofs, walls, and doors of dark rooms. It has changed into a form that can be moved by several people, installed in a suitable place, so that the scenery can be observed from the inside, and then transformed into a small one that can be carried by one person, and developed into a shape close to the camera. Although Leonardo da Vinci invented the camera Obscure, the photographer, H.According to Gernshime's explanation, R. Bacon (1212-9412) of the UK not only knew the principle of camera obscura, but also observed Japanese food and scenery with it. However, there is also a record that the principle was discovered 20 years before bacon. Later than Leonardo da Vinci, the Italian physicist G.d.Porta (1535?~1615) recommends using the camera opscura as a tool for painting in his 1558 book "Magia naturalis." This was a well-known book at the time, and Leonardo da Vinci's note had been buried for about three centuries after his death, so there was a time when Porta was considered the inventor of the Camera Obscura. Meanwhile, Italian physicist G. Cardano wrote in 1550 that inserting a lens into a hole in the camera obscura would give a brighter image, and that the Venetian aristocrat D.Barbalo announced the effects of aperture in 1567. Looking at the connection between camera obscura and camera, the portable camera opscura presented by Wurtzburg monk J. Chan in 1685 is seen as the prototype of future box cameras or reflex cameras. The portable camera opscula was mainly used as a painting tool, and it was T. Wedgwood of England who conceived the idea of making images using the camera opscula, and the experiment was conducted around 1802 but failed. Unlike the camera opscura, the daguerreotype camera is the purpose of fixing the image from the beginning, that is, the camera for taking pictures. It has two wooden boxes overlapping and allows you to adjust the focus by pushing a dark slide from the back into a box with a lens in front of it. As for the lens, Chouvalier's Colourless Lens, which is said to have been modified by French Chouvalier for photography, were used, and the brightness was F14, which was not a complete lens. The camera went on the market in Paris in 1839. Meanwhile, according to Gernshime, British optical mechanic F. West advertised the sale of popular cameras two months before the daguerreotype camera was released, a calotype invented by W.H.F. Tolbert. The lens of the Daguerreotype camera was not performing well at the time of its release, so the demand for a brighter and sharper lens increased, so Vin's Petzbal designed an F 3.4 lens, and a forktrendel's metal camera with this lens was sold in 1841. Around 1850, cameras using folding sticks or cloth bodies were released. In addition, a two-eye stereoscopic camera (stereo camera) was also produced around this time. And the Collodion Act of 1851 was F.S.It was announced by Archer. The wet plate method was more convenient for photographing than the daguerreotype and the calotype, but there is a disadvantage that the photographing must be completed when the photosensitive film is wet. Therefore, studies have been conducted to prevent the wet plate from drying, and since 1856, a collodion plate in Norris, England, which covers the wet plate membrane with a solution such as Arabic rubber or gelatin or casein and dries it, has been commercially available. However, in 1871, Murdox of England announced a keyboard made by silver bromide, making it easier to handle cameras. As the dry plate became common, the sensitivity was higher than that of the wet plate, so it became impossible to expose it with a lens cap like in the wet plate era, and a drop shutter (gilitin shutter) installed in front of the lens was devised. Then, a folding hand camera came out, and a shutter was also operated at high speed. In the next 10 years, a changing box with several keyboards and a magazine camera with several keyboards inside the camera that can be replaced by a new one when photographed. Reflex cameras, on the other hand, were designed in 1861 to remove mirrors with handles only while T.Satten adopted the Camera Obscura Principle, as well as two or three patents and products, but later became the basis for numerous large 1-anliflexes such as Sophoflex, Solentonflex, and Graflex. This camera was introduced in 1898. A paper roll film was released by J. Eastman in 1884, and a Kodak camera using the roll film was manufactured and released in 1888. It is a simple box camera, but it succeeded in popularizing photos as the famous phrase, "Press the button, we'll take care of the rest." Subsequently, a nitrocellulose-based film was completed in 1889, and a pocket kodak using a folding roll film was released in 1898. In the 1900s, the products that are the basis of today's cameras were introduced, and the first was the German O in 1925.It is a Leica that uses 35mm film designed by Barnak. The original work was completed in 1914, but the announcement was delayed due to World War I, and after that, Leica has been released up to the current M6 model. The other is Raleiflex by Frange Heideke Co., Ltd., which was released in 1929. It is a model that opened the era of 2-anliplex, but only a small amount is currently produced. In addition, Chase Icon's spring camera group also formed an era, and these cameras laid the foundation for the current small cameras. And although they are not as common as these cameras, the Ermanox with F2 lenses was released in 1924. Until World War II, the 35mm camera group, which was the peak of Leica Contacts (Chiseicon Company), Lolai and numerous 2-anliflex, and the spring camera group were the main models of cameras. However, after the war, 35mm 1-anliflex and EE cameras that adopted Pentaprim appeared, and Kodak's instrumental camera group and auto focus (autofocus) cameras were developed again. In addition, a digital camera has recently been developed that can take and store photos without films.

