Indian civilization around 2500 B.C.

 Around 2500 B.C., civilizations emerged in Mohenzodaro and Harafa in the basins of the Indus River. Harappa was the first place where Indus civilization was discovered. In Mohenjodaro, which means "the hill of the dead," many artifacts showing the high level of Indus civilization have been excavated.

  Mohenzodaro and Harappa are famous as planned cities. The city has paved roads, brick houses, and public baths. There is also a sewage facility, so sewage from each household's kitchen, bathroom, and toilet was flowed through a brick sewage system. Compared to less than 100 years ago, it is very surprising that Korea has sewage facilities. The people who built the Indus Civilization, like other civilizations, used bronze and letters. But I haven't figured out what that letter means yet. Among the four major civilizations, the only undecoded character was the one used by the people who created the Indus civilization.

  We don't know exactly who made these amazing cities and civilizations yet. It is clear that the ancestors of the people living in India are not Aryans. They entered India around 1500 B.C., 1,000 years after the formation of the Indus Civilization. Because the Aryans knew how to handle iron, they were able to make weapons much stronger and sharper than the Bronze Age used by the people who made the Indus civilization. The Aryans conquered India based on excellent iron weapons and slaves the people who originally lived in India. Today, scholars speculate that the Dravidans living in southern India created the Indus civilization.

Sumerians and Babylonians.

 The first people who created civilization in Mesopotamia were Sumerians. They invented letters and left records on clay boards. The shape of this character is called a wedge character because it looks like a wedge in a crack in an object. The Sumerians were interested in floods in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. So I carefully observed and recorded the movements of constellations and rivers, and wedge characters were used at this time. The wedge letters they created were used for commercial transactions in Mesopotamia until around 500 B.C.

  Sumerians saw the moon cold and lean and made a calendar to farm. The calendar created by seeing the moon cold and leaning is called the solar calendar. In addition, because they believed that stars were related to human destiny, astrology to look at stars and make dots was developed. He made a 60-digit system, used it for commercial use, and invented multiplication and division. The Sumerians are also the first people in the world to make wheels. Ur's standard, which was made around 2500 B.C., shows that Sumerians used wheels.

  Mesopotamia's most prosperous country was Babylon, centered on Babylon. King Hammurabi of Babylon conquered the entire Mesopotamian region and formed a unified kingdom. And I made a strict law called "The Code of Hammurabi". Hammurabi Code is the oldest law in the world. In this code of law, "The one who blinds others blinds them," and "The one who breaks others' teeth breaks them.There is a clause like ". This is where the word "eye for eyes, tooth for teeth" came from. However, Babylonian unification of Mesopotamia did not last long. After King Hammurabi's death, Babylon lost a lot of territory, weakened its strength, and was ruled by Hittite and Assyria.

The occurrence of water (big river) and close civilization.

 The world's four major civilizations have something in common. It all occurred in the large river basin. Egyptian civilization emerged in the Nile River basin, Mesopotamian civilization in the Tigris and Euphrates basins, Indus civilization in the Indus River basin, and Yellow River civilization in China in the Yellow River basin.

  It was easy to get water in the large river basin. Water is indispensable for people to live. Today, water supply is installed in each house, so it is easy to get water, but in the past, water had to be drawn from far away or used by rainwater. So people began to live together by the river, which was easy to get water. Water was essential when farming. This is because it was much easier to water rice paddies and fields when the river was close.

  In addition, there were many wide and fertile plains in the large river basin. This is because the river moves oily soil from the upstream to the downstream area. In the wide plain area, the land was not so hard that I could farm with simple wooden tools. There were no rough mountain ranges, so it was good for people to live together. In addition, thanks to the warm climate, grains such as barley and wheat grew well.

  Of course, a large river flows, but there are places where civilization has not occurred. China's Yangtze River is larger than the Yellow River and has abundant precipitation. However, it is difficult to farm because of the lush forest and humidity around it. The same goes for the Ganges River in India. Many people lived around the Amazon River in South America, but it was difficult to farm due to the high temperature and thick jungle. So it was difficult for civilization to occur.

The first civilization in Mesopotamia

 The first civilization emerged in Mesopotamia. The first people to create civilization in Mesopotamia were Sumerians. They built city-states such as Ur, Urk, and Lagashi around 3000 BC. Mesopotamia had no natural obstacles such as large mountain ranges or seas, so other ethnic groups easily invaded.So, it wasn't until around 1800 B.C. that Babylon, an ancient country, appeared and unified Mesopotamia as a whole.

  Civilization emerged in Egypt almost the same time as the Mesopotamian civilization took place. In Egypt, the Ham clan established several city-states from an early age. And around 3000 B.C., a unified kingdom appeared. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egypt is surrounded by deserts and seas on all sides. So, we were able to maintain unification for a long time due to less invasion by other peoples.

  Eventually, the world's oldest countries were created in Mesopotamia and Egypt, where civilization first emerged.  The Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates rivers flooded every year. Floods also damaged people, but they carried greasy soil and supplied water to create good land for farming. However, in order to prevent flood damage and continue farming, it was necessary to build banks or create waterways along the river. This is called dimensions and irrigation. At that time, dimensions and irrigation were something that many people had to work together, so a leader with the power to take charge and supervise large construction appeared. Villages formed around leaders have developed into cities, cities have developed into urban states and ancient countries again.

This and that of the beginning and end.

 1. Criteria for judging the evolution of mankind.

 

  Darwin said that the biggest difference between humans and animals is that they have the skills to walk on two feet, make tools, and have a big brain. He also argued that when people evolve, these three evolve together. Therefore, the degree to which humanity has evolved is judged based on whether it walks upright, whether the technology for making tools has developed, whether the size of the brain has grown, and whether the size of the brain is similar to that of the present person.

