Sumerians are Korean

 Sumerians are Koreans. Professor Samuel Kremer, famous for his work History Begins at Sumer, said that the first 39 human cases, including the first creation story, education, and judicial systems, all began in Sumer. Mesopotamia, one of the four major birthplaces of human civilization learned from elementary school textbooks, literally means "meso-potamia" between the two rivers. Yanggang is a term for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Dilmundongsan Mountain, called the "Eden" Garden in the Bible, is also an area between the two rivers, and even this garden is said to have been ruined by the bombing. The countries that Bush called the "axis of evil," Iraq, Iran and North Korea, all have one thing in common in that they are the birthplaces of human ultra-high civilization. Now, North Korean scholars call it the Daedong River Civilization, and it is said that after the discovery of the Black Meoru site, there was a civilization older than the Mesopotamian civilization in the Daedong River basin. Bush is now targeting these three countries, calling them "axis of evil." Let's call it the American 'history complex. Around 3500 BC, a group of humans began to flock to Mesopotamia. And it starts to settle down there. This group of humans is called Sumerian, which means "black hair." However, the problem is that when they come to the Yanggang region, they have already brought high-quality culture such as text, school system, and legal system. Then where on earth did they move to Mesopotamia? The problem of the origin of these Sumerians, which has been left as an unresolved problem, is even called the Sumer Problem. Egypt's civilization in the Nile basin is 1,000 years older than Sumer's, and India's Indus Valley civilization is a similar later civilization. The civilization brought by the Sumerians is a high-level civilization beyond imagination, and at that time, the Hebrews of the present day were literally "Habiru," and the meaning of the word was "traveling" or "sandeul." When the Sumerians used the cuneiform script, the Hebrews had no text, and they even wore animal skins called clothing. However, the Sumerians discovered weaving techniques and had already dyed their clothes. The architecture was also advanced enough to build a two-story house. Now discovered and stolen from the war are almost economic transaction documents, which are contract documents left after the transaction. Kang Shin-taek, a South Korean professor, received his doctorate from Yale University and is recognized for his research in the field. Christianity was the most shocked place when Sumerian letters were first discovered in Iraq in the 1830s. This is because the earliest incident was believed to have occurred in the Palestinian region, and the original story of Genesis and flood stories were recorded in Sumerian soil where the Garden of Eden was believed to have occurred. There were men and women in the Garden of Eden, and taboos against picking the fruit of the Garden, and surprisingly similar records poured out in Schumer, saying that men, not women, pick first, and that floods made ships because there was a righteous man named Giashd. High-end culture Sumerian classifies Hebrew culture as low- Western civilization consists of two streams: Greek rational reason and Hebrew emotional faith. These two streams meet in ancient Sumerian civilization. When the Sumerian Nammu Kingdom collapsed around 2000 BC, the Schumer civilization was divided into two parts. There is no doubt that the archetype of the Greek temple of Olympus is that of the Dilmun Garden of Sumer, and the spiritual heritage of the Hebrews is still following that of Sumer. Now, isn't that how Iraq is collapsing, like the spiritual home of human civilization is being ravaged or wiped out? 4. Sumerians and Korea. Where did Sumerians come from? This is the topic of the Sumerian problem. There are clues to their origins. That's the text they left behind. If either language is of the same lineage, the characteristics of the language must first be the same, the grammatical structure must be the same, and similar languages, especially the same rhetoric. The reason why we say that Indian and European languages are the same is because English, German, French, and Indian Shanskrit are all the same in these three respects. Of course, there is no exception to the comparison with Sumerian. In my opinion, Korean is almost perfectly the same language in these three respects. First of all, the characteristic of language is Sumerian, which means the language called 'Eun, Eun, Yi, Ga' after the subject or object of Korean. This is a common phenomenon in the Ural Altai language. However, Chinese and Indian are not deadlocked languages. So it is not the same in its characteristics as Sumerian. Next, in the grammatical structure, Sumerian is 'subject+object+verb'. It is different from English or Chinese and has the same structure as Korean. Finally, it should be the same in terms of rhetoric, but in <Samguk Sagi>, the ancient Korean word rhetoric remains. I have compared the Sumerian investigation with our ancient investigation, and Professor Cho Chul-soo, who recently returned from Hebrew University after receiving a Ph.D. in Sumerian, made an in-depth study and published it. Let me give you an example here. The first 1 in Sumerian is called asas, which is consistent with the old Korean language of the Three Kingdoms. The first wash is called "Assi Laundry," and the morning is called "Asa," and this is where Asis, which means a sunrise morning, comes from. -Punju: 'Ah' means the beginning as seen in the morning child.An excavation by the British scholar Cramer revealed that the "Black Headed People East Asians" had brought in all civilizations and established the Sumerian civilization - "Zigurat" provides clues of Sumerian origin in addition to language. The ziggurat is an artificial tower built of bricks. Of course, it is the origin of the pyramids, and the predecessor of the Tower of Babel in the Old Testament is none other than the Ziggurat...Fortunately, archaeologists are now searching for Sumerian remains in Turkey and Mongolia. Around 3500 B.C., where was the region that had the brilliant high civilization? In addition, the similarities between Sumer and Korea remain the subject of research in terms of the burial system, the burial system, the 60-point method, and the phoenix of the supreme leader. Reporter Kim Sang-il (Hanshin University professor of philosophy) - Oh My News

