the Joseon Dynasty law that should be applied to politicians of national power called indigenous Japanese pirates

 During the Joseon Dynasty, officials worked 12 hours a day in spring and summer, and 8 hours a day in autumn and winter. Compared to these days, I can't say that there are so many working hours, but there were no Sundays and less than 20 days off as a holiday a year, so officials were often absent. On January 4, the 13th year of King Seongjong (1482) - Annals of King Seongjong - Kim Seung-kyung told. "The national law stipulates that when the sun is long, the official goes to work at Myo City and leaves work at Yu City, and when the sun is short, he goes to work at Jin City and leaves work at New York City. But when we looked into various officials, there were many people who didn't come to work. But all of them rule in their teens, and the imposition of sin is too light. Make another law, I beg you." When the king heard this, he asked his officials, and Lee Jopanseo, the Nozoxin, replied. "Even if you don't set up other laws, there are already books that have written down the mistakes of management on the management list, so it seems right to dismiss those who are absent a lot," the king said. "It is better to strengthen the law." If you are absent, you are in the teens, and if you are frequently absent, you are in the "Daemyeong Rate," the Ming law says that officials who did not come to work for no reason are convicted as taehyung teenagers, and those who returned early are convicted as taehyung 50. On March 15, the 13th year of King Sejong (1431), the king ordered the correction of the fact that tardiness and early leave were punished more heavily than absenteeism, but there is no record that the law was changed. What is clear, however, is that despite these severe penalties, the officials' disorder of work discipline has been a problem throughout the Joseon Dynasty

The mainstream Koreans are Northern Asian from Lake Baikal

 The roots of the Korean people (Shin Dong-ah 2002.1) 70 to 80 percent of Koreans are from Baikal Lake, 20 to 30 percent are from the northern world, and 20 to 30 percent are from the southern world. To confess, I couldn't help but be interested in the roots of our people while studying diabetes. In the 1980s, I was studying the relationship between Type 1 diabetes and histo-compatible genes (HLA). So, I knew that people with certain genes were prone to type 1 diabetes, which is rare, and I was trying to make sure that the correlation was determined. For this reason, he also attended an international conference in Sapporo, Japan in 1986. According to the presentation data of medical scientists from around the world, it was noticeable that the frequency of genes varies by region. In particular, there was a clear difference between people in northern China and people in southern China. In addition, the genes of the Japanese and Korean people are very similar, and the people of northern China and Korea are similar. In order to study people with different medical conditions, we should compare them with healthy people without diseases (called controls). Only then can you guess which genes cause the disease. At this international conference, a paper that collects data of healthy people separately and analyzes their distribution by region, that is, a report on anthropological research, was specially prepared. But when I looked at the results, the anthropological layman like me at the time was like, "Ah! Genetically, Koreans, Japanese, and northern Chinese are similar, and they are different from those of southern China and other southern regions." After this competition, I thought it would be necessary to understand the genetic background (root) of Korean people to return to Korea and study the relationship between diseases and genes more deeply. As part of that, I met with various scholars to find out the information around them. However, I met Professor Yoon Nae-hyun, who studies ancient history at Dankook University, and asked him to explain my intention and learn, but I think he wants me to present what it is about to the Korean Society. It was like putting a bump on it while trying to pull it off. In the end, he failed to refuse, and with the help of Professor Park Kyung-sook of Sungshin Women's University, he wrote a paper and published it in the Journal of the Korean Society. For this reason, I ended up sticking to revealing the roots of the Korean people as a diabetic doctor. Anyway, I would like to look up the genetic roots of the Korean people in more detail by adding recent research results based on the article published in the Journal of the Korean Society at the time. Of all animals, monkeys and humans are the most similar, which anyone who has ever been to the zoo can see. So which one is closest to humans, monkeys, chimpanzees, or gorillas? Now, we know from molecular genetic research that humans are closest to chimpanzees, and later from research by Ricky et al that they were also related to many intermediate-stage apes that are now extinct. HYPERLINK "http://www2.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200201/" \l "doctop" Human origins in Africa Darwin and Huxley thought humans would have originated in Africa, simply because human-like monkeys and gorillas are the most common in Africa. However, archaeological studies estimate that the origin of mankind was separated from the ancestors of chimpanzees about 6 million years ago, followed by Homo habilis via Australopithecine, and Homo erectus lived in many parts of the world until 30,000 years ago. Scholars were thinking of the "Chandelian model" that Homo erectus lived in various parts of the world until more than 20 years ago, including the Java people, the Beijing people, and the French people who made the Ashulian earthenware, and that modern humans evolved in each region through the so-called "Homo neanderthalensis." For example, our ancestors on the Korean Peninsula lived on the Korean Peninsula hundreds of thousands of years ago and thought that their ancestors were very different from those who lived in Europe. In the 1980s, however, British paleoanthropologists Christopher Stringer and Alan Wilson of the United States argued for the "Out of Africa Theory" that modern humans mutated in the savannah region of East Africa about 150,000 years ago and became parents to all mankind. Now, numerous data appear to be consistent with this theory. According to this theory, Homo erectus and Neanderthals were 'replaced' and disappeared by modern humans (chromagnons). This fact is consistent with Wilson's analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Let's take a closer look at genetic analysis here. Several people have conducted similar studies since Germany's Nebiante Paavo in 1995 analyzed genes by removing some bones from Neanderthal remains that had been preserved since 1856. As a result, there was little genetic difference between Neanderthals, but it was confirmed that there was a significant difference between Neanderthals and modern humans. The properties of inherited organisms are basically determined by DNA sequences. Different species of living things naturally change this sequence. This is because the base sequence contains a blueprint of a living thing. From this point of view, the human genome project, which has just ended these days, is a monumental work that has revealed all human sequences. These results show that people differ by one percentage in the average 1300 base sequence. The greater the difference between living things, the greater the difference in base sequence. In other words, the larger the 'degree of different base sequences', the greater the difference between organisms. This is because living things have gradually evolved from primitive things, and in order to change from simple things to complex things, the complexity of genes must also increase. For example, the results of analyzing mitochondrial DNA, an intracellular substance, show only eight differences in sequence between humans, while 27 differences from Neanderthals and 55 differences from apes. Therefore, there is a tendency not to be regarded as a direct ancestor of mankind because there is a large difference in base sequence between Neanderthals and humans. HYPERLINK "http://www2.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200201/" \l "doctop" mitochondria and molecular clocks Based on these differences, it is calculated that humans were divided from some "joint ancestors" about 600,000 years ago, some Neanderthals in Africa migrated to Europe, became extinct, and their parents appeared. In recent years, research to solve the origin of mankind with the concept of molecular clock and DNA mutation theory has been very active. The concept of a molecular clock first presented by Zuckerbergand Pauling in 1963 can be explained roughly as follows. Evolution takes time and there must be changes in the environment. A well-adapted creature does not make a difference, but a large change in the environment gives it the opportunity to reduce the number of creatures living in the area and increase the number of creatures with new traits. Turning this phenomenon upside down, it can be assumed that the more organisms with new traits, that is, the greater the diversity, the longer the evolution took, and perhaps the greater the change in the environment. To be more precise, it is possible to assume that the larger the mutation of a gene, the longer the evolutionary time was. The concept of a "molecular clock" was then established by comparing direct DNA analysis and geological data to measure the time of evolution by examining the mutations in proteins (and DNA mutations that direct them to make proteins). These molecular biological methods are now a key technique for all biological research. And these molecular clock concepts can be more clearly identified through mitochondrial DNA analysis. Mitochondria are like power plants that supply energy to cells, and they burn sugars and fats that we eat to create chemical energy, ATP. However, mitochondria are presumed to have been caused by a microorganism that existed outside hundreds of millions of years ago entering the cell and coexisting. The most plausible reason for this is that mitochondria have DNA with their own genetic information. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited only in the cytoplasm through the mother's egg, unlike the cell's nuclear DNA (mtDNA in sperm does not enter when fertilized). Mitochondria generate energy by operating extremely sophisticated electron transport devices, which produce free electrons, which act as so-called (oxidation) stresses, causing mutations in mtDNA. Moreover, mtDNA is not well protected, so mutations accumulate with age, which in turn is the most important cause of aging in oxygen-breathing organisms. Exercise, especially aerobic exercise, activates the function of mitochondria and prevents oxidative stress together, which means a long life. In any case, mtDNA, composed of 16,500 bases, can detect precise molecular clocks by examining the mutations because the mutations occur much more frequently than nuclear DNA. According to the molecular clock theory that Wilson analyzed the mtDNA of people from all over the world, all humans, including the Pygmies, showed very little variation.

