Do you know the lost land map of Korea?

 We must regain the land of Korea. 

- Guido Recall Campaign Headquarters - www.gando.or.kr 

What is a foreword? This name, which is unfamiliar to the ear, is our old land north of the Yalu River and Tumen River, which have now become Chinese territory. The land north of the Yalu River and Tumen River, which we recognize as Manchuria, was the origin of our people and the territory of Gojoseon, Goguryeo, and Balhae. However, this land was not only vaguely distant, but was our territory that we pioneered and exercised actual territorial rights, being called Gando in the state of territorial disputes with the Qing Dynasty until the end of the modern Joseon Dynasty. However, the Japanese colonial government, which stole Korea's diplomatic rights, crossed over the territory of Gando to this day in exchange for various privileges such as the Manchurian Railway and mining rights from the Qing Dynasty. The Gando Convention signed by Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905, which is invalid under international law, is of course invalid, and we must notify China of the invalidation of the Gando Convention and make practical efforts to regain the Gando land. As South Korea's reunification becomes visible, the Chinese side is trying to distort history in the name of the Northeast Project and solidify Gando's sovereignty. It is now 100 years since the Gando Agreement was signed in 2009, and our response is more urgent at a time when the implicit prescription of territorial disputes between countries is usually used for 100 years. 1. What is a cadence? A. The origin of the name Gando Originally, the delta between Jongseong and Onseong in the middle of the Tumen River was very fertile, and nearby residents began to cultivate this place around 1870, and this place was called Gando Island. After that, residents between Musan and Onseong were robbed and the fertile land at the eastern foot of Baekdusan Mountain was called Gando Island, which was also called Gando Island because the Korean people reclaimed it. B. Which area is Gando? In a narrow sense, Gando refers to the northern part of the Tumen River, the moving area of the Tumen River, or the northern part of the Tumen River, but in a broad sense, it refers to Nammanju, including Seogando, the northern part of the Yalu River. In other words, the phoenix of Liaodong to the northwest, Gillim to the north, and Yeongil, Yongjeong, and Hwaryong to the northeast, and Hwanin and Family, the early capital of Goguryeo, are also located in Seogando Island. At the time of the Gando dispute, the concept of the Gando name of our ancestors meant an area including Yeonhae, which moved from Tomungang River to Songhwagang River, and each included an alternative to the Yalu River to the area of Gonyo and Shenyang (so-called Simyo Line). 2. The purpose of China's Northeast Project is to permanently occupy the Gando area. - The biggest threat to China, which covers 55 minorities, is the nation's biggest threat to the separation of independence from minority autonomous regions such as Xinjiang Uigru, Tibet, Inner Mongolia and Yanbian. - In response, China completed the northwest process of including Tibet, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia, which were occupied by armed forces in the past, and began the Northeast process to prevent confusion in the region after the establishment of diplomatic ties. - In particular, China, which illegally occupies the Gando area under the Gando Agreement, which is bound to be invalid under international law, clearly recognized that territorial disputes over the Gando area will arise again soon, and began to distort it in earnest. - Out of the 27 major research subjects passed in the Northeast Project, 13 were related to the Northeast frontier Gando problem, 6 were related to Goguryeo and Balhae, and 4 were related to the members of the Gando region. Therefore, it becomes clear that the purpose of the Northeast Project is to solidify the territorial rights of the Gando area illegally occupied by the invalid Gando Convention in 1909. - Wu Dawei, China's vice foreign minister in charge of Asia, strongly demanded that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, which protested the distortion of Goguryeo history, "resolve China's concerns about borders and territories in northeastern China and block political calls for a recovery." 3. Overview of the history of Gando's territorial dispute - When the Qing Dynasty conquered Ming in the 1600s, all the Manchus, who became the ruling nation, entered Beijing, and the Manchuria area became empty. - Accordingly, the Qing Dynasty made the area a neutral zone for the independent by installing a book gate (fence) in 1627 when the two countries sealed the area at the confederation of robbers between the Joseon Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. - Until this time, the border between Joseon and the Qing Dynasty was unclear, but according to various ancient maps, the actual border of Joseon was located north of the Yalu River and the Tumen River. - When Russia entered the Heukryong River basin under the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, Kang Hee-je of the Qing Dynasty, who was threatened by this, made missionaries produce maps of Baekdusan Mountain and Manchuria to occupy Manchuria, and sent Mokgeukdeung to build a monument to Baekdusan Mountain. - Mokgeukdeung climbed Baekdusan Mountain on May 15, 1712, investigating the water system, and establishing a political monument, refusing to accompany Joseon's representative Park Kwon, and the contents of this inscription were "Dongwitomun Gate" in the west and the Tomun River in the east. - The political monument of Baekdusan Mountain, including Mokgeuk, was a one-sided setting of the Qing Dynasty, and if acknowledged, it would lose the Seogando area north of the Yalu River. However, because it borders the Tomun River in the east, the vast area from the east of the Songhwagang River to Primorsky becomes our land. - As a result, the Tomun River in the east became the seed of a border dispute. Due to the poor harvest in the Bukgwan region in the 1860s, many people moved from Joseon to Gando and began clearing. Meanwhile, with the 1860 Beijing Treaty, the Qing Dynasty illegally handed over our land, Primorsky, and threatened by Russia's advancement, the Qing Dynasty finally lifted the wages of the Gando region and introduced Han people. - When the Qing Dynasty demanded Koreans to retreat south of the Tumen River, border talks were held twice in 1885 and 1887, and the Qing Dynasty overwhelmingly claimed that the Tumen River was a Tumen River, but the border talks broke down when the Joseon Dynasty proved through a joint survey that the Tomun River in Jeonggyebi was a tributary of the Songhwagang River. - In this state, Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 was signed in 1905, and Japan, which took away Joseon's diplomatic rights, held border talks on behalf of Joseon. In the early days of Japan, Gando claimed to be Joseon land, and in 1907, Gando Temporary Police Station was established and managed in Yongjeong area. - However, Japan, which had to annex Korea while the territorial dispute with the Qing Dynasty, felt burdened to annex the disputed area, and in 1909, it signed a transfer agreement to transfer the Gando area to the Qing Dynasty in return for various benefits (such as Manchurian Railway's right to mine. As a result, the Gando area has been occupied by China so far. 4. Why is Gando our land? A. The Jo-cheong border was not the Yalu River Tumen River, and all were located north of it. - On the map of the Frenchman De Halde, Reggie's memorandum reads, "To the east of Phoenix lies the border of Joseon...According to "Chosun Jeonggyebi District Map (Kyujanggak 15504), "Baekdusan Jeonggyebido (Kyujanggak 26676), and "Joseon Map at the End of Joseon by the Roman Papal Office" (1924), Dongando Island is a moving area of the Tomun River. Among the numerous Western maps based on the Hwangyeo Exhibition of Qing in 