Ziggurat = Pyramid Reference Photograph (part of the 'Delivery Civilization Pyramids' in Manchuria - taken by German archaeologist Hausdorf). I was chased by the Chinese authorities right after I sent the picture. These 'pyramids of Delivery Civilization' in Manchuria are usually found to be more than 5,000 to 6,000 years old - China Archaeological Research Institute - China's Xinhua News Agency revealed only a fraction of the above

http://www.china.org.cn/english/15802.htm <Original Text> 5,000-year-old "Pyramid" Found in Inner Mongolia   Chinese archaeologists has discovered a pyramid-shaped building, dating back more than 5,000 years ago, in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, in north China. The "pyramid", located on a mountain ridge one kilometer north of Sijiazi Township in the Aohan Banner (county), is a three-storied stone building, with the bottom layer being more than 30 meters long and 15 meters wide. The "pyramid" belongs to the Hongshan Culture period of 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, according to Guo Dashun, a famous Chinese archaeologist who works in Liaoning Archaeological Research Institute. Seven tombs and ruins of an altar were found on the top of the "pyramid." At the site of the altar there are many fragments of broken pottery carved with the Chinese character “mi" (rice). Archaeologists said that the character "mi" may have something to do with people's understanding of astrology in ancient times. In one of the tombs, archaeologists found a bone flute and a stone ring, and they unearthed a stone sculpture of a goddess the size of a human body in another tomb. Archaeologists were surprised to find a stone-carved linga on the wall of a tomb and a small stone statue of a goddess below the linga in the same tomb. Archaeologist Guo said that many of the relics were first-time discoveries and they are of great significance in studying the burial customs, religious and sacrifice rituals, and the social structure of the Hongshan Culture. He pointed out, the discovery of the "pyramid" is also of great significance in exploring the origin of the Chinese civilization. The Hongshan Culture, belonging to the Neolithic culture, is mainly distributed in the juncture area between Inner Mongolia, Liaoning and Hebei provinces. (Xinhua News Agency 07/09/2001)

Joseon's bowl is by no means a 'maksabal'

 The Joseon bowl is never a "bamboo bowl," said Seo Mi-hyun, a reporter for "Our Bowl Story" by Shin Han-kyun, a fraudster, "The Joseon bowl was made by potters just using and throwing away without any artistic consciousness. However, we Japanese have an intuition to see things, so we sublimated a grab bowl, which no one had ever seen in Joseon, into the noblest tea bowl. Therefore, the beauty of the Joseon bowl is the Japanese sense of beauty that was discovered."    ▲ <Our Bowl Story> 2002005 This is why the Joseon bowl, explained by the Japanese people of Gayanet, became Japan's national treasure. It is a claim that Japan has sublimated what was first made by Joseon but treated as a very ugly catch, into a specialty of the world. But so far, few have disputed Japan's ongoing catch theory. Rather, they accept the theory of catching and use the word "maksabal" naturally. Recently, there has been a person who has criticized this issue head-on. He is a fraud, neither a famous scholar nor a professional. This is the story of Shin Han-kyun, a fraudster who published "The Story of Our Bowl." By chance, he saw the Joseon bowl, which became Japan's national treasure, and was convinced that it was never a self-baked rice bowl. Since then, he has been obsessed with finding the roots of "Maksabal" by searching for old documents of Kyujanggak and meeting Japanese art museums and private collectors. Then, over a decade later, he finally discovered a secret. The "Maksabal" was not just made to use and throw away, but was a jegi made by a fraudulent plant. The evidence is the map seed and color of the bowl, narrow and high heels that are difficult to use practically, and the subtle rain-blue color created after careful calculation through a fireplace that requires keeping the kiln at more than 1,300 degrees. The Joseon bowl, which Japan downgraded to an accidentally created "aesthetics of failure" but supported as a national treasure, was a ritual used to hold ancestral rites at private houses near Jinju. "Koryo Dawan (Korean bowl), which Japan treats as a national treasure, is not a maksabal. Instead, it should be called Hwang Tae-ok's bowl, considering its color and decoration." He rejects the word 'mak-babal' itself. This is because Yanagi Muneyoshi, an aesthetist during the Japanese colonial period, translated the expression by disparaging the value of the Joseon bowl, and originated from the logic of colonial history. Instead, it was named "Hwang Tae-ok Bowl" in consideration of color and decoration. Shin Han-kyun is the eldest son of Shin Jeong-hee Ong, who first reproduced a Joseon bowl that moved to Japan in 1968. Although he majored in business administration and stood on the platform of a university, he grabbed dirt instead of a pen to continue his family business. Twenty years after living with the bowl, he made it his lifelong goal to restore the meaning of our misknown bowl and let people know it. Our Bowl Story is an extension of that. He didn't care about the sarcastic remarks from people around him, saying, "Why is a bowl maker sticking to the study of a bowl that went to Japan?" <Our Bowl Story> adds to the fun of reading the history of our bowl from the perspective of the scammer as well as the interesting backstory related to it. It also tells the story that the Joseon bowl became a treasure for the Japanese before the Japanese Invasion of Korea, and that the "Cha-Bal War" that Japan fought to take away the Joseon bowl, the world's best ceramic destination at the time, was the Imjin War. He also recreated Hoeryeong bowl, which is not well known to us. At the Dangjinso exhibition held in Japan in 1990, I felt that there was a deep relationship with us while looking at the cultural property pottery called "Ogoryo." Dangjin is a village of potters who crossed from Dangjin in Joseon under the name of Kyushu, Japan. And in the decade, Shin finds something interesting. It was revealed that "Ogoryo" belonged to the gold built by the Yeojin invading northern China, and that Hamgyeong was also made in the Hoeryong region. It was also found that the coolness of the Joseon Dynasty began here. The book also featured 400 photos of pottery manufacturing methods and Korean bowls that could only be talked about without a fraudulent plant. And Shin didn't forget what he said. Pottery is not an art of seeing, but an art of writing. "Pottery that is not in use has lost its meaning as a ceramic. The beauty of true ceramics is found in use." Pottery is the philosophy of Shin Han-kyun, a swindler of our bowls.