This result was explained by the explanation that all humans had one mother (Mitochondrial Eve), as all humans had one mother about 200,000 years ago. HYPERLINK "http://www2.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200201/" \l "doctop" mitochondrial Eve Fig. 1 Human migration is much more diverse than that of people living in the original human population, as indicated by the INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www2.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200201/images/390-02.jpg" \*MERGEFORMATINET stringer, when humans emerge from one area and migrate to another. For example, it is presumed that the genetic variation of our compatriots who live in Osaka, Japan, or our compatriots living in Yeonbyeon area, is far less than the genetic diversity of Seoul, the center. Of course, this does not mean that there is a genetic difference in the strict sense. This is in a figurative sense based on the "characteristics of the Korean people." Analyzing mtDNA to find the roots of the Korean people can be considered as a significant extension of the paternity method to find out how similar our mother's genes are to other people's mtDNA. In this way, the variations in mtDNA are the most diverse in African people, and they have the oldest variations when calculated by molecular clock concepts. This means that women with this mtDNA first appeared in Africa. The analysis of mtDNAs by people around the world has been studied as part of the human genome project and as a means of molecular anthropological research. Now, the characteristics of people in each region are classified as "Haplo Groups," and for more information, refer to the Mitomap website run by Douglas Wallace of Emory University in the United States. On the one hand, it is the sex chromosome that determines a person's sex. If there is a so-called Y chromosome, it becomes a man (XY), and without it, it becomes a woman (XX). Certain traits in the Y chromosome, or genetic factors, exist significantly differently from ethnic to ethnic. But this factor is not genetic. This is because it is a DNA sequence that does not determine a trait, that is, a phenotype, but just follows like To. There are a lot of these things in the actual human genome. So I think it's a selfish gene that's parasitic on genes. Anyway, after analyzing the mutations in several genes, including this element, it was concluded that the prototype of a man appeared in Africa about 50,000 years ago. Although there seems to be a large difference in time from the results of the mtDNA analysis, the error in the number obtained by the molecular clock method is quite large, and tens of thousands of years of difference must be accepted. Many studies on Korean people have been conducted by Japanese scholars, including the achievements of Professor Kim Wook of Dankook University. Figure 1> is a diagram of human mobility drawn by Steve Duenez, a reporter for the New York Times, combining data from Wallace at Emory University and Peter Underhill and Luka Cavalli Sforza at Stanford University. However, the arrow painting that spread around Lake Baikal was modified based on my theory. HYPERLINK "http://www2.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200201/" \l "doctop" What is the root of the Korean people? If the ancestors of modern humans came from Neanderthals in Africa and they moved to various parts of the world, how on earth can the roots of the Korean people be found? Recently, geneticists don't use the word 'race'. Humans living on Earth now are so genetically similar that "cultural differences" are recognized, but we know well that genetic differences cannot classify people. For example, the basics of Y chromosomes of Europeans and Asians appear the same. So what is a nation? If the nation is interpreted as a group of people who share a culture, the Korean people can refer to people who use Korean and writing as common cultural elements and live concentrated on the Korean Peninsula. Finding the roots of the Korean people eventually means that people living on the Korean Peninsula have settled on the Korean Peninsula through a certain route, and what about the gene pool. This issue is also important medically. For example, this information is essential for bone marrow transplants to treat malignant anemia or leukemia. It is estimated that there are generally two paths taken by our ancestors from Africa. One is what anthropology used to call the "Burma Path" and moves east along the coasts of the Indian Ocean and Asia. It is assumed that a group with a developed brain like modern humans could have easily moved to a land where people did not live and settled. Chinese archaeologists believe that the settlement of modern humans on Chinese soil was 60,000 to 70,000 years ago, so it can be said that humans separated from Africa moved to the Chinese continent within thousands of years. It took about 1,000 years for the American Indians to reach the southern tip of South America, the Paliaike cave in Chile, so you can guess that they expanded to a similar extent. I am not sure to what extent these Paleolithic people are contributing to the genetic pool of the current Chinese. Looking at the example of Europe, I think it is making a significant contribution, but looking at Indonesia, it is also suspicious. In any case, I believe that the same class of people who reached China may have settled on the Korean Peninsula and Japan. This is because this area was connected by land at that time, so there was no reason to separate China from the Korean Peninsula, and there could not have been no people in a place worth living. Recently, Emory University's Wallace claims that some of the group moved to the U.S. continent, referring to Group B, which moved to the Americas 35,000 years ago. Perhaps a group moving north along the coast crossed the ice-bound Bering Sea into America during the Ice Age. Another route is to take the northern Himalayas through the Silk Road or through Siberia. Show clusters 6 and 9 in Figure 1>. You may think that you couldn't go on the road that people are on now 60,000 to 70,000 years ago, but I don't think I could have gone on it at that time. I think it was 13,000 years before the end of the ice age that people were allowed to travel. This is because only then can we explain the difference in gene pool. HYPERLINK "http://www2.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200201/" \l "doctop" Koreans and American Indians refer to a single root gene pool, which refers to the diversity of genes held by a group of organisms. For example, the distribution of people according to their blood type (A, B, AB, O) is determined by the gene pool of A and B blood type, respectively, depending on how many genes are in the group. In fact, considering blood types or genes that determine blood types, that is, DNA mutations, can give you a much more detailed picture of the reality. As pointed out in the introduction, there is a large difference in this blood type between northern and southern Chinese. It is Professor Luka Cavalli-Sforza who has long investigated the movement of people around the world through the analysis of gene pools. He has revealed that people's movement is made along with the spread of farming techniques by linking the movement of agricultural cultures in each region with changes in gene pools. In 1988, in the Journal of the American Academy of Sciences, people classified people around the world by integrating differences in the language used by people with differences in gene pools and proximity. Looking at the 1995 version of "The Classification Map of the World," which changed this, Koreans, Japanese, Tibetans, and Mongolians are genetically and linguistically bound up with Eskimos and American Indians. It can also be seen that the southerners of China are tied up with Cambodians, Thais, Indonesians and Filipinos. In other words, southern Chinese and northern Chinese and Koreans came from different branches. One of the most important questions here is when were Northern Asians separated from Southern Asians? The distribution pattern of Japanese mtDNA genotypes reported by Horai and Matsunaga in 1986 shows that there are two large mtDNA clusters among the Japanese. These two groups, which account for about 20 percent and 80 percent, are reported to have branched off about 120,000 years ago by molecular clocks. If you take this data as it is, the North and South Asians are a bloodline of people who were branched out 120,000 years ago and met again. According to Professor Kim Wook's study on Y chromosome, about 30% of Koreans show the genotype of southern Asians, so it can be estimated that 20 to 30% of the population groups in Korea and Japan are descended from southern Asians. HYPERLINK "http://www2.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200201/" \l "doctop" When did the southern and northern Asian countries split, that is, the roots of the Korean people are two branches. And the mainstream is Northern Asians, who have an overwhelming lead in population numbers. This fact is consistent with the results of many archaeological or cultural anthropological studies. Recent archaeological excavations show that the central group of Indians moved from Northeast Asia to the Americas 14,000 years ago, and it is now common knowledge that they are the ancestors of the current American Indians. And since this is the end of the last ice age, it is common knowledge that people living in Northeast Asia moved to the Americas as the glaciers melted. If you reverse this word, it means that you couldn't move before that. In other words, as the glaciers melt, barriers that humans cannot move have been removed. In fact, in northern China, the first Neolithic ruins measuring 7,000 to 8,000 years ago were discovered, and Japan

How should the Republic of Korea become a powerful nation?