1718, Dangville's "Map of the Kingdom of Joseon", 1740's Duald, 1750's Bogondi, and 1794's Wilkins' maps are marked with borders as Donggando Island, which runs from Phoenix in the north of the Yalu River to Yeon-gil above the Tumen River. It can be seen that such a border was valid until the 1909 Gando Agreement was signed. B, We've reclaimed the road ahead of time. - The Gando area, which became a Bonggeum area due to the Gangganghoe Alliance between the Qing Dynasty and Joseon, was a Muju area and jointly managed by the two countries. Muju-ji is preempted by international law and reclaimed first, and our reclamation of Gando Island is meaningful in acquiring territory through the theory of preemption of Muju. C, The Joseon Dynasty exercised practical administrative power. - Even after the construction of the political monument, Gando practically exercised administrative power in Joseon. In 1900 and 1903, the Joseon Dynasty administratively incorporated Seogando Island and Donggando Island (North Gando Island) into Pyeonganbuk-do and Hamgyeong-do Island, and collected taxes from residents to cover administrative and military training expenses. Security and security were also carried out in the area, and Joseon officers prevented Chinese invasion of refugees. This is clearly evidence that it functioned as an administrative unit of the state. - In 1897, the court appointed Seo Sang-moo as the manager of Seobyeongye, and in 1900, Pyeongbuk Observer Lee Do-jae assigned the alternative area of the Yalu River to each county and organized a loyalist. On May 21, 1902, he was appointed as a cadet inspector, and Lee Beom-yoon organized Sapodae, received taxes from Koreans in Gando to cover the expenses, and established barracks in Mojasan Mountain, Maansan Mountain, and Dugu. D. Historical connection to Gando - Among the half-million years of history such as Gojoseon, Goguryeo, and Balhae, the Korean people dominated for more than 3,300 years, and the Dongi people (Yo, Geum, Won) were 724, and the Han people 430 years. In particular, after the Qing Dynasty, the Han people were prohibited from entering, and only 120 years have lived in the current Manchuria area. - During the Goryeo Dynasty, General Yoon Gwan pioneered nine castles and built a border monument at Seonchunryeong, an engineering camp 700 ri north of the Tumen River, and King Gongmin had Yi Seong-gye cross the Yalu River to conquer Dongnyeongbu (Yo and Shim areas) in 1370. In that year, Ji Yong-soo and Lee Seong-gye attacked Sangsuseong Fortress and won a great victory. At this time, Goryeo notified Dongnyeongbu that the Sim and Yo areas were originally Goryeo territory. Also, during King Sejong's reign, Kim Jong-seo pioneered the six camps. 5. The reason why the Gando Agreement is invalid. Based on the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905, which Japan took away the diplomatic rights of Joseon, Japan signed a Gando agreement with the Qing Dynasty on behalf of Joseon, and it has already been confirmed that the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 itself is a representative international treaty signed forcefully. I. Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905Even if this is valid, the Gando Agreement is not a treaty that increases or maintains the interests of the protected country (Joseon), but a treaty that harms the interests, so it is invalid due to the nature of the protection treaty. C. Even if the Gando Agreement is valid, it is not effective for the Korean Empire, which was excluded as a party, only for the Qing-Japan party (in 1909, the Korean Empire still existed as an independent country). All treaties prior to 1941 were declared invalid between Japan and China, and all treaties prior to August 22, 1910 were also confirmed invalid between Korea and Japan. Accordingly, all treaties and agreements during the past imperial period were invalidated, but only the Gando Agreement is maintained. 6. Current state of affairs on the issue of cadence The Korean government's response to the sovereignty of Gando - After liberation, it was consistent with indifference and response, but only published a collection of Gando data in 1975 by the National Assembly. - In 1992, the establishment of diplomatic relations between Korea and China did not mention the Gando issue at all, and in particular, the establishment of diplomatic relations clause showed respect for the current territory, resulting in narrowing its position on its own. - Currently, 59 lawmakers signed the National Assembly Standing Committee (Unification, Foreign Affairs and Trade Committee) and the "Resolution for the Invalidation of Source of the Convention on Transitional Measures" has been proposed (September 3, 2004). B. Situation in North Korea - North Korea signed a North-China border treaty with China in the 1960s to finalize its current border. C. The Gando Society was established around the Baeksan Society, which has been steadily interested in the situation of the Korean private sector and the Gando Recovery Movement Headquarters was established at the private level and began full-fledged activities. 7. What should we do in the future? A. The government should officially notify the invalidation of the Gando Agreement. - First of all, it is necessary to invalidate the Gando Agreement illegally concluded between China and Japan and make it a state of territorial dispute before the Gando Agreement. - The resolution on invalidation of the Gando Agreement, which is currently submitted to the National Assembly's Unification and Foreign Affairs Committee, must be passed through the National Assembly's plenary session after the standing committee. - The passage of the resolution invalidating the Gando Convention to the National Assembly has great political significance, but in order to make Gando an international dispute area, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade must officially notify China of the invalidation of the Gando Convention. - In particular, since the 100-year statute of limitations is implicitly used in disputes over sovereignty between countries, urgent action should be taken before 2009, the 100th anniversary of the Convention on Transitional Measures. B. The problem of Koreans living in the Yanbian region - Gando refers to the current Yanbian Korean Autonomous Region in a narrow sense, and the intention of local residents can be an important determinant in the case of territorial disputes between countries. - However, the current Korean-Chinese autonomous district is in danger of disappearing in 10 years due to rapid collapse due to migration to large cities, marriage to Korea, and employment due to China's reform and opening. - In particular, along with the Northeast Project, China specifically provided three-way education (ethnic view, national view, and history view) to ethnic Koreans, which emphasized that the ethnic Koreans were a minority in China, and that only China was its motherland, Gojoseon in the past, and Goguryeo was a local government. - In anticipation of Gando becoming a disputed area in the future, China is carrying out a project to prevent agitation of ethnic Koreans and rapidly Han Chinese. - Therefore, in securing territorial rights to Gando, the project to prevent the collapse of the current Koreans in China and to inspire national consciousness is a very urgent and important task. C. Public relations on Gando and the cohesion of power - Recognizing that the ultimate goal of China's Northeast Project is to solidify the Gando territorial rights, and conversely, we must actively claim Gando's sovereignty. - The contents of Article 3 of the Constitution, which limits our territory to the Korean Peninsula and annexed islands, should be revised to include northern territories, so that the Gando area should be included in textbooks, history books, and various maps. - Currently, most of our people do not even know what Gando is. In order to regain Gando, it is most important to gather strength with interest in Gando and a sense of territory through public relations.