Large factors other than geopolitical factors among natural conditions affecting countries around the world

 Climate... weather, especially in the agricultural era. Now, of course, it's not that bad. However, in the 19th century and the early 20th century... Until recently, the cold regions of the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, and Japan have developed more technology and are superior, and we tend to be buried secretly. a sense of superiority over the tropics Well, southern countries India, Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia... ...even in Europe, Spain, Italy, etc. have racial and climatic inferiority and blah blah blah blah blah blah. This trend in the industrial era became surprising when India stood out in the computer software industry around the new century, BRICS giants such as India and Brazil emerged, and Spain and Italy emerged as Mediterranean economies. And our country, which was about to be buried by that, is, the older generation has a lot of these ideas, the Japanese colonial era and the Baktong period. the modern value of the United States, Britain, France, Germany, and Japan as the only civilized country and then us... I saw on TV before that some old man was Italian, and Italy was a backward country... and the host was like... However, this sense of superiority over the southern country is mainly a product of the 19th and 20th centuries. Four great civilizations: China, India, Iraq, Egypt... ...Greek and Rome. Until just before the Industrial Revolution, the biggest economies were China and India, which is, until the 17th and 8th centuries, living in cold places was a disaster, but the Japanese called the Northeast, and the Chinese called Manchuria a "ghumun." The Ghost Door... an entrance to hell In fact, Northern Europe and Sweden are the only major countries in the cold zone in the agricultural era, because Denmark is a warmer region, Iceland and Norway are Danish territory, and Finland is Swedish territory. To Russian territory after the Napoleonic Wars. But it's unique that there are traditional countries like Sweden and Russia in the Cold War. Russia has Ukraine, but it must have been after modern times that it was taken away from Turkey or nomadic peoples. Fertile before gun possession, but terrifying for Russians. a nomadic attack For your information, Norway was an independent country in the 1820s, and Finland was an independent country in 1919. in the industrial age Other examples include our Gojoseon, Goguryeo, and Balhae... ...the cold Manchurian region. Large-scale agriculture began in Manchuria in the 18th century when Han Chinese peasants migrated to China. So how did our three kingdoms... how did they move their capital to Pyongyang, which is smaller in population than Baekje? Even if the nomadic peoples of the North are strong, they constantly aim for China south of the Great Wall and donate their land to China to become like the Manchus. That's why... It's cold, it's dry, and Japan and China have been attacking Manchuria and North Sea since the Qing and Edo periods, but the 19th century is when Russia conquers Siberia in the 17th century, Alaska in the 18th century, England and France in the 18th century, and Canada in the 19th century. The slaughter and deportation of Indian Eskimos. This profit is the reason why it is possible to occupy wasteland in recent times and to develop it in earnest from the 19th century when science and technology developed. Alaska is a land of gold foundation after Russia sold it to the United States in the 1870s. Becoming famous for dog sledging... ...Canada was British territory and then independence after World War II. Even though Russian Siberia and Chinese Manchuria are still poor... ...the North Sea, Alaska, Canada, and Northern Europe are "arctic paradise." Double victory for industrialism and capitalism. Canada, along with the United States and Australia, is one of the world's top three exporters of food. a food warehouse for mankind Temperatures below the cold climate are the best places to live, with the world's top three temperate regions being Europe (UK, France, Germany), East Asia (China, Korea, Japan), and North America (United States as a whole...). countries with four distinct seasons In the past, tropical and temperate zones were the best in the agricultural era, but in the industrial era, temperate and cold zones were the best... But now we're coming back down to India and Brazil. Italy, Spain... well, Southern Europe naps, which were a derogatory element of laziness during the development dictatorship, are now introduced by Roh Moo Hyun Anyway, the only "systematic kingdoms of cold regions in the agricultural era" are Sweden, Russia, and our three kingdoms of Manchuria. Tibet and the Inca Empire can also be considered countries that have endured difficult climates in the alpine regions. Geopolitical factors + climate = the inevitable invisible conditions of history... ...but that's also an old saying.

Turtle Ship praised by world-renowned historian James Adams

 Originally developed in 1413 the kobukson, or 'turtle ship', began as an updated version of the kwason, or 'spear ship' (designed for ramming enemy vessels in combat). The turtle ship is probably the most famous class of vessel to exist in Korean naval history. However, the initial design of this craft only generally resembles that of those built later in the 16th century which culminated in the famous battleships of 1592.    As is typical of most famous weapons systems the turtle ship did not suddenly emerge but rather evolved from earlier and less refined designs. The immediate ancestor of the turtle ship was the p'anokson (pictured right) which functioned as the workhorse of the Korean navy both before and throughout the time of the turtle ship (normally outnumbering the turtle ships in combat). It's most noteworthy features are that it has two decks, an upper deck where troops would be stationed and an enclosed lower deck to protect the oarsmen in combat; a 'castle' situated centrally on the upper deck, used as a command and observation post by the captain; and high sides designed to repel boarders. This last point is significant as the Japanese, Korea's long-term and primary naval adversary, would typically attack an enemy ship by boarding it.        Illustration of a turtle ship of earlier design from the 15th century. Artist's impression of a late 16th century turtle ship - click to enlarge.      Following on from the p'anokson the original turtle ships featured high sides and two separate decks. However, they typically omitted the inclusion of a 'castle' and were originally designed with the emphasis of being able to be used to ram and damage an opponent's ship without suffering damage themselves. Because of this they were boxy and very solidly constructed, as has been historically typical of Korean warships, but even more so in this case. This design was taken to its ultimate conclusion in the 16th century by the legendary Korean naval figure, Admiral Yi. These improvements included a completely enclosed and overhung upper deck. This was shared by the gunners and oarsmen and was covered over by a sturdy, curved, roof. Armoured plates to which spikes had been attached would form an outer skin making this roof both tough and practically impossible to walk across. As a final touch these spikes would often be obscured by straw or mats to lure in unsuspecting boarders. On the sides of the upper deck gun ports were positioned, allowing the firing of cannon or for use by archers. There were also additional ports at the bow and stern of the ship. While the open decked p'anokson made an ideal platform for carrying out remote bombardment the advanced turtle ships of the 16th century were best suited to rapidly moving in to engage enemy vessels up close and break up enemy lines before quickly withdrawing. While turtle ships of this vintage were still occasionally used to ram enemy ships they were now generally seen as too valuable to risk in a collision with another ship. Also despite their power and their fame it was uncommon for more than five of these vessels to see action in any one battle.    Following the transmission of gunpowder technology from Ming dynasty China in 1373 the Koreans rapidly developed a highly advanced range of naval artillery. By 1410 it was common for their ships to be armed with a variety of cannon with records showing that at this time they possessed 160 ships of war with artillery on board. This marked a turning point where the Koreans began to favour an approach similar to that of the Chinese which emphasised the bombardment of enemy vessels rather than attacking by ramming or boarding them. These weapons included deck mounted mortars which fired the Korean version of Chinese 'thunder-crash' bombs - a hard-cased fragmentation projectile. They also used four classes of commonly used cannon, as distinguished by their size, which were typically mounted on mobile wooden carriages (as shown right). While these cannon would fire stone or iron balls the preferred projectile weapon used by the Koreans at this time was a giant arrow with an iron tip and iron or leather fins (shown top right). While these may look like rockets they were not self-propelled but rather fired from a cannon. The largest of these measured up to nine feet (around three metres) long. These projectiles possessed both a longer range and greater accuracy than ball shot but had equivalent destructive power. They also had the advantages that upon impact they would both damage the ship and often themselves shatter, spraying deadly splinters of wood among the crew of the ship they hit, as well as that they could be easily converted into fire arrows. Turtle ships would typically be armed with a full range of normal cannon, firing both ball and arrow projectiles, as well as being crewed by a number of archers.