 after reading the rise and fall of economic power I.In a modern society where the preface world has entered a competitive system, the question of whether we become a great power or not is not just a matter of rich and poor, but of survival. Our ancestors mainly used history as a mirror to find the right way to govern. Unlike the West, in the East, history has lasted for thousands of years under the basic premise that the nature of man and society remains unchanged as a governing science, not just a humanities science or a romance of the rich. I think the concern about how to become a powerful country is a concern that young people who want to become leaders of this land should have. We are proud to have achieved our present national wealth through high education enthusiasm despite our narrow land and scarce resources. However, in light of its long history, countries that do not have strong markets and factors of production could easily be seen to collapse if they build barriers to their resources and markets, even if they can become strong countries through short-term rapid growth. Therefore, in the West, the European Union has already been created and each country has built regional barriers, exclusively sharing markets and production factors. However, our reality is very hopeless because we have not even formed an inter-regional consultative body yet. In order to become a superpower as soon as possible, we must not lag behind the trend of this era. II. Causes of Decline in Strong Countries 1. Among the premise countries are production factors such as natural resources, labor, etc., and market factors such as population and purchasing power, namely countries rich in hinterland and those not. Traditional powers such as the United States and China and alliances between countries such as the European Union are examples of the former, while general countries such as Korea, Japan and Germany and city-states such as Singapore and Monaco are examples of the latter. In this article, the former will be referred to as a strong country, the latter as a strong country. However, according to the times, the size of the area that a capital can have is also expanded with the development of transportation, so there are countries that were located in a powerful country in the early period, unlike general practices today, in this article. France was a powerful country at the time of competition with Venice, but France as today's individual country competing with the United States is defined in this article as part of a strong country.   2. Lack of hinterland (1) - Urban countries dependent on brokerage trade are basically hard to have a population of more than a million. By the 16th century, when France had a population of 16 million and Germany reached 10 million, Venice, the most populous city-state, also had a population of only 1.45 million, including the territories. (Cities of the Sea) This conclusively boils down to the fact that they didn't have a market to consume goods produced by city-states. In addition, unlike territorial states, urban countries have limited the scope of the country to cities, and resources have to be procured from abroad except in extremely exceptional cases. Stronger countries, not urban countries, also have differences in degree. Except for Japan, which has a population of more than 100 million, there are no countries that can neglect exports and operate the economy, and even in this case, all strong countries have to import resources and a lot of labor from other countries. In the early stages of economic development after excessive consumptive actions, including war, strong countries achieve industrial advancement through faster growth than powerful countries and influence among countries as advanced countries. The growth factor of most of the strong countries is that they exist in areas away from the axis of confrontation between countries or in areas where they are buffered. Large amounts of capital and high-quality labor are initially introduced into these small countries to avoid pressure through non-economic factors such as powerful emperors and monarchs' wars. Strong countries develop in stability between the confrontations of powerful countries and essentially succeed in acquiring strong economic power by developing high-end industries through comparative advantages based on free trade and low-end industries against large countries. However, if the powers become interested in national wealth, such a niche strategy will lose its place. Large countries are increasingly trying to use their resources and labor to their industries, increasing the price competitiveness of their goods in the form of direct trade with foreign markets without going through intermediary zones, and using all methods, including force, to attract high industrial technology. In the 17th century, ships from England and the Netherlands traveled directly to Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, and Catalonia with goods carried by Genoa. (106P) In 1464, King Louis XI ordered French bankers to move from Genoa to Lyon. (105P) The British castigated the Dutch's intermediary role in boosting their industries through navigation laws, three wars of English war, France's tariff war, and the Dutch invasion. (152P) 3. Lack of hinterland (2) - Too much obsession with land. Small countries often suffer from chronic land shortages and population density. The Netherlands, a territorial country, not to mention an urban country, has a population density of 313 people per square kilometer, which is by far the best country in Europe. Under these circumstances, movable assets such as goods and stocks continue to grow as the country grows, but real estate cannot grow except in very exceptional situations such as territorial expansion wars and reclamation. Therefore, real estate always becomes a high-income product with rising prices. Venetian merchants also became obsessed with land rather than trade and speculation occurred in the latter stages. (98P) During the Napoleonic Wars, Venetians easily surrendered despite their natural fortresses, including the possession of the lands outside the river of the agricultural aristocracy, which became the absolute majority of the Venetian oligarchs. (Sea City Story) In the Netherlands, oligarchs, instead of taking risks at sea, neglected to lose maritime rights by taking their income from homes, land and securities. (167P) In neighboring Japan, the famous bubble economy was due to overheating property markets. Although there were certain limitations in the economic role of real estate, the continuous rise in real estate prices regardless of economic factors is a major cause of weakening the country's competitiveness. 4. Lack of hinterland (3) - The most decisive external factor in reversing the position between a great and a small nation in the absence of a powerful army is war. Until the wars of the Middle Ages, wars were dominated mainly by knights and mercenaries, and countries with more financial power became countries with more war sustenance and war mobilization capacity. By the end of the Middle Ages, battles between high-value mercenaries were formalized like horse racing. (my friend Machiavelli) It was France that broke this trend after the Hundred Years' War with Britain. France was centralized through the Hundred Years' War, and in the War of the Confederacy, 30,000 troops were mobilized to defeat Venetian troops and march to Rome.(99P) It was not the Italian mercenaries who stopped France, but the conscripts of Habsburg. The Turks, which were more modern than Europe at the time, mobilized hundreds of thousands of troops to rob Venetian maritime colonies such as Crete Cyprus and fulfilled their requirements. (Sea City Story) The peak of this trend was in France during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, where the French lost most of their officers due to the departure of the aristocracy, but through endless conscription, they annexed Prussia, Austria, Italy, and Germany. It is the best example that monetary wealth does not play a big role in the face of conscripted powerful force. 5. Failure to divide roles - Countries that are competitors but have not become cooperators can think of a coalition of strong countries as a way to overcome these problems. However, in history, the small powers never thought of a coalition, although they competed with each other. According to the relationship between Genoa and Florence Venice, Florence and other Italian city-states may have grown into the biggest power since the Renaissance by breaking away from the continuous attacks of France and Habsburg if they had formed an alliance with the Mediterranean and the Black Sea through sailing ships. The Hanseatic League of Northern Europe maintained its primitive trade practices beyond draft (138P) and Germany was also forced to be thoroughly swayed by the interests of the neighboring powers through the Thirty Years' War and the Napoleonic Wars until the Frankfurt Conference failed in 1840. (CAMBRIDGE – German history) In modern society, barriers between countries seem to be gradually decreasing, but it is still difficult to continue cooperation when national interests differ.(360P) The problems of the EU, which once seemed to be the axis against the United States, suggest this well. The European Union once seemed to emerge as a new alternative, but not long ago the EU Constitution was rejected in France, and the conflict of interest between the leading and latecomers within the EU is very serious. In relation to Germany and France, which are the two pillars of the EU, the majority of Germany's agricultural press money will be received by France, the same leading country, not by the latecomer, is one of the contents that intensifies the conflict.     7. Result of Failure II. Italy's cities collapsed in the face of the Spanish French Turks. 2. Northern European cities failed to systematize and gave up their position to the Netherlands. 3. Netherlands's strongholds. 4. Worlds against the U.S. III. 1. Escape from small countries. 1. Federalism. Our Choice 1. Threats Can Be Absorbed by China's Rapid Growth ex) Taiwan's Rearmament 2. Short-term : Choice and Concentration Strategies between Individual States 3. Long-term : Ignoring States, Political Concepts in the Economy, and focusing on regions. Conclusion Far from Greek city-states past Italian city-states Netherlands all countries against powers like BRICS and the United States today would be good examples. The EU-style loose federal system can never be an alternative.

Korean history and culture 6. The territorial expansion of Goguryeo.