History of Germany - the time of the Roman Empire and the Frankish Kingdom -> the present

 History of Germany - Germanic peoples live in the Roman Empire and ancient northern Europe of the Frankish Kingdom. The Germanic peoples, which were home to Northern Europe, moved to present-day Germany, where the climate was good, and expanded their lives to the Roman Empire, bordering the Alps. Rome began to employ many Germanic tribes as Roman mercenaries around 300. The movement of the Huns, a nomadic people living in the northern and eastern meadows of the Caspian Sea, leads to the so-called "Germans' great migration" that enters the Roman Empire. The Westgots moved to southern France and northern Spain, the Eastgots to Italy, the Vandals to Africa, the Burgundians and Franks to the left of the Rhine, and the Anglo-Saxons to Britain. As the Roman army gradually filled with Germanic mercenaries, the power of the Roman Empire fell into Germanic hands. The Huns, who caused the Germanic mass migration, were mixed with other peoples and assimilated, and the national tradition disappeared.     After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Frankenreich, founded by the Franks along the Rhine River, secured the strongest power among the Germanic countries established on Roman soil. The Germanic tribes moved beyond the Rhine to what is now France, and at the end of the 5th century, Clovis opened the Merovingian dynasty and established the Frankish Kingdom. In 751, Pepin ousted the Merovingian dynasty and ascended the throne and founded the Carolingian dynasty. Carolus the Great established the largest kingdom in Europe. The Frankish Empire ruled Europe for about 400 years after the fall of the Roman Empire, but after the death of Karl der Gro3e in 814, the Treaty of Verdun (843) was the basis for the formation of today's three kingdoms: Germany, France, and Italy. The Frankish kingdom was divided into East Franks, West Francs, and northern Italy ----> German history - the Kingdom of East Franks in what is now Germany during the Holy Roman Empire became an independent state, but each province had its own army and property. East Frank elected the king by election in 911, when the king died without leaving any royal family to inherit the throne. These elected German kings could not exert much power because they had to read the minds of the princes who had the right to vote. The first kings to strengthen Germany's royal authority were Heinrich I, a noble family in Saxony, followed by Otto I, who was elected king of Germany. In particular, Otto I established a strong royal authority by keeping the Church and the Ho in check, and in 962, he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor Heiliges Rimisches Reich Deutscher Nation (962-1806) by defeating the invasion of the Majars and Slavs of the Ural languages distributed around Hungary. The Holy Roman Empire lasted until Napoleon destroyed it in 1806.  History of Germany-Continuous disputes and unrest between the papal and Frankish kings in the Middle Ages, frequent changes of kingship due to the pre-emptive system of selecting kings through elections rather than hereditary elections, and the establishment of feudal lords, commercial and autonomous cities are features of medieval and later German history. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the weaker the emperor's power, the stronger the power of the empire and free commercial cities, and the influence of this force determined the history of their land or residence. In medieval Germany, the "Kurfurst" or "Elector" refers to the seven emperors of the Holy Roman Empire who have the right to participate in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor (King of Germany). Thus, the separation of German-specific territories was formed, and many territorial states emerged.  In the mid-1500s, after the 14th century of Saxony, who played chess with the Spanish aristocracy, small local emperors and knights gradually declined, while rich cities gained influence based on economic power. The formation of the city alliance strengthened the power of the cities, the most important of which was the Hanseatic League, which became the leading force in the Baltic region in the 14th century. During this period, these various forces harmonized with each other to form a rich cultural heritage. Most of these cultural heritages remain in the form of cathedrals and monasteries decorated with great works of art, courts and grand houses. History of Germany-In the 16th and 17th centuries, Europe was a time of religious division and religious war due to the Reformation. The newly awakened sense of criticism rebelled against the evils of the church as spiritual changes were made by the Renaissance and humanism. Discontent with the secularized church erupted in 1517 after Luther's Reformation. As a result, the entire social system was sucked into the reform movement, far beyond the religious realm. Knights supporting Luther rebelled in 1522, and the 1525 Peasant War (Deutscher Bauernkrieg) was the first major revolutionary movement in German history to pursue both political and social reforms, but both failed. After that, German princes were divided into Lutheran and Catholic factions and formed an alliance. The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) broke out when the Habsburgs responded by force to the Habsburgs' helpless attempts to carry out anti-religious reforms. This spread to the confrontation of all Europe, and religious and political confrontations clashed. The Thirty Years' War did great political and economic damage to Germany without providing an answer to the religious divide. The war devastated much of Germany and reduced its population dramatically. It took a century for Germany to rise from the ruins of this war. The war led to France's domination of Europe and the rise of French culture and the independence of Switzerland and the Netherlands, but caused Germany's land to be devastated, political division and cultural development. History of Germany-In the transition from feudal society to modern civil society during the French Revolution, absolutism, an autocratic form of monarchy, prevailed in Western Europe. Absoluteism, where feudal elements remained, was destroyed by a civil-class revolution that wanted freer commercial and industrial activities. Federal states with almost independent sovereignty in Germany also embraced absolutism, a form of French government.European princes and princes became absolute monarchs. At that time, small independent countries also occurred in central Europe, and later German states such as Prussia, Saxony, Hessen, Württemberg, and Bavaria arose from them. Even today in Germany, these states still have their own parliamentary, government, and cultural life, and this tradition dates back to the time of absolutism and the Middle Ages.   