Professor James Adams, the pride of our people, praised by renowned world historian James Adams of Harvard University in the U.S., praised the turtle ship as the best invention of mankind that is superior to airplane cars. In recognizing the greatness of our people in foreign countries, we ourselves seem to be so lost in defeatism that we neglect our superior traditions.

Hong Da-gu, a Korean who bullied the Goryeo people during the Mongol invasion

 After Goryeo actually surrendered to Mongolia, Kublai planned an expedition to Japan ... so he ordered Goryeo to build a warship ...And I send Hong Da-gu as Yuan official to oversee the construction of this warship... ...supervisor Hong Da-gu was not a Mongolian, but a Koryo who defected to Yuan... ...Hong Da-gu's father is the commander of the Uijou Guards of Goryeo When the Mongols invaded Goryeo, they voluntarily surrendered first and served as a guide to the Mongol army, which was dark in the Goryeo terrain, and made great contributions to the Mongol invasion of Goryeo... And for that, you also have a big government position in Yuan ...However, Koryo, angry at his betrayal, finds a way to retaliate. The Goryeo royal family, who were going to Yuan as hostages, has succeeded in killing Hong Da-gu's father with a huge bribe... who thought his father was unjustly killed by the Duke of Goryeo, when he was sent to Goryeo as a supervisor... considering the number of people who died in the process of building a warshipHe was very scary because he could not make excuses in front of Hong Da-gu, a Goryeo person who knows Goryeo better than anyone else, and there was no way to avoid the advent of Hong Da-gu.Compared to Hong Da-gu's atrocities, Mongolian atrocities are said to be a joke...When Hong Da-gu swept the interior of Goryeo to requisition materials for making warships, he plundered thoroughly enough to say that it was difficult to leave a grain of rice and a spoonful of rice... ...the first Japanese conquest failed and the Yuan Dynasty prepared for the second conquest...But Hong Da-gu was also appointed as the supervisor.Then the terrified Goryeo Dynasty starts with the king and unites together to launch an operation to prevent Hong Da-gu from coming to the supervisor...The king wrote a letter with tears to protest the death of Hong Da-gu to the Yuan emperor Kublai... ...and the Yuan court investigated itself and replaced him with another Mongolian instead of Hong Da-gu. After hearing about the replacement of Hong Da-gu, the Goryeo Dynasty even said, "Hurray!" You can see how Hong Da-gu squeezed Goryeo. In the old colony of Japanese Imperialism days, Korean criminal assistants were more vicious than Japanese detectives... I think this is why people who know them are more vicious...

Hong Da-gu's father is Hong Bok-won, the frontman during the Mongol invasion. I'd say it's a family of traitors who will sell their country.

The Last Student Movement 1990 Three-Party Integration and the Death of Kang Kyung-dae in 1991