 ● Goguryeo, founded by King Jumong, a memorial king of Goguryeo's social characteristics, is a continental power that spans the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria, Siberia, and Mongolian grasslands, and gained power as an ancient country. The Dongga River basin in the middle of the Yalu River, where Goguryeo is located, is a major conduit for continental metal culture, but agriculture was not sufficient from the beginning, and it was surrounded by opposing forces such as Buyeo to the north, Eupru to the northeast, and Han Gunhyeon to secure an active path. This appeared as a conquest of other tribes and expansion of territory based on strong force. Goguryeo's territorial expansion project began with the subjugation of Biryuguk from the first King of Remembrance, and merged Haenginguk, Bukokjeo, Seonbi, Gudagook, Nakrangguk, and Taewon during the reign of King Mobon, Taewon, Yanggu, etc. As a result, Goguryeo secured abundant supplies on the east coast, and secured a rear base by removing threats from the back and sides, setting the stage for its advance to Liaodong.   In 105 A.D., the 53rd year of King Taejo's reign, Goguryeo attacked Yodong-gun and Hyeondo-gun of Han, took away six prefectures in the Yodong region, and chased Hyeondo-gun, who had been chased from the Yalok River basin to the Sojaha basin, back to the Musun region. When King Taejo tried to advance to Liaodong again in 66th year of King Taejo's reign, Goguryeo's attack on Liaodong continued, killing Daebangryeong and capturing Nakrang Taesu's family by hitting Seoanpyeong at the entrance of the Yalu River. As such, the territorial expansion project, which began from the founding of the country, and the confrontation with the Jungwon Dynasty were the growth process of Goguryeo itself. On the other hand, internally, the governance system was reorganized in conjunction with this territorial expansion, which emerged as reinforcement of royal authority and centralization of the state system. At first, the king of Goguryeo came from the Sonobu, Sonobu, Jeolnobu, Sunnobu, and the Five Tribes, but after the change to Gyerubu, Ko's right to succeed to the throne was established and the royal family was strengthened. In addition, the centralized system was strengthened, with the O tribe, the ruling power of Goguryeo, establishing a council. However, when the people of the western region, symbolized by the Sonobu, surrendered to the Liaodong Tae-su Jeong-gang over the control of eastern forces such as Gyerubu, the late King Kukcheon adopted Eulpaso, the unknown line of the Sonobu, in 1944. Meanwhile, at the time of the rapid expansion of Goguryeo's national power, the Gangjeong clan of Liaodong occupied Nakrang-gun and established a new Daebang-gun in the south while the Jungwon continent was divided and confused into three kingdoms. After that, as the Wei Dynasty in northern China overthrew the power of the Politburo clan and extended national taxes to the east, a battle between Goguryeo and the Wei Dynasty became inevitable over the fluctuations. It was because Liaodong was not only a place where iron was abundantly buried, but also a strategic point that could be said to be the base for China's advance to the East and a shield for the Korean Peninsula. Goguryeo preemptively attacked West Anpyeong in the Liaodong Peninsula in 242 during the reign of King Dongcheon. However, this military action quickly led to a counterattack by Wei, and finally, due to the invasion of Guangugum, Hwandoseong Fortress fell, and King Dongcheon fled to the Okjeo region on the east coast, but soon returned to the capital and recovered national taxes. After that, when the power of Jin who succeeded the above weakened, King Micheon of Goguryeo occupied West Anpyeong and expelled Nakrang-gun and Daebang-gun. As a result, Han Gun-hyeon was completely destroyed, and Goguryeo succeeded in restoring Gojoseon's ancient soil, and in 314 it occupied the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria, and Siberia. However, Goguryeo was in crisis again when it reached the late King Gogukwon, and was threatened between Jeonyeon, the Seonbi dynasty in the north, and Baekje in the south. In 342, King Mo Yong-hwang, the king of Jeonyeon, invaded Goguryeo with his own troops, captured the capital Naeseong Fortress and damaged the Tomb of King Micheon, and in 371, King Go Guk-won was attacked by Baekje and killed in Pyongyang. In order to overcome this difficulty, it was necessary to reorganize the national system and strengthen internal solidarity. The king who appeared on such a mission of the times was King So Soo-rim. In the early days of Goguryeo, which was in the stage of a tribal federation centered on the Five Tribes, there were losers or boulevard under the king, and housewives, Utae, monks, lions, and Jo Ui-in. Like the king, the chiefs of each department, each had family members such as lions, condolences, and ancestors, so the political real power was on the masters rather than the king. During Goguryeo's reign as an ancient state, the descendants of the five tribes' chiefs formed an aristocratic class. In the early days, they were called Daein, but after the formation of the ancient state, they were called Daein, and among them, red pepper was given the best honorific name to Gyerubu, Jeolnobu, and Sonobu, and they had their own Jongmyo and Yeongseongjiksa Temple. Therefore, they were able to enjoy the honor of being the highest status while retaining their own tribal traditions. Goguryeo became a bureaucratic organization as an ancient country during the reign of King Sosurim, where Yulryeong politics began, and it was further reorganized after the capital of Pyongyang. The bureaucratic grade of Goguryeo was generally divided and developed into 12 grades, and the grade was further increased to 14 grades. At that time, the relationship between bureaucrats and government posts was not yet differentiated. The bureaucratic system was gradually established in the process of subordination of the Daeso chiefs to the former king's authority and maintenance of the receiving system. The bureaucratic system of Goguryeo originally consisted of a combination of the family of "hyung," which means the chief's power, and the family of "lion," which means the direct translation of collection of study. In addition, as the original tribal chief's family body system, such as Lion and Jo Ui-in, was differentiated, it was absorbed into the central bureaucracy system such as losers, boulevard, housewives, and U-tae, and was organized as a unified ruling system. It is not clear what kind of status system was formed according to the differentiation and maintenance of officialdom, but it seems that aristocratic officials, who generally ranked 5th, discussed and supervised important national affairs in the center. The highest-ranking battalions were not appointed by the King Won, but were appointed by the election of the Central Guizhou and replaced every three years. In local administrative districts, the capital and spleen were divided into eastern, western, southern, northern, and inner Obu, respectively, and an officer named Yoksal and an administrator named Cheoryoegeunji, or Dosa, were dispatched to the local Obu. They led several castles in each province. Originally, the castle was integrated into the military and administrative units of the kingdom, and troops were deployed under the command of Seongju, and governance of local residents, such as taxation, was supposed to be carried out. The military organization was organized by the king himself as the supreme commander and had several grades of ministers. Goguryeo moved its capital four times to Hwanin, Naeseong, Hwandoseong, and Pyeongyangseong Fortress, but implemented a three-economy that took the domestic fortress (Tonggu), Hanseong (Jaeryeong), and Pyeongyangseong Fortress as political and military points. Meanwhile, Goguryeo's land system and receiving system were reorganized centrally in accordance with the establishment of the hereditary succession of kingship and the implementation of Yulryeong politics. All land in the kingdom was established and disposed of based on the principle of land nationality in the sense of royal soil. In addition to the direct royal decree, there were also dictionaries and restaurants, which became the source of large land ownership for the nobles. The dictionary was recognized for hereditary inheritance, but Sik-eup could not be inherited, and the domination of these lands was in the receipt of taxes, studies, and reversals. The process of land ownership by the nobles was first developed around the chief, and the privatization of land became common due to the expansion of the territory by the conquest war. Prisoners of war were distributed as slaves to military personnel with specialties, and these nobles expanded their land by their sensitivity or exploitation of wasteland using slaves. The general farmers cultivated their own small-scale cultivated land, but they lost the cultivated land due to various exploitation and frequent maintenance of the state and fell into farming.   Goguryeo's decrees were closely related to the maintenance of the receiving system as well as control. As a human head tax, five grains or five islands of grain were collected from each person every year, and small cells were jointly paid once every three years to the farmers who did not have a vigilante, and taxes were collected by household by dividing Minho into three grades. The basis of wealth tax on farmers was more dependent on reverse labor than on land, and such reverse obligations were given to men over the age of 15 and requisitioned. In Goguryeo, land, houses, slaves, and horses were free to trade. As a remedy for the poor, the Chindae Act was also implemented to lend grain during the Spring Palace period and pay it back after harvesting it.