After the Thirty Years' War between Frederick the Great and Franz II, the last emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the battle for leadership over Germany is narrowed down to Austria of the Habsburgs and Prussia of the Hohenzolenda family.The French Revolution of 1789 destroyed the feudal social order that had lasted since the early Middle Ages. Prussia and Austria's attempts to intervene in the French Revolution by force were thwarted and counterattacked by revolutionary forces. Rather, the order of the German Empire was changed by Napoleon's attack, which inherited the legacy of the revolution in France. France occupied the Rhine River, and the Confederacy of Central Germany joined the Rhine Alliance in 1806 under French protection. The League of Rhine is an alliance of 16 southwestern German states organized under Napoleon's auspices, also known as the Confederation of Rhine. The Holy Roman Empire ended when each of the member states claimed sovereignty and declared its withdrawal from the German Empire, and Franz II gave up his royal authority.  History of Germany-Prussia in the 1850s during the German Empire was also Germany's largest power economically. Bismarck, appointed Prime Minister of Prussia in 1862, was a conservative politician with a monarchy in mind. He enforced the politics of power and ruled without the budget approval of the Constitution. Although undemocratic in domestic politics, he established Germany's solid position in the new dynamics of Europe with the success of a consistent peace policy and alliance policy externally. Bismarck pursued German reunification (1871) in the spirit of disinfection day, which now excludes Austria. In the Prussian–French War (1870–71) he defeated Napoleon III and won the province of Elsa–Loren, receiving a large amount of war compensation. .    In January 1871, Wilhelm I of Prussia became Emperor of Germany, and Bismarck ruled as Prime Minister for 19 years. The empire lasted from 1871 to 1918.After reunification in 1871, Germany made remarkable economic progress and entered the ranks of powerful nations. Coal and steel production surpassed Britain, and it competed with Britain in shipbuilding, and the electricity, chemical, and military industries took place, especially in large companies. With the growth of technology and industry, the population has exploded from 40 million to 60 million in just 40 years, requiring a new living space. Meanwhile, in Europe, competition among the major powers intensified along with the national power that was enhanced by the Industrial Revolution. With the help of technology and industry, they created increasingly strong means of destruction and armed themselves with large armies. Europe entered the age of imperialism and invaded other countries one after another, turning them into huge colonies. After reunification, Bismarck pursued European powers and foreign policy to protect what Germany had achieved and firmly establish Germany's position internationally. He was most wary of France, which was hostile to Germany. History of Germany - Things changed in 1890 when Emperor Wilhelm II ruled and Bismarck was overthrown. The rule of King Wilhelm II was greatly influenced by the will of the individual, disturbing the countries around Germany. France, Britain and Russia signed trilateral negotiations in 1907. As a result, both camps called "trilateral negotiating countries" and "trilateral allies" emerged in Europe. These two camps predicted the war by reacting sensitively for more than a decade from 1905 to 1914. The most dangerous area in Europe was the Balkans.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire ruled the Slavic people who fought for independence under the auspices of Russia at that time. On 28 June 1914, in Sarajevo, Austria, the Austrian crown prince and his wife (Prince Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Grand Duke Jofi of Hohenberg family) were assassinated by Serbian nationalists ("Black Hand"). The incident prompted Austria to declare war on the Serbian government on 28 July 1914 with the support of its ally Germany, followed by Germany, Russia, France and Britain, which led to the development of a world war.   Germany's war poster - Japan declared war on Germany in August 1914 for the Anglo-Japanese alliance, and the neutral U.S. entered the war on the Allied side in 1917, which ultimately led to the collapse of the German army in November 1918.Germany eventually surrendered to the Allies on 11 November 1918, and Wilhelm II stepped down.History of Germany - The Weimar Republic era opened from 1919 to 1933, when the new German parliament was convened in Weimar, World War II. The postwar turmoil reached its peak in 1923, but Germany was politically stable with the economic recovery after a large-scale U.S. loan. During this period, German art, music, science, and thought were greatly developed, enjoying the prosperity of the 20s of gold and gaining global authority again in a few years. However, with the Great Depression of 1929, the Weimar Republic fell into extreme chaos and eventually collapsed.  Germany, where the German economy, which surrendered to Hitler and British Prime Minister Chamberlain U.S. forces, was almost dependent on U.S. loans, was hit hardest by the economic panic. In a few months there were 6 million unemployed and the despairing public leaned toward radical parties such as the German Communist Party and the Nazi Party. In particular, Hitler's national socialist movement took advantage of the unstable situation and developed leaps and bounds after 1930, becoming the most powerful party in 1932. In 1933, Hitler won the election and was appointed Prime Minister. The global economic depression that originated in 1929 brought the entire world economy to ruin. In order to overcome such an economic crisis, the United States implemented the New Deal policy, and the United Kingdom and France sought their own economic interests by increasing tariff rates. As a result, Germany, Japan, and Italy, where the foundation of the capitalist economy was not strong, fell into serious economic difficulties. At this time, Mussolini took power in Italy, and Hitler took power in Germany amid the economic crisis and social turmoil, declaring Germany's rearmament. Meanwhile, Japan started a war of aggression on the continent, occupied Manchuria, and then started the Sino-Japanese War. As such, the crisis of the outbreak of World War II was increasing as Germany, Italy, and Japan, which did not have colonies, tried to escape the economic crisis by foreign invasion. Hitler, who