 After the pro-Japanese war in Gwangju, the student movement in the 1980s was the most violent one with flames and anti-American sentiment and self-reliance. The 386th generation. The arson attack at the U.S. Cultural Center in Busan in 1985 and the death of 10 police officers at Dongui University in Busan in 1989. The ringleader has been recognized as a post- Kim Dae Jung democrat, which I don't think is right. The reason for the protest was because of the fraudulent entrance examination. In 1987, when Roh Tae-woo came to power and the suppression exploded, the protests intensified, but in January 1990, the unification of the three parties of the short-term broadcasting program... ...the unification of Roh Tae-woo, Kim Young-sam, and Kim Jong-pil spread indifference to politics. Even for Koreans who have always shown excessive interest in politics, they are not interested in politics in advanced countries If not to that extent. I was shocked that Kim Young-sam, a democracy fighter, was involved. Roh Tae-woo's democratic progress, Moon Ik-hwan, Im Soo-kyung, and North Korea are conservative in white-collar jobs, and the fall of communism, including the fall of the Berlin Wall. As a result, the Ganggyeong University incident in 1991 may not be the last mass protest for college students... After Kim Young-sam came to power and the X-generation of political indifference emerged. It may be exciting on the part of the activist group, but in fact, it is undeniable that this phenomenon has emerged since the second half of the Roh Tae-woo administration. University students are indifferent to politics, leaving only the extreme right to campaign. Of course, Korea is not an advanced country yet, and there are many social problems. But we have to solve it with pragmatic policyism... ...oh, I'm touched... ...oh, the people... ...and if we solve it like this, it's not going to change the power structure, it's just going to change the power hierarchy. Only helping young bourgeoisie get ahead. The common people who are jealous of their rich son... ...are both strong by nature. Well, I think our people have been so interested in politics... ...I envy advanced country-type small citizenship. Germany, France, the United States, Japan... ...even if you're interested in politics, it's like a peaceful civic group... ...both political indifference and excessive interest. In our country, we can't ignore this generational trend that has emerged since the 90s. The Exsu generation is now the old generation, but considering that it is the first new generation of advanced countries. the sons and daughters of a mass consumer society Cartoon generation. ============================================================= It is not new that the nation that is supposed to protect the people's property and lives has become a part of the people's lives without knowing the violence of public power that tramples on the people's lives. The death of Park Jong-chul, who died in a gloomy corner of Namyeong-dong in 1987, and the death of Lee Han-yeol, a tear gas victim of the June uprising, is still alive Under the regime, violence of power is much more stark than in the Korean War. After the June 1987 uprising, Roh said in an election booklet titled The Age of the Great Ordinary People, "I couldn't sleep whenever human rights disputes broke out in the past. I was indescribably ashamed when I heard reports that young people like my son and my daughter, and young people who were worried about their country's tomorrow, were tortured," he said. However, from some point on, in the president's quote, "young people worried about their country's tomorrow" has turned into "left-wing violence," and more riot police are out of the street. It was placed in each element. And Roh said, "Officers who neglect law enforcement will be severely reprimanded and vowed to take full account of the problems that arise from working with conviction in the process. He also comforted riot police admitted to police hospitals and lamented the collection of large amounts of gasoline and iron pipes from the university, saying, "We will correct law and disorder at any cost." Accordingly, it is no stranger to the public to see young people in bad clothes standing in pairs at the entrance of the city's underground or public buildings, and a plainclothes group named "Baekgoldan" chased to the end of the alley, snatched the back, and beat mercilessly. On August 6, 1988, Oh Hong-geun, head of the Central Economic Daily, wrote, "Military Culture to be liquidated," and the Army Intelligence Command carried out the attack on Baekju, eavesdropped, followed, and censored at least 1,303 conscientious democrats. After that, the so-called Public Security Joint Chiefs of Staff was established under the pretext of Pastor Moon Ik-hwan's visit to North Korea, and when the so-called Dong-A Incident occurred on May 1989, the police's protest response method was remarkably hard-line, causing numerous victims. On October 13, 1990, President Roh declared a "war on crime and violence" at Boramae Park in Seoul on the same day when the security guard's illegal inspection and military Jeong Jong-sik's National Congress were exposed due to Yoon Seok-yang's conscience declaration. After the declaration of the war, the Seoul Metropolitan Police Department announced a follow-up measure titled "A Plan of Action under the Declaration of the Great Criminal War," and ordered the front-line police to use guns for illegal violence. The plan calls for completely suppressing state-run facilities and police raids with bold weapons, suppressing siege demonstrations, and blocking street demonstrations, but going one step further from the existing "attack-type suppression", and arresting flamethrowers as much as possible. In response, the riot police unified the tactical goals into "all protesters arrested" in three ways: arresting the leaders of the past, dispersing the demonstrators, and preventing them from regrouping. As the operational goal changed like this, it was revised as follows to the past three-stage tactics of suppression. In other words, it changed to a full-scale and violent appearance in which plainclothes guns (Baekgoldan) jumped at the protesters at once by first stage, displaying their power by deploying conquering forces forward in the first stage, intensively shooting SY-44 tear gas bombs, and shooting multiple bombs at once. In addition, the "protesting and equipment improvement plan," which was ordered by the security headquarters to implement to the national police on March 19, 1991, eliminated the concept of retreat and left only "progress attacks" from repeating "progress and retreat" in a company or platoon. It also introduced a new type of sutra that greatly expands the body price and scope of protesters, adds aggressive attack movements, and allows them to hit most parts of their bodies from top to bottom without any restrictions. To this end, in addition to the existing personal suppression stick, which was only 50cm and 70cm long, 110cn of large bamboo was newly provided, and in the case of plain clothes arrest team, it was provided to two squads of each platoon. In addition, in arrest and performance, the previous method of "retail grabbing" is abandoned and the protesters are held by hitting the body, such as "wrist-lifting," "arm-holding," and "pressing both shoulders." Aggressive movements such as "push and hit" were also introduced in the shield technique. The shield was originally a defense device against dialysis, but it was changed to an attack weapon. As a result, in addition to the old and large shield, which is usually held by the conquering company with both hands, a small oval shield was provided for plainclothes arrest, which was designed to approach and fight protesters with only one hand. The biggest change as the tactical goals changed from dissolution to arrest and defense to attack is the fact that the proportion of plainclothes arrest is increasing among the riot police. Before 1989, the squadron was the main force in the crackdown and the plainclothes artillery was the auxiliary force of the company, and when the demonstration was fierce, the group stood by the company and was deployed to arrest the leaders. When students tried to enter the streets at a protest site in front of a university gate, it was not uncommon for more than 100 to 200 arrest groups to rush into the ranks with clubs and steel pipes in the hail-like tear gas smoke. At the protest site, the Baekgoldan regarded the protesters as "enemies" and treated the detainees as "captives," making it unusual to "kill" the students who were not resisting. The concept of human rights did not remain in the trash can under the structure of police violence, in which students' heads are broken and their eyes are broken, but they do what they have to do for public order, and when they catch protest students, they are given reward leave. Under this perfect structure, Kang Kyung-dae was the subject of the experiment. He was not in the vanguard of the demonstrators, had no firebombs or stones, and was merely a liaison behind the vanguard, so he had no means to defend himself, let alone participate in the demonstration.