● Goguryeo's religion and culture The freshness of Dangun Joseon was handed down to Goguryeo through Buyeo, and Buddhism was first introduced to Goguryeo in 372 A.D., the second year of King So Soo-rim's reign, after King Jingun's King Bu-gyeon sent a Buddha statue to Sun-do. Two years later, Ado came in, and King Sousurim built Chomunsa Temple and Ibulansa Temple to have them do their best. However, Buddhism was introduced to the south earlier. In other words, Buddhism was first introduced to Gaya by Jangyuhwasang and Empress Heo in 48 AD. Buddhism was welcomed by the royal family in the course of the growth of the ancient kingdom because it not only coincided with the demand for ideological unification of the people, but also the patriotic nature of Buddhism was greatly pandered to the royal family. The idea that the state or royal family was protected through Buddhist faith was an important reason for the royal family to protect Buddhism nationally. Buddhism, in conjunction with conventional folk beliefs, not only saved individuals from diseases and disasters, but also took on the nature of the present world that protects the country. Buddhism was introduced with Daeseung Buddhism and Soseung Buddhism at the time of its introduction, but Daeseung Buddhism, especially Samronjong, developed greatly in Goguryeo, greatly influencing the development of Buddhism in Japan and China. Some of the famous monks who were active during the Goguryeo period include Seungrang and Hyerang, Damsi, who brought dozens of Gyeongryul books to King Gwanggaeto's reign, Hyeja, who was a teacher of Prince Shotoku of Japan, and Hyejong, who painted Geumdang mural. Goguryeo people loved to offer sacrifices to spirits, ghosts, and shrines, and served as a heavenly ritual in the sky, inheriting the freshness of Dangun Joseon and Buyeo, and as ancestors, God Ko and Lady Yu Hua, the mother of King Dongmyeongseong, were enshrined as goddesses. In the second year of King Daemusin, the tomb of King Dongmyeongseong, an ancestor shrine, was established in Zolbon, and afterwards, kings of the past visited the shrine and held a memorial service at Sijo Shrine. In addition, it is said that the religious ceremony of the October National Convention, the Thanksgiving Festival, was called an alliance, and the people enjoyed dancing and singing while holding a thank-you ceremony. The alliance is written in the same name in the Western Goguryeo exhibition, so it must have been referring to the founder Dongmyeongje. Goguryeo also produced many ancestors who trained in Sinseondo, and Goguryeo's Chancellor Eulpaso compiled the war account, a scripture of Sinseondo, and trained Jo Ui-in in black robes as a sample of Sinseondo. Eulpaso selected a compliant and clever young man, called Seonindorang, called the curator of education a war, and called the person who supervises martial arts and takes the initiative a person who is the predecessor of Jo. Myeongrim Dabbu was also a national statue from Jo Ui-in, and Yeon Gaesomun, who was selected as Jo Ui-in at the age of 9, also practiced the Taoism of Seonggi, Liberty, Gaemul, and Equality, and encouraged the Taoism of China when King Bojo was reversely imported. In the literature of the 8th year of King Dongcheon of Goguryeo, Samguk Sagi, there is a record that the soul of the late King Gogukcheon was descended through Muja. With the influx of study abroad in China, a national university, Taehak, was established in 372, and Gyeongdang, a private school, was established. The compilation of national history was also carried out, and 100 volumes of Yuji were earlier compiled, which were later converted into five new books by Lee Mun-jin. King Jangsu, who moved to Pyongyang, built the Yeongrak Gi Gongbi Monument, which recorded the achievements of King Gwanggaeto Ho Tae, the father of King Gwanggaeto, in 414, the second year of Geonheung, and it has been passed down so far and has become an important historical source. The inscription contains about 1,800 Chinese characters. Among the literary works that have been handed down since the Goguryeo Dynasty are the tales of the emperor, who was recited by King Yuri Myeong, while watching the two pairs playing, and Ondal, one of the most beautiful love stories in Korean history, and Princess Pyeonggang. Goguryeo people liked music, especially Wang San-ak made geomungo and wrote about 100 songs, but these songs do not exist. The Goguryeo people also blossomed a brilliant culture in terms of architecture and art. First of all, there are various fortresses left by the Goguryeo people, and according to the records of the Three Kingdoms, there were 176 fortresses at the end of Goguryeo. Hwandosanseong Fortress in the house, Onyeosanseong Fortress in Hwanin, Jangsusanseong Fortress in Nampyeong, Sinwon-gun, Hwanghae-do, Hwangnyongsanseong Fortress in Okdo-ri, Yonggang-gun, Pyeongannam-do, and Ondaesanseong Fortress in Seungan-gun, Pyeongannam-do are representative buildings. In addition, 52 buildings in 380,000 square meters are located based on the Oriental Palace, Daedongmun Gate, the south gate of Pyongyang, Anguksa Temple, Geumgangsa Temple, and Jeongneungsa Temple, which are famous as North Korea's national treasures. The roof tiles of Goguryeo are characterized by their encouragement and robustness. Goguryeo Buddhas include stone Buddha found in Daeseongsan Mountain in Pyongyang, seated Geumdojjang Bodhisattva, Geumgeun Gwaneum Bodhisattva, Geumdonginwangsang found in Pyeongcheon area, Geumdong Mireukbansang, and Soil Buddha found in Wono-ri, Pyeongnam-gun. There are two types of tombs in Goguryeo: Seokchong and Totchong, 750 including 715 stone guns in Hwanin, where Goguryeo first occurred, 12,358 including 4,973 stone guns in Tonggu, Hwandoseong Fortress and Korea, and 100 tombs near Daeseongsan Mountain in Pyongyang. Representative stone guns include Gwanggaeto Hotewangneung and Janggunchong Tomb, which reveal Goguryeo's Ungji and piled up stones up to seven stories in a huge pyramid style, and the oldest is Dongmyeongseongwangneung in Mujin-ri, Chinese-gun, Pyeongnam. It is said that Janggunchong was an Altai material culture that worshipped the sun and the earth, including the large pyramids of Egypt, the Ziggurat of Sumer, the ancient tombs of Japan, the Aztecs of the Mongols who migrated to the New World, the Mayan Sun Temple, and the Sumisan Grand Temple of India. Ssangyeongchong Tomb is a representative example of the earthen gun that built a large stone mountain where the coffin was placed and covered with the burial mound on top of it. In Goguryeo tombs, murals, which can be called the golden pagoda of oriental painting, remain, giving a glimpse of the artistic skills of Goguryeo people. The decorative murals of the ceiling of Ssangyeongchong Tomb, the main character statue of Anak No. 3 Ancient Tombs (Dongsuseol for Anak No. 3 Ancient Tombs), and the late Royal Tombs of Gogukwon, Deokheung-ri Ancient Tombs, Masanggungsul Contest Pond, Jangho-do Pond, 12th Ancient Tombsuldo, so far. The mural paintings of Goguryeo tombs were mainly composed of Buddhist elements such as lotus guns, but many also expressed the idea of Sinseondo Island. The center of the mural was changed from Sinseondo Island to the Four Gods, which is related to the character wind speed, Seungjisa-sang, Fengshui-ri, and Yinyang-Oh event-sang. It is a tomb with four gods. Samsilchongchong, Yonggang Ssangyeongchongchongchong, Daean-ri 1.2, Ancient Tombsindeokpo-ri. ● Goguryeo, which was hit hard by King Gwanggaeto Ho Tae and King Jangsu's foreign policy, and the invasion of Baekje, gained momentum with the appearance of King So Soo-rim. King Soorim established a friendly relationship with Jeon Jin, accepted Buddhism and established Taehak through Sundo sent by King Bu-Gyeon of Jeonjin, and distributed Yulryeong in 373. The acceptance of Buddhism was for the spiritual unification of the state, and the establishment of Taechak was aimed at fostering management for a new bureaucratic system. In addition, the decree was to reorganize the state organization. Therefore, during the reign of King Sosurim, the centralized system of Goguryeo was completed, and the curtain of its heyday was raised. King Gwanggaeto Ho-tae, who succeeded King Ko Guk-yang as the nephew of King So Soo-rim at the young age of 18, greatly expanded Goguryeo's territory by developing a large-scale conquest war in Manchuria and the southern part of the Korean Peninsula with strong military power. King Gwanggaeto Ho Tae completely dominated the Liaodong region, which had long fought with the Han people to the west, subjugated Sukshin in the northeast, and conquered Baekje to the south, taking over 10 castles, including Seokhyeonseong Fortress, and other fortresses in the Hangang River basin. King Gwanggaeto Ho Tae also personally led a massive offensive against Baekje in the spring of 396, captured the 700 villages of 58 castles, surrendered by King Asin, and wiped out the Japanese army invading Silla along with Gaya. In 402, Shinseong and Namsoseong, which were occupied by Huyeon, were recaptured and Pyeongju, a key military hub of Huyeon, was captured. Thanks to King Gwanggaeto's bold and active foreign expedition, Goguryeo's national power was greatly enhanced, and a grand empire spanning the Heukryong River to the north, the Han River to the south, Primorsky to the east, Inner Mongolia to the west, and Northeast China was built. King Gwanggaeto Ho Tae's great achievement was established by his son King Jangsu in the second year of Geonheung, and the Yeongrak Gigongbi Monument in Tonggu, Manchuria, is well known.

King Jangsu, who succeeded King Gwanggaeto Ho Tae, had the best heyday of Goguryeo, inheriting the achievements of his father and taking the Namjin policy during the 79th year of his reign. King Jangsu, a rare Hogul monarch, developed Goguryeo into the best power in Northeast Asia by establishing diplomatic relations with China's Northern Wei and Dongjin, keeping a deep eye on the situation in Northeast Asia at the time. In 427, he moved the capital from the national fortress of a barren mountain valley to Pyeongyangseong Fortress, located on a fertile plain, and established Anhakgung Palace to reorganize a centralized political organization. Goguryeo's visit to Pyongyang was politically motivated, but it was due to Goguryeo's policy to advance south, and it was also a way to resolve the resentment of King Gogukwon, the predecessor who died in the battle against Baekje troops. In response, Baekje felt a great threat and formed an alliance with Silla, which regarded Goguryeo's growth as an unstable situation, to counter the forces of Goguryeo. King Gaero of Baekje, who was forced to avoid the pressure of Goguryeo, sent a messenger to the North to request military support. Using this as an excuse, King Jangsu of Goguryeo captured and executed Hanseong, the capital of Baekje, with 30,000 soldiers in 475. Baekje, which was defeated in the war against Goguryeo, moved its capital to Ungjinseong Fortress in the south, and Goguryeo's landscape spread to most of Manchuria and the line from Asanman Bay to Jukryeong on the Korean Peninsula. In the late years of King Jangsu's reign, Goguryeo's proportion in East Asia became strong as it competed with the Jungwon Dynasty by forming a huge kingdom of vast territory spanning Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula. This can be seen from the fact that Silla was not only referred to as "Dong-i" during the 5th century, but also given clothing to the Silla kings and middle-class people, as shown in the Jungwon Goguryeo Monument in Chungbuk. King Munmyeong, who succeeded King Jangsu, also did not ease the pressure on Baekje and Silla. However, after King Munmyeong's death, disputes between various forces over the succession of the throne continued, making the political situation unstable and the royal authority weakened. This instability was not resolved during the reign of King Anjangtae, King Anwontae, and King Yangwontae, and eventually lost the territory of the Han River due to the attack of the Baekje and Silla allies. Source; Korea Foundation for the Promotion of Education (KEF) ' Explanation of 'Glory of the History of the Half-Year-Old Continent - Korean History as One'; Professor Ko Jun-hwan of Kyonggi University