took over all of Germany's power, wanted to realize the unity of all German nation-states, securing living space for the Germans, and the construction of a millennium empire, as described in My Struggle. Hitler succeeded in boosting the economy and reducing unemployment quickly through job creation plans and stockpiling war supplies in the face of domestic political turmoil and violent struggles among political opponents during the Weimar Republic era, and mass unemployment caused by the global economic panic. He gained an advantage after the end of the global economic depression. In 1935, it ruled the League of Nations until then, and in March 1938 it merged in the name of protecting Austria, and the Zaire region, home to more than 3 million Germans, was transferred to Germany and the Defense Command was re-established. In March 1936, it ceded Sudetton, a Czech border with the unarmed Rhineland. These foreign policy achievements laid the groundwork for Hitler to realize his political goals despite the resistance of many classes. When Germany entered into a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union in August 1939, and then invaded Poland in September of that year, the war began when Britain and France declared war on Germany. Following the invasion of Poland, Germany occupied Denmark and Norway, followed by the Netherlands and Belgium, and in June 1940 Paris, France. Then again, in 1941, they broke the non-toxic treaty and invaded eastern Poland, Ukraine, and the war began. At the beginning of the war, Germany had a brilliant war record, but in 1943 it was defeated in Stalingrad, and the war began to reverse, and only continued defense was achieved on the eastern front. In North Africa, the Italians and the Germans were defeated, and the Allies landed on the Italian mainland, and in September 1943 the Germans were hit hard by Italy, and the Anglo-American Allies captured Rome via Sicily, and Italy surrendered. And the Normandy landings were successful and the Western Front collapsed dramatically. In May 1945, the British, American, and Soviet Union took Berlin and eventually Germany surrendered. In the era of German division, West Germany retained its sovereignty over the Berlin issue and Germany's rights and responsibilities, including the German reunification and peace treaty, to the United States, Britain and France, following the entry into effect in May 1955. However, as East Germany developed as a country, the existing policy was inevitable to be revised inevitably. Since 1963, trade representatives have been exchanged with Eastern European countries, and diplomatic relations with Arab countries once broke up following the establishment of diplomatic relations with Israel in 1965. The Berlin problem was also becoming a serious problem due to the establishment of the "wall" between East and West Berlin by East Germany in August 1961. However, when the government with Brandt, the leader of the Social Democratic Party, as prime minister, was born in September 1969, they quickly sought solutions to these problems.Then, on March 18, 1990, the right-wing coalition, which proposed the absorption and integration of East Germany, won the first stage of the unification plan, and on July 1, Germany, which formed a single economic system, was virtually unified. In addition, West Germany absorbed and unified East Germany under Article 23 of the Framework Act on West Germany on October 3, 1990, when Germany recognized the right to self-determination and the gradual withdrawal of the Soviet army stationed in East Germany after reunification.   Victory in German Politics - East and West Germany, which were unified by Germany, set its national name as Deutschland and its capital as Berlin. As a result, Germany has an area of 356,974, and a population of 81.891 million (1996). East Germany was incorporated into West Germany's capitalist economic system, and the existing centralized system of East Germany was extinguished, and five local states, including Brandenburg, Saxony, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringen, and Mecklenburg Formern, were revived. The form of government is a coalition government led by the prime minister and the president. In terms of economic scale, it has become Europe's largest economy. West Germany, which accounted for 25% of the European Community's gross national product and served as a major player in the European Community, is now unable to stay within the framework of the European Community and establish a new economic order. Germany's dominance in Europe is expected from three to five years after the East-West German economy is leveled, and German economic data will be released separately to East and West Germany, as the German government has to invest more than $700 billion to rebuild the lagging East German economy. In addition, the issue of remaining in NATO, which was the biggest issue with the Soviet Union in the process of unification, was settled by Germany's decision to stay in NATO due to concessions from the Soviet Union. However, Germany was burdened with paying a huge sum of more than $7 billion to the Soviet Union in return for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from East Germany. Germany's military power is 358,400 (1996), the largest in Europe, and due to its powerful military power, there were voices of concern from European countries such as France over the territorial dispute over the revival of German nationalism. In response, Kohl narrowed his distrust of unification by announcing that he would keep the border with Poland as it is and do his best for peace in Europe. Internally, there were many tasks that the unification government had to solve. First, after economic and social integration, a large number of East German companies went bankrupt due to the influx of West German products, resulting in nearly 2 million unemployed, providing employment measures for these unemployed. Second, it was expected that the reconstruction of the East German economy and relief for the unemployed would eventually become a burden on West Germans, resulting in a reduction in the rights of West Germans, such as an increase in taxes and narrowing the door to employment. It was also a question of how much the government would reduce West Germans' complaints. Third, it was the problem of overcoming heterogeneous factors and restoring homogeneity from differences in ideology and systems. Fourth, the question of whether the unification government can satisfy the desire for equal treatment of people who have been educated under other systems and social security enjoyed by East Germans, and the increase in crime in East Germany due to the influx of capitalist and liberal ideas.