And Roh said, "Officers who neglect law enforcement will be severely reprimanded and vowed to take full account of the problems that arise from working with conviction in the process. He also comforted riot police admitted to police hospitals and lamented the collection of large amounts of gasoline and iron pipes from the university, saying, "We will correct law and disorder at any cost." Accordingly, it is no stranger to the public to see young people in bad clothes standing in pairs at the entrance of the city's underground or public buildings, and a plainclothes group named "Baekgoldan" chased to the end of the alley, snatched the back, and beat mercilessly. On August 6, 1988, Oh Hong-geun, head of the Central Economic Daily, wrote, "Military Culture to be liquidated," and the Army Intelligence Command carried out the attack on Baekju, eavesdropped, followed, and censored at least 1,303 conscientious democrats. After that, the so-called Public Security Joint Chiefs of Staff was established under the pretext of Pastor Moon Ik-hwan's visit to North Korea, and when the so-called Dong-A Incident occurred on May 1989, the police's protest response method was remarkably hard-line, causing numerous victims. On October 13, 1990, President Roh declared a "war on crime and violence" at Boramae Park in Seoul on the same day when the security guard's illegal inspection and military Jeong Jong-sik's National Congress were exposed due to Yoon Seok-yang's conscience declaration. After the declaration of the war, the Seoul Metropolitan Police Department announced a follow-up measure titled "A Plan of Action under the Declaration of the Great Criminal War," and ordered the front-line police to use guns for illegal violence. The plan calls for completely suppressing state-run facilities and police raids with bold weapons, suppressing siege demonstrations, and blocking street demonstrations, but going one step further from the existing "attack-type suppression", and arresting flamethrowers as much as possible. In response, the riot police unified the tactical goals into "all protesters arrested" in three ways: arresting the leaders of the past, dispersing the demonstrators, and preventing them from regrouping. As the operational goal changed like this, it was revised as follows to the past three-stage tactics of suppression. In other words, it changed to a full-scale and violent appearance in which plainclothes guns (Baekgoldan) jumped at the protesters at once by first stage, displaying their power by deploying conquering forces forward in the first stage, intensively shooting SY-44 tear gas bombs, and shooting multiple bombs at once. In addition, the "protesting and equipment improvement plan," which was ordered by the security headquarters to implement to the national police on March 19, 1991, eliminated the concept of retreat and left only "progress attacks" from repeating "progress and retreat" in a company or platoon. It also introduced a new type of sutra that greatly expands the body price and scope of protesters, adds aggressive attack movements, and allows them to hit most parts of their bodies from top to bottom without any restrictions. To this end, in addition to the existing personal suppression stick, which was only 50cm and 70cm long, 110cn of large bamboo was newly provided, and in the case of plain clothes arrest team, it was provided to two squads of each platoon. In addition, in arrest and performance, the previous method of "retail grabbing" is abandoned and the protesters are held by hitting the body, such as "wrist-lifting," "arm-holding," and "pressing both shoulders." Aggressive movements such as "push and hit" were also introduced in the shield technique. The shield was originally a defense device against dialysis, but it was changed to an attack weapon. As a result, in addition to the old and large shield, which is usually held by the conquering company with both hands, a small oval shield was provided for plainclothes arrest, which was designed to approach and fight protesters with only one hand. The biggest change as the tactical goals changed from dissolution to arrest and defense to attack is the fact that the proportion of plainclothes arrest is increasing among the riot police. Before 1989, the squadron was the main force in the crackdown and the plainclothes artillery was the auxiliary force of the company, and when the demonstration was fierce, the group stood by the company and was deployed to arrest the leaders. When students tried to enter the streets at a protest site in front of a university gate, it was not uncommon for more than 100 to 200 arrest groups to rush into the ranks with clubs and steel pipes in the hail-like tear gas smoke. At the protest site, the Baekgoldan regarded the protesters as "enemies" and treated the detainees as "captives," making it unusual to "kill" the students who were not resisting. The concept of human rights did not remain in the trash can under the structure of police violence, in which students' heads are broken and their eyes are broken, but they do what they have to do for public order, and when they catch protest students, they are given reward leave. Under this perfect structure, Kang Kyung-dae was the subject of the experiment. The martyr, who did not spearhead the demonstrators, had no firebombs or stones, and had no means of self-defense, let alone participate in the demonstration, was caught and beaten by police officers who followed him while crossing the school wall to avoid them. The fact is that the demonstration itself was blocked, intensified by the demonstration itself, and developed a stronger and more aggressive method of suppressing the demonstrators, changing from dissolution to prevention of re-rallying to attack them all. 02:26:05pm on 29 Mar 2001 Source: Memorial Society of Kang Kyung Dae Yeol.

A historical review of the Palgwanhoe, a national religious event during the Goryeo Dynasty.