Ulsan Hemisphere Petroglyphs - More Serious Than You Thought

 Hemisphere petroglyphs are submerged in water throughout the winter except for the third and fourth months of the dry season. Moreover, the surface was severely damaged by weathering for more than 3,000 years and the risk of peeling was severe, and it was submerged in water for eight or nine months In addition, as exposure to the atmosphere for three to four months is repeated every year, abrasion and peeling caused by freezing and thawing are accelerating. When rocks are submerged in water, water penetrates between the rocks with high water pressure, widening the gap, and when water is drained, pressure reduction and dehydration cause cracks in the rocks and weakening strength. Comparing the rubbing produced by Hwang Soo-young and Munmyeong University in the 1970s with the current rock screen, the breakage and abrasion of the rock are already too terrible. The great World Heritage Site, which is worth as much as the Altamira Cave mural as a prehistoric site, has been neglected in this way for more than 30 years, has lost my words about the recognition system of officials rushing to execute tens of billions of won in budget for tourism. Of course, the good will to raise Ulsan citizens' pride and give them new identity by using Bangudae petroglyphs as Ulsan's cultural symbol can be sufficiently resolved, but all plans for tourism resourceization should be discussed after the measures to preserve petroglyphs are completely established. The question of whether to build a road now belongs to a completely secondary matter. Of course, Ulsan City Hall will not be neglecting its efforts on these issues. Since Bangudae Petroglyphs and Cheonjeon-ri Petroglyphs are designated as National Treasures No. 285 and 147, the preservation measures belong to the central government and national expenses, and the decision is not easily made, so local administrators are rushing their own tourism resource plans. As for the conservation measures, three things have been raised: 1) building water barriers around petroglyphs 2) carrying out huge civil engineering works to change the flow path 3) lowering the water level of dams, but in my view, none of these measures are stopgap measures are realistic. As such, petroglyphs are currently in a very weak state of stone and are carved with very shallow intaglio, so such measures cannot prevent rapid natural damage such as moisture, acid rain, pollution, and freezing. In my judgment, there can be only two fundamental measures. One of them is to eliminate the sandstone, restore the area to a natural state of flow, and come up with conservation measures, but it is difficult to judge how feasible it is when considering the water supply system of Ulsan Metropolitan City. Since a large Daegok Dam has been built again over Sajeon Dam, it may be possible if the use of Daegok Dam alone can achieve desired water supply measures or establish other methods of industrial water utilization. The second is to move the remains of the hemisphere itself, as in the situation of the Abusimbel temple on the Nile River in Egypt. If it is technically possible to completely cut and separate this rock, it is to remove and preserve this rock and rather build an imitation in its original place. In my opinion, if the latter method can be done technically without damaging hemisphere petroglyphs, it would be the most realistic and permanent method. This is because the hemisphere petroglyphs are already destined to disappear from human memory within a few years when exposed to natural conditions. It would be great to stick to the original position, but all of that is now becoming a luxury empty talk. That's how desperate it is. If conservation measures are to relocate and restore petroglyphs themselves, the issue of tourism resource development will become a completely different level of discourse. This is because the meaning changes completely depending on where the exhibition hall that preserves the separated rock is built. If that happens, just as Picasso's "Gernica" lit up Manhattan's Moma (MOMA, Museum of Modern Art), this petroglyph will inevitably become the collection of the great museum in the middle of the city, loved by people around the world. The primitive is the same, the natural flow is the same! The less artificial touch you make, the greater the tourism resource you will be. Ulsan, the most economically self-reliant provincial city in Korea, and Ulsan, the cultural city that surpasses Seoul, are rushing to tour development logic while trying to restore the clear water of Cheonggye in the middle of Seoul, is the responsibility of Uchi. Development is a new step forward! Now that the paradigm of human civilization is changing to the preservation of organic life, why don't we refrain from the superficial folly of mechanical material civilization, which only gives us a bitter taste, and open our hearts and turn our heads a little softer for the great future of Ulsan, where fresh arteries flow in the 21st century? We urge Ulsan's strong Jehyeon to make wise judgments. - The article is a newspaper article by Dole

The establishment of Korean history and culture 5. Samhan.

 ● Can Samhan replace Silla, Baekje, and Gaya? Samhan is a peculiar being in our ancient history. This is because most ancient countries, led by Gojoseon, have been interpreted with reduced meaning, while Samhanman has been exaggerated. According to the current conventional wisdom, Samhan is the common name for Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan, which were formed in the south-central part of the Korean Peninsula before the Three Kingdoms Period in Korean history. The oldest record of Samhan is the Dongjeon of the Three Kingdoms, and the Dongjeon of the Later Hanseo and the Saijeon of the Jinseo are reconstructions of the contents of the Three Kingdoms. Where did Samhan come from? Hanseo Chosunjeon Hall states that Gojoseon blocked the tribute of the true nation to the Han Dynasty as one reason for the Han Dynasty's visit to Gojoseon, and there is a theory that Samhan developed in the Jinguk mentioned here. The Later Han Book records that all of Samhan developed from Yi Jin-guk, but the Three Kingdoms write that Jinman Bay developed from Jin-guk and the rest migrated from other places. According to Hu Han-seo and the Korean group before the Three Kingdoms, Samhan is a political group consisting of 78 small countries, including 54 Mahan countries, 12 Jinhan countries, and 12 Byeonhan countries. The reason why Samhan is a big controversy is that the current view that Silla, Baekje, and Gaya were developed in these small countries is common. Existing conventional wisdom believes that Samhan existed from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC to the 3rd century AD. According to this, by the 3rd century AD, small countries in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula were separated, and Baekje was only a small country in Mahan, located in Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheong-do, and Jeolla-do, and Silla and Gaya were only a small country in Byeonhan, located in Gyeongsang-do. Japanese colonial era The reason why these arguments are considered problematic is that if this theory is followed, the initial record of the Three Kingdoms History will inevitably be denied. As is well known, Silla, Goguryeo, and Baekje were founded around the 1st century B.C., and the Samguk Yusa records that Gaya was founded in the 1st century B.C. The Samguk Sagi also shows that Silla, Goguryeo, and Baekje have been engaged in a war of conquest against neighboring countries since their founding. On the other hand, however, information on Samhan recorded in the Three Kingdoms and the Later Hanseo states that by the 3rd century A.D., the southern part of the Korean Peninsula had dozens of small countries in parallel. Among these two records, the logic of abandoning the Samguk Sagi and choosing the Chinese records is the so-called "Mistrust of the Early Records of the Three Kingdoms Sagi," which is currently a common theory in academia. According to this popular belief, Baekje, one of the 54 Mahan countries, developed into an ancient state only during the mid-to-late 3rd century, and Silla, one of the 12 rich countries, developed into an ancient state only during the late 4th to early 5th century. And Gaya, one of the 12 countries that changed, did not eventually develop into an ancient state. Since Samhan usually existed from the 2nd century B.C. to the 3rd century A.D., the early records of the Three Kingdoms that Baekje and Silla were powerful states existed before and after B.C. were inevitably denied. For Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan, made up of dozens of small countries, to exist in the south-central part of the Korean Peninsula by the 3rd century A.D., Baekje and Silla must be only one of dozens of small countries during this period. The term "Wonsamgukgi" is also a coined word that appeared when the relics excavated in this record were sewn together. Meanwhile, the reason why Japanese historians accepted the Samguk Sagi, Samgukji, and Hu Hanseo was to save the theory of Imna-il. In order for a strong Imna-Japan department to exist in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, there should not have been a strong ancient state called Baekje, Silla, and Gaya in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. In other words, Silla, Baekje, and Gaya had to be one of 78 small countries in order for the Imna Japanese department to live. However, after liberation, the Korean academic community denied the Imna-il headquarters theory, but recognized Samhan, resulting in a contradictory logic of "the distrust of the early records of the Three Kingdoms." ● Where was Mahan? It is also necessary to fundamentally review the location of Samhan, which is currently accepted as a common theory. Among them, it is as important as the location of Nakrangguk and Nakranggun to determine the location of Mahan. The theory that Mahan is currently located in Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheong-do, and Jeolla-do needs a fundamental review. In the records of the Samguk Yusa Mahanjo, Choi Chi-won wrote, "Mahan is Goguryeo, Jin is Silla," and Ilyeon added in the comment, "People say Mahan is Baekje now, but this is wrong," adding that Choi Chi-won's perception of "Mahan=Goguryo" is correct. However, when Lee Byung-do, a person of more than 1,000 years later than them, pointed out that Choi Chi-won and Il-yeon all misunderstood it, this became a common belief. Even in the Joseon Dynasty, there were views that the location of Mahan was designated as the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula. Han Baek-gyeom, a scholar of the mid-Joseon Dynasty, pit Mahan in Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheong-do, and Jeolla-do, and Jinhan and Byeonhan in Gyeongsang-do in "Dongguk Geography." Since then, some scholars in the late Joseon Dynasty have followed this theory and used the area where King Jun fled with left and right courtiers as the basis for the Samhan Jeongtongism, which connects Giza Joseon and Mahan. Of course, later historians may recognize facts more accurately than those of the time. However, it is difficult to say that Choi Chi-won, a world-renowned scholar of the late Silla period, lacked common sense about historical geography to the extent that he did not know the location of Mahan. The reason why Choi Chi-won's perception of "Mahan = Goguryeo" is important is that the location of Mahan is also located, but it is closely related to the power of Gojoseon. In the Han section of Hu Hanseo, "In the past, King Jun of Joseon was defeated by Wi Man, and he lived in the Han area via the sea with thousands of his remaining people, calling himself Han Wang." So far, this historical data has been interpreted as King Jun, who was controlling Gojoseon in Pyongyang, was chased by Wiman and came south of the Han River to attack Mahan. However, the expression that came to Mahan via the sea from here requires a more rigorous interpretation. If the center of Gojoseon was near Pyongyang at the time when King Jun was ousted by Wiman, King Jun does not have to run away via the sea. This is because if you retreat from the Pyongyang area, you will use the land route, not the sea. This should be seen as meaning that the center of Wiman Joseon, which was taken from the Junwang, is not the Pyongyang area, but the Liaodong or Yoseo area. In this case, Choi Chi-won's explanation of "Man = Goguryo" is quite convincing. This is because it is reasonable to interpret that King Jun did not retreat from Pyongyang to the south of the Han River, but from the Liaodong or Yoseo area to the later Goguryeo area through sea routes. The fact that Mahan was not south of the Han River can also be proved through the records of the Three Kingdoms. In the 69th year of King Taejo's reign of King Samguk Sagi, there is a record that "When the king surrounded Hyundoseong with Mahan and Yemaek, Buyeo king led 20,000 soldiers with his son Uigutae and fought together with the Han army. In the following year, "the king invaded Goguryeo with Mahan Yemaek." At this time, according to the conventional wisdom, it does not make sense for Mahan, who is located in the south of the Han River, to attack Liaodong. Kim Bu-sik writes this record and expresses his question, "Did King Onjo of Baekje perished in the 27th year of King Onjo of Baekje, and now he is said to have engaged in military action with King Goguryeo? Did it revive after the perversion?" Kim Bu-sik also did not easily understand the record that Mahan attacked Buyeo with Goguryeo. However, considering that the same article appears in the literature of the Later Hanseo Goguryeo Dynasty, Mahan's attack on Yodong Hyeondo-gun along with Goguryeo should be recognized as true. There is no reason not to believe the records of the Chinese side as well as the domestic records of the Three Kingdoms. This is only an example of how wrong the history of Samhansa has been described without problem consciousness. The historical narrative attitude of denying all the early records of the Three Kingdoms, considering the latter and short articles on the Han of the Three Kingdoms as gold and jade, is unscientific and non-historical without adding that its roots are in Japanese colonial history.   ● Samhan, the social custom of Samhan, was an indigenous agricultural society where the land was fertile and rice cultivated and five grains were grown, and silk was also used to make cloth. The house is interpreted as a transitional stage of developing from a transfusion residence to a ground house based on the record in the Three Kingdoms, "The residence makes a earthen chamber in a thatched house, and its shape was like a tomb, and the door is at the top." It is interpreted as Togwangmyo because there is a coffin in the funeral, but there is no Gwak, and the Three Kingdoms reported that there was a custom of burial instead of riding a cow or horse. In Byeonjin, it was believed that the dead rose by using the feathers of a large bird for funerals, and there was a custom of migraine and tattoos, which is interpreted as the influence of southern culture. One peculiar thing about Samhan is Sodo. In the literature of the Han Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms, "In addition, there are separate towns in each country, so it is called Sodo." They set up trees there, hung bells and drums, and serve ghosts. I became fond of stealing because I didn't send back anyone who fled to the area. The meaning of their establishment of Sodo is the same as that of Budo, but the good and bad points of what they do are different." Sodo can be interpreted as evidence of the transformation of Samhan, which was generally a consensus on enactment, into a separate society. It is a traditional backlash against the new social order established by the Iron Age culture.