massacres committed by the Israeli government and Lebanese militia

 The savage Arab-Muslims think they need a "kind club of love." Well, why do Arabs hate Israel so much? The reason is to protest Israel's so-called ruthless punishment of the so-called "less inferior" -- for example, "mad to tear the first act," "allah" in his head, "brainless" and "crude" -- rich, well-educated, benevolent Israelis will lead them all to the right path. In the process, a little "hawk of love" is inevitably needed. In the logic, Arabs and Muslims form a crane... I've had it all this time, so... Apart from the fact that the Palestinians were deprived of their land, especially in their lives, they are living a little better than complete garbage... Both sanitation and cultural and economic... Of course, all of these things are deliberately and secretly done by the Israeli government... Should I call it the Palestinian Census Day Program? Of course, there are times when I see the barbarism of Arabs and Muslims that Israel's actions are somehow good, but here I'm going to take a look at the Israeli government's genocide and torture and persecution of Palestinians... In Korea, there are many pro-American, pro-Israel newspapers, so I know that Israel has been genocide, but I don't think I know the details... So I'm going to take a closer look at it. Of course, the general manager at this time is now the famous Ariel Sharon, and first of all, let me write down an interview about the Chatura genocide that occurred during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. Approximately more than 3,000 people have been slaughtered in Sabra and Shatila... This interview is an interview with a militia that participated in a genocide in February 1983 by Spiegel, a German weekly magazine... The title is "Your Gaja is the Revenge." We gathered at Shahrt Wadi in the Nightingale Valley southeast of Beirut, on Wednesday, September 15th. We were about 300 people from eastern Beirut, southern Lebanon, and the Akara Mountains in the north. I was a member of the Tiger Militia of former President Carmel Chamoun. The officer of Palange called us up and took us to the meeting place. They said they wanted us to do "special activities." The officers repeatedly told us, "You are envoys of good faith." They told us, "You are each avenger." At that time, about 10 Israeli soldiers in blue uniforms arrived. They didn't wear a rank badge. They played cards, and they were good at Arabic, except that all Jews pronounce the hard sound "h" as "ch." They talked about the Palestinian refugee camps in Shabra and Shatila. It was clear what we had to do and we waited for it. We must swear that we will not disclose anything about our activities. At 10 p.m., we boarded a U.S. military truck given to us by the Israeli military. We parked the truck near the control tower. Right next to the Israeli military base there, there was already a truck, just like the one we rode. Some Israelis in Farange's uniforms were with the troops. Our officers said, "The Israeli friends who will accompany you will help you carry out the mission." They instructed us not to use firearms as much as possible. "Everything must go quiet," we looked at the other colleagues. They had to carry out their duties with bayonets and knives. The valley was lined with bloody bodies. Half-awake women and children were crying for help, putting our whole plan in danger of falling through. Screaming woke the refugees up. At that time, I saw again the Israelis who participated in our secret meeting at that place. One of them signaled us to step back from the entrance to the refugee camp. Then they started shooting. The Israelis used flare to support us. There were shocking scenes showing what kind of people the Palestinians were. Some people, including women, hid themselves behind donkeys in a small valley. We unfortunately had to shoot down the poor beasts to end the Palestinians hiding behind the donkeys. When the donkeys screamed in pain, the image stuck in my head. It was a horrifying scene. A colleague entered a house full of women and children. The Palestinians screamed and threw the gas stove to the floor. We sent the trashy humans to hell.   At about 4 a.m., our group returned to the truck. Then, as the morning sun rose, we entered the refugee camp again. We walked past the bodies. As we tripped over the bodies, we shot and stabbed the Mosen witnesses to death. Killing people was easy once you tried it a few times. Then came the bulldozer of the Israeli army. "Bring everything to the ground. Don't let any witnesses live." But despite our efforts, there were overflowing people. There was a great deal of confusion as people fled from place to place. It was impossible to bury them all underground. It became clear that the plan had failed. Thousands escaped from there. Many Palestinians have been saved. As a result, people are now talking about genocide everywhere and sympathizing with the Palestinians. Who is to rate the sufferings we suffer? I Just be a live syatilla in water, food, eat, my neck and they battled for a full 24 hours. Sabeura and sya of Tila in September 1982 massacre, fascist party Falange members of Christian militia in Lebanon, Israel, with aiding and abetting in the survey of the root sabeura syatilla been stormed and started the indiscriminate slaughter in the Palestinian refugee camps. 