 Palgwanhoe was a representative Buddhist ritual of Goryeo and was the most important religious event. Like the regular Lotus Lantern Festival of Goryeo, the Palgwanhoe also served as a ritual for the king's longevity and ancestor worship. Therefore, the purpose of holding the Lotus Lantern Festival and the Palgwanhoe was the same, but while the Lotus Lantern Festival was held in spring, the Palgwanhoe was held in autumn. However, throughout the pre-Goryeo period, Palgwanhoe was a more important Buddhist ritual than Yeondeunghoe in terms of size and importance.   The Eight Halls of Goryeo is significant in that the ritual was a national event reflecting the Goryeo people's view of life, social view, and world view, and it is important in that it can best examine the characteristics of Goryeo Buddhism. In other words, Palgwanhoe was a Buddhist expression of the royal ancestor worship, that is, the Buddhist expression of filial piety, and it can be seen as a ritual that formed a typical example of Korean Buddhism by assimilating it with unique Korean customs such as the Hwarang Islands. Even before the Palgwanhoe was held in Goryeo, Buddhist rituals, which were the predecessors, were held in Silla, and the Palgwanjaehoe was originally a technique for martial arts, but this was expanded to develop into a patriotic event. Palgwan is a reunion where eight gye is performed. Eight eggs are the ones that a person receives during the day and night. Regarding the meaning of the eight lines, Seok's cradle states that eight actions are prohibited, including murder, theft, obscene behavior, lying, drinking, using high and comfortable dragonflies, singing and entertainment, hanging wreaths or spraying perfume on the body. In reference to Kim Bong-ryul's work "Korean Culture and Buddhism," Daewonsa 1997p122, when it entered Goguryeo or Silla, local beliefs and Buddhism worshipping natural gods were combined to comfort the souls of the dead, and the Palgwan Reunion was held as a national event. In particular, the Palgwanjaehoe and Inwangbaek High School were held a lot to focus the hearts of the people on the Buddha to support their ancestors and to protect this land by gathering the power of Joryeong and Jebulje God. This Palgwanhoe was accepted as a fulfillment of the wishes of the entire Korean people rather than as a specific religious event called Buddhism, and it continued as a national event until later generations, but King Taejo Wang Geon, who founded Goryeo, publicly announced it as a national event and ordered it to be carried out every year. It has been developed to bring about the welfare of the entire people beyond the personal one of protecting the Eight Commandments, which is the content of the original scriptures. This can be said to have emerged as a form that the doctrine should be adapted to Silla society. Indeed, Buddhism's idea of national defense is not to exclude others and protect only me, but to protect others and clean myself to protect myself by protecting myself. This is because protecting the Eight Commandments is to protect the country, and protecting the eight Commandments is the logic of acting and the way of non- Jeong Tae-heon's "Korean Buddhist Yongtongsa" 2002 p127ReferencesIn China, there are many records of Eight Guan Jaehoe in the 5th century, and Song's Hyeso monk was with his family on the day of his alter ego in 425 and there is a record of his longevity in 422. The Palgwan Reunion was held to prevent the outbreak of infectious diseases or to restore the dead. After the end of the 5th century, it is notable that the emperor was sponsoring the ritual of the Palgwanjaehoe, which was held in 483 and in 590 in prayer for rain from the sky. Palgwanjaehoe was especially popular during the Tang Dynasty, and Damun, a Zen monk, received eight orders after awakening himself for the Buddhist scriptures of Beophwagyeong, and Ahn Jin-gyeong, the chief of the Tang Dynasty, wrote in 772 that one of his own history held a ritual to cure his illness. Takako Tokiwa's translation of Lee Hye-min's "Buddhist Cultural History of Northeast Asia" Some 2003 p140 reference records show that the Palgwanhoe was first held in Korea in 551 with the Baekjwa Ganghoe for the first time on the 7th day of October. When Silla's famous monk Jajang left to study in China in 636, he met a spirit and built a nine-story pagoda in Silla and pardoned prisoners by pardoning prisoners, suggesting that Palgwanhoe was being implemented nationally in Silla. Gungye, who established Taebong Peak in 892, also held an octagonal pavilion meeting, and he called himself Maitreya Buddha and named his two sons Cheonggwang Bodhisattva and Shingwang Bodhisattva. According to the records of Goryeo history, the Palgwanhoe of Silla was held in October and the Palgwanhoe of Taebong was held in November, and Goryeo accepted the traditions of Silla and Taebong and held twice a year in October and November. See Literature and Jisungsa 2001 p172 by Kim Un-yeong, "The Ideological Background and Historical Meaning of Buddhist Ritual in the Middle Ages in Korea", Japan accepted Buddhism through Baekje in the early or mid 6th century, but there is no record that the Palgwanhoe was held in Japan. Akihide Mishina regarded Goryeo's Palgwanhoe as a combination of traditional Korean Thanksgiving and Buddhism, and used Seo Geung's Goryeo Dogyeong and Songsa as primary historical materials, but Seo Geung misunderstood the Palgwanhoe as the same. The Palgwanhoe of Goguryeo and Goryeo was held in October equally, but the purpose of the two rituals was different. While the alliance was a Thanksgiving Day, the Palgwanhoe was a Buddhist ritual, and its contents were a ritual for King Taejo. Mishina did not discuss these differences and affirmed that the Palgwanhoe of Goryeo was a Thanksgiving festival, but the alliance between Palgwanhoe and Goguryeo had no connection, and Mishina's view was only a great illusion because the literature of Songsa accepted the misjudged view of Goryeo. In conclusion, contrary to Mishina's argument, there is no relationship between the Palgwanhoe of Goryeo and the Daesangje of Japan, so it can be said that Buddhist rituals corresponding to the Palgwanhoe were not held in Japan. Takako Tokiwa's translation of "The History of Buddhism in Northeast Asia," a part of the 2003 p146 reference, was a Buddhist ritual held from the beginning of Goryeo until the end of Goryeo. With a few exceptions, King Taejo and later kings attended Palgwanhoe in person throughout the pre-Goryeo period. According to the history of Goryeo, the Palgwanhoe, which was held under the auspices of the royal family throughout the Goryeo Dynasty, reached 115 times, but the actual number of times was more than that. From the early Goryeo period to the early 11th century, the king attended Palgwanhoe not many times. This fact emphasized the importance of Palgwanhoe through King Taejo's legacy to his later kings, but it can be seen that not all of his successors followed his legacy and participated in the ritual directly. Rather, some kings were more interested in other Buddhist events than Palgwanhoe, and Gyeongjong, Gwangjong, Gangjong, and Seongjong showed pro-Confucian tendencies and did not attend or reduce the size of the Palgwanhoe. This fact means that until then, the role of the Palgwanhoe in Goryeo society was not so great. However, Hyeonjong reopened the Palgwanhoe, which was suspended by King Seongjong in November 1010, and Deokjong did not attend the Palgwanhoe in person, but in October 1033 he dispatched officials to Seogyeong to hold rituals, and Jeongjong also held five Palgwanhoe during his reign. From the end of the 11th century to the beginning of the 13th century, the Palgwanhoe was held most frequently in history. During his reign, King Sukjong attended the Palgwanhoe 11 times, which was an annual average of 1.1 times. Uijong officially established the Palgwanhoe Ritual procedure during his reign, holding 18 Palgwanhoe Ritual in the palace. During the reign of King Myeongjong, he held the Palgwanhoe once every two years and attended the ritual 12 times. The Goryeo Palgwanhoe was a ritual held from the beginning of its founding to the end of its existence, and by period, it was held most frequently from the late 11th century to the early 13th century, but the number of times it was held by the king's reign was different. I; The Eight Halls of Goryeo, referring to Hyean 2002 p53-55, written by Lee Byung-wook, differed from the time and period of the ritual, the sponsor and supervisor, the venue, the goods used in the ritual, the procedure, and the purpose of the ritual. The Eight Halls of Goryeo were held twice a year, once in Seogyeong in October and the other in Gaegyeong, the capital in November. The king sent officials to Seogyeong to hold the Palgwanhoe, but Gaegyeong's Palgwanhoe was organized by himself. Therefore, it can be seen that the Eight Halls of Gaegyeong has a more important meaning than that of Seogyeong. The record of the Middle East Palgwanhoe by Yeji of Goryeo Temple shows the procedure of the Palgwanhoe held in Gaegyeong in November, which was systematized during the Uijong period. This eight-way ritual consisted of two types: a small meeting and a competition, and was conducted according to strict procedures. The key to the small meeting event was to go to the camp of the royal ancestors and offer sacrifices and to receive congratulations from the king's officials, and the center of the event was the grand banquet. The procedure is summarized as follows, referring to Ahn Ji-won's work, "Buddhist Culture in the Middle Ages of Korea," 1999 p166.