History of Paradise Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean

 Hawaii History On January 18, 1778, James Cook, an English explorer, accidentally discovered the Hawaiian Islands while sailing from Tahiti to North America to explore the presence of a waterway from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. First, Hawaii was named the 'Sandwich Islands' after the British Earl of Sandwich who sponsored the expedition, which is the beginning of Hawaii's recognition in the Western world. But Captain James Cook is not the first person to go to Hawaii. It is said that the Marquis, who had already been canoeing between 500 and 700 A.D., and the Tahiti arrived around 1000 A.D. And from the 12th to the 15th centuries, many people continued to come to Hawaii from Tahiti. It seems that the world is not all bad, but not all. People who arrived in Hawaii early lived in harmony with nature and people. At this time, the spirit of "Aloha," which means love for Hawaiians, was deeply established in their lives and enjoyed an optimistic life while enjoying surfing and flying kites. But this lifestyle of Hawaiians soon began to break. Twelve years after Cook's death on the island of Hawaii, young and valiant Kamehameha defeated the Hawaiian ruler in battle and reigned as a new wannabe. He took over other islands one after another, with the prophecy that he would unify the islands of the Hawaiian Islands and the Western weapons introduced through Captain Cook. In 1795, King Kamehameha finally defeated his last enemy in the Nunuanu Valley on the island of Oahu and achieved the unification of the Hawaiian Islands as predicted. Only the island of Kauai was not conquered militarily and between Kauai's leader Kaumaoualii and Kamehameha the Great Kamehameha had all the power, but the official Kaumaoualii continued. After the death of King Kamehameha, his son became King Kamehameha II, who kidnapped the ruler of Kauai and forced him to marry the wife of King Kamehameha, finally achieving the complete unification of the Hawaiian Islands. After 1820, Christian missionaries began to flock from the United States and, on the other hand, when whaling sailors on the Japanese side were ostracized from Japanese ports, they began to use Lahaina on Maui Island and Honolulu on Oahu Island as intermediate supplies. In 1825, missionaries who clashed heavily with little religious whalers banned horseback riding and dancing on weekdays, and outlawed drinking, gambling, and women's visits to ships. After that, they banned hula, which continued to tell many stories of Hawaiians, such as myths, and covered the women with a blanket called moooooooo. Meanwhile, missionaries could write Hawaiian languages with 12 alphabets, set up schools, and even married Hawaiians. The missionaries then made a lot of money through sugar cane farming, bringing in people from China and Japan to work instead of the shrinking Hawaiian population, which according to Captain Cook's records was about 300,000 in 1778, but only about 50,000 Hawaiians survived in the mid-1800s. In 1891, King Calacua died and Queen Liliuokalani was crowned, when the U.S. imposed heavy tariffs on sugar and restricted sugar exports to the U.S., the descendants of missionaries who ran sugar plantations plot to end the Hawaiian dynasty and move to the U.S. In 1893, the queen was abdicated and a provisional governor entered the Republic of Hawaii shortly afterwards. But the Hawaiian Republic was nothing more than a government at Sanford Stone's disposal, the most powerful American sugarcane. In 1908, the United States finally built a naval base in Pearl Harbor, which is the best base in the Pacific Ocean, and sugarcaneers increased their income further with the new pineapple farming. The labor needed for this was taken from Puerto Rico in 1900, South Korea in 1903, and the Philippines in 1907-1931. After World War II, Hawaii, where many races were involved, finally became the 50th U.S. state through the approval of the U.S. National Assembly in 1959.

Art's description of Joseon's climate, agriculture, and food

 Description of Joseon's climate and agriculture The country is not naturally barren. Because it has a mild climate and fertile soil, cultivation is possible in mountainous areas. Their failure to develop the resources of the land in scientific ways is only the result of their indifference and callousness. What's even more surprising is that since most of the population is made up of farmers, they can easily become wealthy if they put a little attention and effort into it. The climate of Joseon is mild, sunny, and the sky is clear. Since both sides are surrounded by the sea, the scorching midsummer sun dies down by the cool breeze, and the winter cold is very severe, especially in the northern regions, but not in the central and southern regions. In general, the climate of Joseon is closer to southern Europe than to Asia. Even in India, China, and Japan, the harsh heat is occasionally felt. Many elderly people everywhere demonstrate how good Joseon's climate is. The vast plains with fertile soil have increased production of the crops listed above, and this alone is enough to make Joseon a permanent resource to prosper through trade with other countries. In addition to various types of grains such as wheat, rye, oats, barley, corn, buckwheat, and millet, excellent varieties of rice are produced in large quantities in the central region. Rice is the staple food of the Joseon people, more than any other kind of vegetables such as cabbage, peas, and beans. Cotton is wild and growing well even on slopes. Sam, flax, tobacco, dyes and dyes are also of high quality, and the most famous ginseng in Joseon is traded in gold by its weight in China. (Original owner: top-quality ginseng reaches 350-400 per pound.) All of these crops, unfortunately, adapt themselves to the soil without minimal care, and produce excellent results. All these precious products of nature have been abandoned because commerce and industry have been deliberately restrained, but they have flourished brilliantly in their own best way, according to the provisions of nature. ※ Art's description of food The lifestyle of Joseon people is very simple and simple. They don't control themselves in every way when they get a chance to eat a great meal, but their meals are simple. Their main source of nutrition is rice, and like other countries in Asia, it is dried and boiled into rice, served with side dishes such as vegetables, fish, and pork. Although not as religious as Japan, Korean people rarely eat beef because cows are precious. I rarely see stalls selling rice cakes or snacks here. They don't eat tableware directly like the Chinese, but they scoop food with spoons and take it to their mouths as quickly as possible. They binge-drink, especially when they have liquor or liquor in hand. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- An official and three of his men who visited the opera emptied four bottles of champagne and four bottles of cherry brandy in just half an hour. Anyway, Joseon describes that the primary industry (?) is quite abundant, and that agricultural technology, handicrafts, and commerce are not very developed. The fact that Koreans don't eat a lot of beef and the simple meal is different from the description of stuffed animals and other foreigners...