Palestine Liberation Organization (plo), and in the first three months after Israel invaded Lebanon in tears of the Palestinian refugees to Syria that took place only weeks after it moved to the base massacre, which caused shock and outrage in the world. Israel had promised the Reagan administration that it would not advance to SurveyRoute if a ceasefire was made on the condition that the PLO would withdraw from Syria, but Prime Minister Menahem Vegin and Defense Secretary Ariel Sharon decided to ignore the agreement, and Israeli forces rushed to SurveyRoute the next morning. The United States and Israel protested the government of Lebanon, but weak Lebanese government, not just powerful horse and had some ulterior motive in the U.S. government seems different. The Israeli military said the heavily armed soldiers and tanks surrounded the refugee camps and syatilla sabeura far right militants in Lebanon after being brought in refugee camps. A victim of a ‘party murder’ for two days until Wednesday morning in the afternoon 18 million the day is not known exactly how much. Even relatively conservative on statistics of the International Red Cross murder victim to 27.5 million people. The figure is mainly based on bodies that are falling all over the site. The limb was severed most of the bodies were. As a weapon of genocide machine guns, the militants prefer an ax and bayonet. The butcher in a hole dug by mobilizing the bulldozer from bodies did not properly excavated. On top of that, abduction and disappearance of their calculation, the damage to the number of far higher. This dirty with Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, (Perhaps, the organizer) is now aiding and abetting of operations. Gojongseok, Editorial Writer aromachi@hk.co.kr ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- on Israel's actions and crimes against humanity is considerable sympathy vote as the features are reflected as a victim, but they have always been a long record was Hitler's massacre of Jews and a suit ... but jinjjappwaswi, blaming biingwonAmong them, it shows the most primitive and ignorant form. There must be a lesson in world history in how such indiscriminate persecution and display of power will eventually lead to the annihilation of Jews. I guess they don't want to think that tolerance is another weapon that guarantees their survival.

Battle between the ancient nomadic cavalry archers and the mixed army of settlers.

1. The basic strategy of nomadic forces - swarm; gather.attack in droves- refers to the intensive attack of several units on a specific target. 

①Effective Use of Swarm - Divide units into small groups and take turns hitting and pulling out.The mounted archers in the back are direct as they go forward, and the mounted archers in the front are bent over their shoulders as they fall back.These attacks, as if they were a wave, are of paramount importance. 

②Why do you need a swarm? First, the hit rate has increased.Even if you can't hit the target, you can meet other goals, and it's hard to hit because the number of allies is dispersed and you can move freely. Second, it's good to retreat.The surrounding forces can easily escape if their power is weakened or exhausted, but the surrounding forces cannot.Of course, if there is an enemy force outside the surrounding force, the surrounding force is often involved in reverse. Third, it is advantageous for securing and disseminating information.The army is spread out and open, so it is possible to respond immediately to the situation elsewhere and to continue to recruit supplies.Of course, it's impossible for a besieged force to do so. 

③So how do you solve a worm?How can I avoid getting caught? In order not to be surrounded, it is important to secure the same mobility as the enemy or to utilize the terrain that can limit the enemy's mobility.If you are surrounded, you must firmly protect your formation while waiting for salvation outside.An archer who can respond to the enemy is also essential, and if there is no archer, it must somehow withstand it with the power of defense.However, it is important to note that the power of defense equipment is also limited. 