Source; Humanist ' Explanation of Living Korean History - A New Revolution in Korean History Description; Lee Deok-il, Director of the Hangaram Historical and Cultural Institute.

■ Alexander Gwanggaeto the Great in Northeast Asia 5. Far Eastern Hemisphere (3)

 Prince Damdeok and Ogolseung ride horses to the Far East Daehyeol, but the road was already dim as darkness came. On the way to Far East Daehyeol, several soldiers were wary of their son-in-law, but only saw the prince and gave him an example. The prince nodded to the soldiers, penetrating the gloomy darkness, and immediately entered the mouth of the Far East Great Blood. It had enough flat land to accommodate more than 100 people. The prince immediately went up to Tongcheon-dong, where he greeted the water god. The cave was wide and open, and as soon as I entered, I could feel a light feeling as if I were going up to the sky. "Long live the crown prince!" "Long live the Goguryeo people!" "Long live the East Delivery People!" It was the sound of young generals shouting knowing that the prince was coming in from the Far East blood, which was brightly lit by torches. Hae Woo-sung, Moduru, Busabi, Cheon Yu-ji, Changyeo-ji, and Hae Su-wol were already ready and waiting for the prince to come. The prince sat at the table he had provided and stared at them gently. They are all reliable generals. I was deeply moved to think that the future of the Dong-i Baedal people as well as Goguryeo depends on their shoulders. He looked at the prince with a meaningful eye with a young man. As a result, there was a silence for a while in the Far East Daehyeol. Soon Hae Woo-sung broke the silence and opened his mouth. "Your Highness, Prince! As you know even if I don't say it, Far East Daehyeol is only a place where the Heavenly Emperor performs ancestral rites in heaven. We have gathered here to honor His Highness as the leader of the young generals. Please listen to our earnest request." The prince continued to look at the faces of Haewoosung and other young people. Their faces were unshakable. The shining eyes told me that I would throw everything on the way to establish the spirit of the young man. "Please do not refuse our request," shouted other young generals at the pier of Moduru. The sound stopped and the prince began. "I am the prince of this country. But how can you tell me to be the leader of young generals? Are you asking for this knowingly?" "Yes, I am." What we want is to stand tall, not as a prince, but as the center of Goguryeo's weather and the center of the Baedal people," Hae Woo-sung said firmly without blinking. Although he is a prince, he said that he should be at the center of young people who want to break away from the wrongs of the current government and build up the nation's spirit. It was a word that could not remain intact if the prince's stomach was offended. The prince's face rose with joy. This is because it was confirmed that he was gaining trust not as a prince but as a spirit of youth. The joy of getting precious comrades who are one of the world's most precious ones was buried on my face. "Thank you." "Hi! These are people who are willing to give their lives to keep the young man alive. I'm looking forward to being the leader of our young generals and leading them," Busabi said earnestly said. "That's right. "Accept our earnest request." "Accept it." Everyone shouted again at the words of Moru. "I'm so happy to see you like that. However, I am not qualified to take on such a heavy responsibility as a body that needs to be further developed. However, since they are young generals who are trying to build a brilliant Goguryeo that inherited Dangun Joseon, I want to make a connection with a blood alliance partner who will spend the rest of my life with them." "It's a great honor to make a connection with a blood alliance." But you must also listen carefully to the appointment of our leader," Chang Yeo-ji said again. "I will be able to inherit the throne as a princeBut you have to learn more to take on the heavy responsibilities you demand." The prince declined obliquely. This time, Chun Yu-ki stepped up. "You have to think about the future of Goguryeo and the delivery people. The future of Goguryeo and the Baedal peoples rests on their shoulders." "That's right. For the future of the country and the future of the delivery people. Accept our intention to appoint you as leader." This time, Hae-wol stepped up and said. The prince's eyes, looking at the young generals, were bloodshot. This is because I felt their pure passion and loyalty. This is because I saw the strong desire to accept it as the center of the young generals and the center of the delivery people, not the position of the prince. Tae-jae expressed his intention with a trembling voice. "All right. I will take the lead in building a glorious Goguryeo kingdom that inherited Dangun Joseon by giving my all in front of you today, even though I am lacking." "Prince!" Young generals cheered vigorously. Their eyes shook with joy. Hae Woo-sung opened his mouth looking at the prince and young generals. "We are here today with a determination to build a glorious Goguryeo kingdom that will succeed Dangun Joseon. I'm here to establish a relationship with Comrade Ryeong Maeng, who is at the center of Goguryeo's spirit, to honor the crown prince and share his life... Our blood alliance centered on the crown prince is a covenant that must be kept. As a sign for this, we will hold a ceremony of blood alliance comrades mixing and drinking each other's blood." After finishing the speech, Hae Woo-sung put out a bucket of water in front of the prince. After looking back at the young generals, the prince cut his pinky with a knife and dropped blood. Following this, Busabi, Cheon Yu-ri, Moduru, Changyeo-ji, and Hae Seowol proceeded the same way, and finally, Hae Woo-sung performed it and put the rip-off in the middle of the table. The prince stepped up again. "For the Baedal Minjok movie, we have a blood alliance today. As a life-or-death comrade, we must show the honor of the Baedal people with firm faith... ...today is the day to declare the construction of the Goguryeo Kingdom, which inherited the spirit of Dangun Joseon. Today, this place will be recorded as a very significant historical event." The young generals cheered in unison at the prince's loud voice. "Let's build a great Goguryeo empire that inherits the spirit of Dangun Joseon!" The eyes of young generals were bloodshot. No one first held each other's hands tightly. The spirit and pure passion of the youth spread toward the world. In the fifth century after the fall of Dangun Joseon Dynasty, young people who dreamed of the honor of the Baedal people were nesting toward the center of the world. The torches were brighter in their energy, and the center of the world was slowly being built into the Far East Daehyeol. Du So was afraid of Prince Damdeok, who was growing in power day by day. The more I thought about it, the clearer the conclusion became that I had to compete with the prince. He is a hero if he succeeds in the political change, but he did not know that it was the physiology of the power struggle that he could not support his life due to a traitor if he failed. While conscious of the prince's power, Du So decided to strengthen cooperation with Myeongnimsa Temple to keep him in check. Even so, Janghyup was aware of the crown prince and kept his distance from him. I had to keep my parole, but it didn't work out that way. Under these circumstances, solid cooperation with Myeongnimsa Temple was more urgent. If Myeongnimsa Temple was with him, he could still keep the prince in check. However, Du So visited Myeongnimsa Temple and witnessed an amazing sight. He saw Prince Damdeok come out of the house of Myeongnimsa Temple. Duso was already in more dire straits to the extent that the prince was already reaching out to bring even Myeongnimsa Temple to his side. When Dooso saw the prince come out, he thought about whether to meet Myeongrimsa Temple or not. However, he had to prevent the prince from attempting to separate him and Myeongnimsa. So he met and talked to Myungrim Sa-jo. "It feels like just yesterday when we were young and running around, but it's already here..." "That'sure. The years have gone by very quickly." "As my hair turns gray, I think it's human friendship that comes to mind." "Friendship..." asked Myeongrimsajo. "UJUNG, don't change. Don't you think so?' Du So asked as if he was asking for an answer from the Ming-lin trend. "I should. You're not a person if you betray your friendship. But Mr. Guk... "What's wrong with you?" "Giving up greed for our unchanging friendship..." "Giving up greed?"" Duso asked back in dismay. "Now that I'm old and my body is not the same as before... I'm saying this because I think it's time to leave it to my juniors." Du So carefully examined the Myeongrim trend. As the power of the prince grew, Myeongnimsajo was already afraid of him and was showing a judgment to stick to him and find a way to live. It was clear that the prince had hinted that he would never hurt unless he was hostile to him. Du So was upset by the circumstances of Myeongnimsa Temple and wanted to leave the place. However, in order to fight against the prince, the power of Myeongnimsa Temple was absolutely necessary now, so he had to firmly join his side somehow. "Well, I'll leave it to my juniors when the time comes. But the human mind is different when you poo and then when you poo." "That's right. So I decided not to go to a place where I pooped." Myeongnim Sa-jo replied without being embarrassed by Du So's words. On the contrary, he looked angry. Myeongnimsa Temple has actively pushed Du So so far, but Du So did not want to share power. So I was offended. "Dung-nu is a physiological phenomenon in humans, so you can't help but go because you don't want to. But there is also a famous saying that if you don't have lips, your teeth will ache..." It was a threat from Du So. "Well, I'm old and I'm losing my teeth, and I'm not worried about my lips disappearing again.