Hong Gil-dong and Ayake Akahachi

 There is a novel called Hong Gil-dong in Korea. Hong Gil-dong, who was born as a Confucian scholar in a prestigious family, leaves the house in despair because of the fact that he cannot rise due to the wall of status, and organizes a Hwalbindang to fight evil officials who bully the people with bizarre military methods and mysterious pottery. However, the king, who regarded Gil-dong's talents in particular, handed down the government post of Hyeongjopanseo to Gil-dong, but Gil-dong left his homeland and arrived at a place called Yuldoguk by boat with Hwalbin Dangdo Island, killing the king there and becoming king himself. So far, this is the story of the novel Hong Gil-dong, and it is all that most Koreans know. And most of those Koreans think of Hong Gil-dong as a person in the novel, and Yuldo Province as a country in the novel. However, in Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do, Hong Gil-dong is a real person, and the place where he was born is called Jangseong, and it is used as a representative mascot of Jangseong. Then, did Hong Gil-dong really exist? Hong Gil-dong, a historical figure, was born in Archsil, Agok 1-ri, Hwangryong-myeon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do. Gil-dong has been intelligent and brilliant since he was young, but he gives up his past exams and leaves home as a distributor of the Gyeongguk Daejeon, which prohibits the appointment of Confucian scholars. After that, he entered Hwangaksan Mountain in Gimcheon, Gyeongsang-do, learned military methods and martial arts from Hakjo, and organized Hwalbindang by rallying those who were in agreement, and invaded aristocratic families who bullied the people in Jeollanam-do to steal money and distribute it to poor people. However, Hwalbindang was chased by the government forces and moved its base to Aphae-do Island in Naju by boat near the current Beopseongpo Port. In order to avoid the persistent government army's crackdown, he was arrested for fake Hong Gil-dong, and lived peacefully while engaged in his livelihood, but when a governor of Jeolla-do bullied the Hong Gil-dong group, he left his livelihood behind in just 15 years. Five years later, the royal court conducted a naval blockade to capture Hong Gil-dong, but Hong Gil-dong carried out a landing operation and expanded its power to Chungcheong-do after escaping. Gil-dong even built a fortress on Musungsan Mountain in Gongju to fight against the government forces. However, in the end, the Hong Gil-dong gang turned themselves in the form of arrest, were taken from Chungcheong-do to Seoul, trapped in the Uigeumbu, and were sentenced to exile in Samcheon-ri, Namhae. And in the novel, it is said that Hong Gil-dong went to Yul-do-guk. Oyake Akahachi of Pajogando, Okinawa, and his party established collective settlements in the Furusuto area and took control of the area, rallying the people of Miyakojima (Kungodo) to win the war against the chief Nakasone. After that, he landed on Kumejima Island, drove out the chief, and engaged in relay trade against Japan, Yuguguk, and China, taking over the maritime power of East China Sea and building a castle at the point of the island. The monument's translation "Oyake Akahachi" was also nicknamed Honggawara Akahachi. He distinguished himself in the era of military heroism and lived in groups based on Ohohama Village at that time, and was revered as the king of the people. In 1486, King Sangjin of the Zhongshan Dynasty in Bondo, Okinawa, dispatched envoys to the Yaeyama area and banned the Irikiyaamari Festival as a msagyo, and the islanders were furious at the suppression of the faith. So Oyake Akahachi took the lead and rebelled against the middle-class government. He stopped paying tribute to Jungsan Mountain for three years and waited for the reaction of the Jungsan government, but King Sangjin sent 3,000 elite troops and 46 ships to suppress the rebellion with Gunnampung, the goddess of Gumi-do, as the captain. Akahachi struggled to discharge, but lost due to lack of ability and disappeared from the bottom. It was 454 years ago from the 9th year of Myeong-eung (A.D. 1500 AD. Akahachi rebelled against the feudal system, insisted on free civil rights, and fought bravely for the islanders. He lost the fight, but his spirit and actions will be handed down to future generations. It is a tribute to his achievement by setting up a monument here.」 Like this, Oyake Akahachi is the hero of Okinawa. Recently, during the excavation of Gujicheonseong Fortress in Okinawa, ship anchors made of Goryeo celadon, Joseon white porcelain, and Joseon stone (granite) were found, and Yongbong Tongbo, an unknown nationality, was found along with Sangpyeong Tongbo, which was cast during the reign. In addition to the fact that the tug-of-war, the Okinawa festival, is similar to the tug-of-war in Korea, the castle built by Oyake Akahachi to defend the island is almost similar to Honggil-dong Fortress, which is roughly trimmed in the settlement of Musungsan Mountain in Gongju--------------------------------------------------- I wrote this a long time ago. I copied it from Jangseong-gun's website Your writing is terrible, but you're young and your handwriting is this good, so I hope you understand...

Jeong Eon-shin's profile

 Jeong Eon-shin [1527-1591] Naver Farm. Mistake. I'm not in the left wing, I'm in the right wing. ------ a tattoo of the mid-Joseon Period Dongnae, the main building, Dongnae, is the main building of the political text in the field of activities of Dongnae Honam Alias. Let's move on. The Honaam. In 1566 (the 21st year of King Myeongjong's reign), he passed the examination and became a military officer, and in 1571 (the 4th year of King Seonjo's reign), he became a chunchugwan knight and participated in the compilation of the Annals of King Myeongjong. After that, he served as an observer of Gyeonggi-do, and when Lee Tang-gae invaded in 1583, he defeated the enemy by leading prominent officials such as Yi Sun-shin, Shin-lip, Kim Si-min, and Lee Eok-ki as Woo Chan-sung. He then went out as an observer of Hamgyeong-do and defended the north side, was promoted to Byeongjo Panseo, and was appointed as a Wigwan to govern the remains of Jeong Yeo-rip after the rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip in 1589, but was dismissed as it was not fair. After that, he was framed as a member of Jeong Yeo-rip and exiled to the Namhae, and even the royal order of Sasa was issued, but the sentence was commuted. He was relocated to Gapsan Mountain and died there, and was enshrined in Soyangsa Temple in Mungyeong. -------------- It was a tattoo, but he was very familiar with war-related matters related to war. He was said to have been a man whom the armed men admired very much. If Jeong Eon-shin was there, shoveling in the early days of the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, would have been greatly reduced. Also, Jeong Eon-shin was a high-ranking tattoo, so unlike Shin Rip, he would have been less challenged by tattoos to strengthen national defense. If Japan's supreme commander is Nobunaga Oda, not Hideyoshi Toyotomi, the Joseon government should assume that Jeong Eon-shin was not set up by Song Gang and Jeong Cheol, and that he is still in high office...