First of all, in the case of the Palgwansohoe, the various departments of the court in charge of the Palgwanhoe set up a father's family before the ceremony began, and installed such things as the king, the prince, or the count of Gonghu, the servants and the band, the temporary resting place for the king, the fruit statue, the lion, and the tea room. Before the event begins, the civil servants under the crown prince are located in a designated place according to their rank and rehearse between Daegwanjeon Hall and Uibongmun Gate. On the day of the Palgwanhoe event, the government office will set up the king's seat on the coronation hall at early dawn and prepare the king's escape in the palace yard. When the first signal is given at Yesa, the honor guard and others come out to the Gujeong, and people with mass production or fans line up on the left and right sides of the courtyard of Daegwanjeon Hall to reach Uibongmun Gate. When the second signal is given in the ritual, the civil servants dress up and line up in the courtyard of the coronation hall. When the king wears a Jahwangpo and comes out to Seoninjeon Hall, he calls hurrah from Geumwi and the officials close to the king below Seungje offer congratulations one after another. When the left and right monks lead the king and come out to Daegwanjeon Hall to take their seats, the escort shouts "Cultivation." Next, a sign shouts "Sinjae" in remembrance. After going through a series of rituals again, the king descends to Daegwanjeon Hall, climbs up to Choyoryeon, and heads to Uibongmun Gate while music is being played. When the third signal is announced in the ritual, the cart carrying the king reaches Uibongmun Gate, and the king changes shoes and changes clothes at the temporary rest area of Nuui. When the Privy Council leads the king to the portrait of his ancestors, the king bows twice toward the north. When all the civil affairs and white officers are located in their respective positions, the middle stones are divided into the east and west stairs to inspect those who climb the stairs. In addition, Ssangryong and Bongseon are installed, and evil officials are lined up. The Crown Prince, Count Gonghu, the Chancellor, and the White House are also located. When the music is played and the king comes out in a jahwangpo and goes to his seat, the guards and honor guards bow twice and step down and line up in a set place. Then, according to Yusa's introduction, he comes out in order and wishes the king a happy birthday and Mansumugang. While music is being played, the king pours alcohol and food to the civil servants and local officials, and all kinds of games are performed, and the fruit table is also. Next, myopia officers prepare meals for the king and the prince, and the music continues to play until the king finishes eating. Dancers are entertained three times with food and alcohol and continue to dance until these meals are over. It is said that it is the same as the previous procedure when a special cup is presented to the king. Next, we will look at the case of the Palgwanhoe. On the day of the convention, the king sits in a Zen temple and receives greetings from myopia officers. Then, he comes to the coronation hall and receives a visit from the bodies. Then, he goes to Uibongru, burns incense, and gives a glass. Myopia officer or lower rises to the stairs, and Munmu and Baekgwan stand in order under the crown prince or lower. In addition, it is also different that Ban Soo visited and cultivated, went forward, bowed and danced, and did not bow again, and the people who offered the emblem followed the white crown. The procedure for officials to perform the ritual is the same as that of the small meeting, but it is only different from stepping forward and saying thank you, and dancing after bowing and not bowing again. Flower covers, carts, and buoys are also displayed in Uibongmun Gate. Song merchants who attended the event also offer gifts and pray for the king's longevity. The people of Bunja and Tamna do the same. It is the same as on a small meeting day that short-sighted officers give a second name to the bodies of the king and the prince or younger. The prince and the bodies receive the flowers brought by the myopia and give them to the king in a kneeling position. The king puts in the flowers he receives flowers. When the king drinks, the music starts, and after drinking, the music stops. The cultivation dance is also cultivated in the place where the Silla people under the crown prince worship. The king also receives flowers from myopia and attaches them to the bodies under the crown prince, and music is also played at this time. The king is given medicine along with alcohol, fruits, and flowers, and tea is also provided at this time. When these are provided, they are subject to set rules, and the subjects below the crown prince shout slogans for the longevity of the king. Finally, the king comes down from the palace and goes back to Daegwanjeon on a cart, and when the king returns, his servants follow him and retreat. As recorded in the Yeji of Goryeo, the main functions of the Palgwansohoe and the Palgwandaehoe were to pray for the ancestral rites and the congratulations of the king, and the ritual was accompanied by tea, food, alcohol, dance, music, flowers, fruits, and medicine. In particular, in the case of the competition, the event to pray for the harvest of the king was more emphasized than in the case of the small meeting, and foreign merchants were invited to watch. At least this record does not show that there was a Buddhist element in the Palgwanhoe of Goryeo, but according to other parts or other literature evidence, it can be clearly seen that the Palgwanhoe was a Buddhist ritual. Therefore, the Eight Halls of Goryeo were not only different from the records of Buddhist temples in various aspects, including purposes and procedures, but also showed different characteristics from those of the late Chinese and Silla periods. Kim Un-yeong's Literature and Jisungsa 2001 p187-196 Reference Book; Kim Un-yeong's Literature and Jisungsa 2001; Kim Bong-ryul's Korean Culture and Buddhism Daewonsa 1997; Jeong Tae-heon's Translation of Korean Buddhism Yongtong, 2002;