" Du So was speechless at the baby of Myeongnimsa Temple. Myeongnimsa Temple seemed to have already leaned toward the prince and decided that it was best not to be hostile to the prince. Du So left his house feeling that there was no way to change the changed mind of Myeongnimsa. "What did Damdeok say that even Myeongnimsa Temple turned its back on him?" The vigilance against Prince Damdeok increased further. When Dooso decided that his situation was becoming more difficult, anger over Myeongnimsa Temple soared. If it is handled quickly, you can deal with Damdeok by yourself. At that time, I will take a look at your face!" From then on, Dooso drew in his mind when he would make a winning move with Prince Damdeok. In such a situation, reports have been posted that the movements of the crown prince and young generals are unusual. "There is a rumor that the prince and young generals will work together to make a great war," Du So swallowed. "We have to fight someday, but is it the same now?" Du So could not easily make a judgment. He called his staff, Dongyeondan, and his son Du Chil, to deliberate on this issue. 'I hear their movements are unusual, have you heard the news?' 'I have.' 'I'm sure Prince Damdeok is up to something.' Duchil gave a definite answer. "It's supposed to be something that we need to get closer to. Damdeok is not a great man to attack by surprise... Perhaps to strengthen their unity among themselves..." The party spoke cautiously against Du Chil's words. "What do you mean? Damdeok won't make a surprise attack... ...so why would they come up on the national highway with a large number of soldiers in the wake of their marriage? But how can I guarantee that I won't attack?" Du Chil refuted Dongyeondan's remarks in an angry voice. Duchil felt quite threatened by the appearance of Prince Damdeok. It was believed that it was safe to remove the crown prince somehow. "General Duchil has a point. However, Damdeok is a great man who will never act like a little man. Even when he came to Pyongyang to take measures against the people, he came to us and negotiated." "Well said. So maybe Damdeok is spreading rumors openly." "Maybe Damdeok is inducing our preemptive attack." You have to judge carefully. We have to get a close look at their intentions." "What intentions are they, what grasp are they? It's obvious they're trying to figure out how to get rid of us. We must strike first before they can plot and attack." Duchil still refuted the group's statement. Nevertheless, the party has been cautious. "You only have one chance to win or lose. As I repeat, it is not too late to prepare after calculating carefully. This is a bad time. If you move hastily, you'll be in trouble..." Duso finally concluded when he stopped their conversations. "Stop it. From now on, make sure that your soldiers are ready for dispatch at any time. Make sure you understand their every move and report it." From that day on, Duso kept in mind the confrontation with Prince Damdeok. However, as I got older, the wick shook and often couldn't sleep at night. After going through something like this, I wasn't able to calm down. Even if I tried to make up my mind, I couldn't help but feel the prince approaching too loudly. The more so, the more nervous his mind became. As the sun went down, Pabal began to arrive urgently and successively. "The Damdeok clan is moving one by one." "All the young generals except Damdeok went to the Far East Daehyeol." "Damdeok is also going to join the Far East Daehyeol." Dooso smiled with satisfaction when he received the report. The prince and young generals, "The heavens help these two cows," gather in the Far East at once, so if they attacked them preemptively, they were able to strike. All soldiers must gather and be ready for dispatch. Gather every single one of the priests and wait for an order!" Duso went into the room after giving an order and called in a low voice. "Black statue..." "Colonel, sir." A black object appeared silently in front of it and overturned. Black Sang was the head of the assassination squad that Du So had secretly raised to eliminate political opponents. "Go!" the black statue bowed and disappeared. Then Duso went into the inner room as if nothing had happened and came out of his residence in armor. In front of the gate of his house, well-trained soldiers moved quickly in unison according to the conductor's guidance. They were all elite troops commanded by Du So themselves. Duso opened his mouth, looking at the soldiers lining up with torches. I have worked so far for the peace of Goguryeo. For this reason, it has undergone several wars, but it is enjoying the peaceful era. However, Prince Damdeok and his young generals are trying to monopolize power and dedicate their people to Dothan in pursuit of war with neighboring countries. Now, the Damdeok clan is conspiring in the Far East Daehyeol for this purpose. They are bringing Goguryeo into another crisis. I'm willing to give my life in the face of this crisis. By eliminating them, we want to protect the safety of the country and the happiness of the people. Now! Let's follow me to accomplish this sacred feat!" "Let's remove the Damdeok clan to protect the safety of the country and the happiness of the people!" When Duchil led, the rest of the generals and soldiers shouted loudly. Shouts of cheering spread vigorously through the darkness. Soon after, when the shout stopped, Duso gave an order in a determined tone. "General Du-chil surround the Great Blood of the Far East to capture Damdeok and young generals. No matter what happens, you should not miss a single person and arrest them. General Gan Hyo-moon said, "Let's surround the palace." "Let's take orders." When Du-so's order was issued, the soldiers quickly began to move. Their movements were so astute that Duso boasted that they were the best elite soldiers of Goguryeo. In a short period of time, so many soldiers left the house of Du So one after another. Darkness was driven more vigorously by their moving momentum. A storm of war clouds was raging in the dark. Source: Jeong Il-ho, Kingdom of Heaven and Goguryeo.