Infantry Regime devised to defeat Japanese invaders - Yuanangjin

 In 1557, Cheok Kye-gwang trained 3,000 troops recruited from Shaoxing. The following year, in 1558, his army did not win the battle against Japanese pirates in the Jusan Archipelago, and Chuck Gye-gwang was disappointed with the natives of Shaoxing. Judging that it is difficult to train young people in urban areas as excellent soldiers, he decides to accept only young people from rural areas as soldiers. The following summer, Chuck Gye-gwang is dismissed for failing to drive out Japanese pirates from the area he is defending. Free from orders from his superiors, Cheok Kye-gwang recruits 3,000 applicants in the Yiwu area, about 60 miles from Hangju, and trains them in his own way. Among the training systems invented by Cheok Gye-gwang, the most notable is the tactical large Wonangjin, which consists of one captain, two back losers, two Nang players, four Jang Chang-soo, two party members, one Hwabyeong (cooking soldier), and a total of 12 people.  The reason why the newly established infantry squad was called Wonangjin is as follows.  There is a legend that when one of the male and female pairs dies, the other dies along. Chuck Gye-gwang applied strict military rules to prevent the captain of each Yuanwangjin from being injured. If the captain was killed and defeated during the battle, all the remaining survivors of the Yuanwangjin Squad, where the captain died, were also executed. Therefore, the individual soldiers in Yuanangjin had to fight the enemy to die or live throughout the battle to prevent the captain from being killed.  1) One squad leader (holding the flag of the squad).Two soldiers armed with curved lines and back slabs, four soldiers armed with long spears, four soldiers armed with long spears, six soldiers armed with party factions, one in charge of cooking and chores, two young, medium-sized and flexible men, were recruited as the first, three generals, and two strong menFill it with a bottle. - Among the Kihyo New Books - Chuck Gye-gwang tried to maximize combat power by supplying and training equipment according to individual aptitude. This shows the characteristic of collectively operating individuals by tying them up according to their aptitude, one step from the previous military history, which valued individual skills.    A round shield made of wisteria. Or martial arts that use this shield are also called backpads. The shield is made of a round base by bending the trunk of a wisteria tree, and the skeleton is woven into a bamboo shell, and the outside is bulged out with a middle bamboo to attach an ear face to the center, and a handle is made of a wisteria stem inside. It is similar to squeezing the lid of a basket. The part facing the enemy direction is raised roundly and the edge is bent outward, so the enemy's arrow or spear attack cannot be penetrated and is designed in detail to be deflected. He carried his back plate in his left hand and used his right hand with a knife to block enemy swords, spears, and flying arrows.     A cystic gland is a weapon created and developed to neutralize Nodachi. While using a cyst to tie the enemy's blades or Japanese pirates to make it difficult to move, other mandarin soldiers killed the Japanese pirates. It was very difficult for Nodachi to cut off the cyst because it had hard branches and steel claws attached to it.  The picture above depicts the appearance of Yuanangjin, which has three different types of arrangements depending on the tactical situation and terrain. The soldiers of Yuanyangjin were trained to fight by cooperating and assisting each other according to the role assigned to each. In the case of Yuanangjin, which is small in size, there were cases where it consisted of five people. Yuanyangjin's fighting style (including the captain) is as follows. A) One Nang player is next to one of the back losers and protects the back losers by tying the Japanese and his weapons together using a Nangseon. B) Two Jang Chang-soo stabs the enemy with a spear so that Nang is not exposed to the attack. C) Armed with curved roads and backplates, soldiers protect Jang Chang-soo in case he cuts his spear too deep and is exposed to enemy attacks. D) Partisans support from the rear. Soldiers in the Zhejiang and Bokgunseong areas, trained with the Zhejiang Military Law invented by Cheok Gye-gwang, participated in the Imjin War and showed great performance when recapturing Pyongyang, which was occupied by Konishi Yukinaga. When Zhejiang soldiers crossed the Yalu River, they saw shields, Nangseon, Jangchang, and Dangpa for the first time in Korea, and Myeonggun entered Pyongyang, fired artillery first, and then fired Hwajeon to defeat the Japanese. Myeong-gun mobilized soldiers who used jangchang and partisan units according to their operation methods, but if the enemy rushed first, the Nangseon unit was concentrated on standby, and if the enemy did not move, the back losers advanced with their back plates and the enemy was greatly defeated. The Japanese army's organs overwhelmed the Joseon army with a close-up battle in which they were not afraid of death after overcoming the opponent with consecutive shots by the rifle unit at a distance. The Japanese army's successive victories in the six battles were the course of superiority in tactics and weapons systems. However, the Zhejiang soldiers overwhelmed the Japanese army's artillery unit at a distance, and in the close-up battle, they overwhelmed the Japanese soldiers who were strong in the close-up battle with various weapons systems.  In Byeonghakji Namyeon, a Byeongseo compiled in the late Joseon Dynasty, the power of Wonangjin is described as this. After Ming troops entered Pyongyang, they fired artillery first, followed by slash-and-burn fire, and smoke. The Japanese invaders were finally discouraged. When the enemy rushed first, they concentrated the Nangseon unit and waited, and if the enemy did not move, the back losers advanced with their back plates, and the Japanese lost and ran away. It's invincible."