④Do you need only a swarm? No. Swarm alone cannot do fatal damage to the enemy, and even if it does, it takes too long.Also, in order to quickly destroy the enemy at once, close combat or charge is important, and an appropriate number of medium-sized soldiers or infantry is required to achieve this.Most nomadic armies mobilized infantry or heavily armed heavy-duty soldiers to war. 

⑤The final strategy is, first of all, it is important to attract the enemy to light-armed soldiers.The enemy must also be somewhat prepared for the nomadic army, and to offset the enemy's advantages, they must provoke the enemy or pretend to lose and draw it out of an advantageous terrain.Of course, if the enemy did not have such a topographical advantage, it would be the next step. Next, quick mounted archers shoot arrows at the enemy's position and induce the enemy's formation to be dispersed.When the enemy's formation is dispersed or too focused on the front defense, heavy cavalry or infantry immediately flock to the side.If the enemies quickly returned to their original state, the mounted archers fired arrows again.As he continued to reduce the strength of the enemy, he changed his horse. If you repeat this to some extent, the enemy will surely try to escape.If the heavy cavalry attacks at this time, the enemy can be destroyed.If you continue to resist despite doing this, stop the attack, form a siege, block the distribution, or retreat and reorganize once and then attack again. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 

2. Then, what is the strategy of the residents?The answer is to hide troops, utilize topography, and join forces!   

①Enemies surround you?Then we can lay siege to them, too! Are the enemies surrounding you?You don't have to worry.If the enemy tries to surround him, it will come into the prisoner's mouth and eat the remnants of his teeth.--in other words, our army should also surround the enemy.Then what? First of all, a highly mobile force is needed.If it is too slow than the besieged forces, it may be surrounded in reverse, and the besieged forces will gain time to see and evacuate.Therefore, a quick mobile unit is needed. If the mobile unit is satisfied, the next thing you need to do is hide them.No matter how much the enemy is distracted by the plunder, if you see our troops hiding, you cannot surround our bait troops.Of course, mobile units should be hidden as much as possible, but they should be hidden behind forests, behind walls, or between reed forests. Of course, no matter how well you hide it, it is also important for the decoy unit to properly provoke and seduce the enemy in front of you. An example of this is the fight between Alexander and Skittai.At this time, Alexander used his own light cavalry as bait and used the alarm as a topography to beat the skitai mounted archers. 

②Enemies are going to surround you?In the middle of the river? If the enemy wants to surround, it is necessary to select the topography well so that the enemy cannot surround it.No matter how many cavalry they are, they cannot surround themselves in the mountains, forests, or wide rivers.It's an equatorial cavalry.Of course, even if you use the topography well, remember that if you are lured by your opponent, it is a steal. 

③Aren't your enemies eating? The enemy also has a base.The enemy's residential points include nomadic areas, trading centers, and villages under them.If these areas are occupied, the enemy will naturally run out of funds.The biggest drawback of the nomadic army is that it is too weak for money.Mongolia also secured financial resources to attack the Geum Dynasty by occupying commercial bases, and other nomadic peoples have also been the basis for securing commercial bases = prosperity.Conversely, if you take over their commercial bases and persuade them with money, of course there will be internal strife between the enemies.It is a strategy mainly used by prominent Chinese dynasties in the past, such as Alexander and Bizantin. 

④But we still have to fight.Then? If you have to fight to show them the example, or if you have to, you must join forces.Joint management of cavalry, archers, and heavy infantry is the secret of victory. Archers constantly respond to enemies, cavalry chase enemies, and heavy infantry block enemies' charge, which is the core of the combined forces.For example, the European Crusaders also used this tactic to win against Saracen (why did they forget and fight the Hundred Years War?) and in the Song Dynasty, they learned how to make a palace using dramatic palaces and godfathers, and in Byzantine, they used Kataplactos and Scutatus. Managing such complex departments must be one of the biggest homework of the settlers' generals. I have explained the above nomadic fighting methods, response methods of settlers, and examples.If this is made into a movie, won't it be possible to enjoy the beauty of true strategy and tactics?