 

2. Place where fossils are found.

 

  Since the place where human fossils are found is determined, it is often compared to finding needles in the sand. The bones of living things gradually become fossils as minerals permeate into the bones deep enough to prevent oxygen from passing through. When it meets oxygen, the bones of dead creatures easily rot and are not properly preserved. Therefore, fossils are often found hundreds of meters below the surface. However, it does not mean that fossils exist anywhere deep in the ground. In order to become a fossil, conditions are very difficult, such as no bone-damaging water in the ground and no acidity in the soil.

 

3. Humanity is evolving.

 

  Humans are still evolving through physical changes, such as gradually changing bone shapes to adapt to the climate today. So people say this about future human evolution.

  "People think a lot, so more people have excellent brains. And the head will grow and the bald head will stretch. However, as the amount of activity decreases, the hands and feet will become smaller and the eyes will continue to deteriorate."

  However, some disagree with this argument. This is because civilization has developed rapidly over the past 100,000 years, but the size of the human brain has remained the same. What's the right opinion?

Neolithic Revolution (Middle Stone Age)

 From the time mankind first appeared on Earth until about 10,000 years ago, people used tools made by breaking stones. The tools made in this way are called removed stone tools, and this era is called the Paleolithic period. The period when the Chromagnon lived was also in the Paleolithic period.

  Over time, however, people have made more sophisticated tools than stone tools that have been replaced with some or all of the broken stones. This is called a tideland. Around the same time, people cultivated rice paddies, started farming livestock, and made earthenware to store food. Before that, we had no choice but to find food in nature, but now humans can produce their own food.

  As farming began, mankind began to settle in a certain place, and the population increased to form a village. As the time required to get food decreased than before, I was able to do other things, and as a result, various tools were invented and culture began to develop. In this way, the Neolithic period is called the Neolithic period when tidal flats and earthenware were used and agriculture and livestock were mainly used.

  The first place I started farming was the Fertile Crescent Zone in Southwest Asia. It refers to the region from Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates basins to Syria on the Mediterranean coast, where wheat and barley began to be cultivated. Subsequently, farming began in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

A comparison between the British Navy and the naval forces.

 There is still a lack of research on Panokseon and Joseon naval forces. Only when these studies are conducted first can they be properly compared to other countries' navy. This kind of comparison is meaningful, too, but... That's a bummer. In conclusion, it is a little difficult to conclude that the Joseon Navy is weak. At that time, the navigation of European countries varies widely, but it is impossible to compare uniformly under the name of the European Navy.It's not easy to narrow the comparison target and compare it with the British Navy. The Imjin War was in 1592, and the battle between the British Navy and the Spanish invincible fleet was in 1588, so let's compare it with the British fleet at that time. First of all, by the 1590s, the decontamination of British Navy ships has not yet been carried out properly. Some of the vessels used by Henry Great (Henry Gracedio) as flagboats were super-large ships close to 1,000 tons, while the rest of the warships were not that large, and there were many temporary warships requisitioned from merchant ships. At that time, the British Navy was not a navy that was properly formulated like the Joseon Navy. Even after the British Navy built a ship rating regulation in the future, it did not build only ships of the same standard as the Joseon Navy. After making it moderately, it was classified into 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 equations depending on the number of crew members or the number of ships mounted. Therefore, it is very difficult to compare uniformly. Except for Henry Great, Drake's flagship, Revenge or Howard's flagship Acroyal, and the Regent, among the British Navy ships of 1588, are over 800 tons. The drainage of Panokseon and Turtle Ship is uncertain, but according to the calculation of the late Professor Kim Jae-geun, a professor of shipbuilding engineering at Seoul National University, Panokseon is 227 tons and Turtle Ship is 285 tons. It is clear that Joseon's main warships are small compared to large British ships. However, even in the British fleet, the number of large ships approaching 800 tons is very small. At the time of the showdown between the British Fleet and the Spanish invincible Fleet, there were only 13 ships over 500 tons in the British Navy, including Henry Great and Acroyal, and the remaining 150 ships were all between 100 and 150 tons. And there were about 20 ships that were less than 100 tons. Rather, ships smaller than Panokseon were the main force of the British Navy, and these ships were not permanent naval forces, but many of them were suddenly pulled out. On the other hand, in 1593, the Joseon Navy, which was at its peak, had 250 Panok ships of 227 tons. The above-mentioned large British ships of 800 tons or more were also equipped with only 20 to 46 cannons in practice, regardless of the maximum number of artillery available. Considering that the number of panok ships loaded is 20 to 30 and the total blood of the left Suyeong Turtle Ship is 36, there is no significant difference in the amount of ship loaded in Hampo. The strength of the hull is not easy to judge, but the use of teakmok was after Britain completely controlled India as a colony of India. In the 1590s during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, British ships were mainly made of elm trees. The proportion of elm trees is 0.53, whereas the proportion of Korean red pine, the main ingredient of Panokseon, is 0.53 to 0.73. The weakest type of red pine is similar to the average of elm trees. It is difficult to reach a final conclusion about hardness only by weight without flexural strength figures, but if the weight is this much, Korean red pine will be advantageous for the basic hardness. During the Joseon Dynasty, the thickness of the outer plates of various ships was 4 to 7 inches. This is about 12-18cm. This thickness is thicker than that of modern wooden ships, and among the three Eastern countries, traditional Korean ships make the outer plate of the ship the thickest. It is one of the advantages of Panokseon. Among my data, there is no direct data on the thickness of the outer plates of British sailing ships in the 1590s, but except for 13 large ships, which are 500-1,000 tons of drainage, the rest of the British ships are likely to have thinner outer plates than Joseon Panok ships. Moreover, considering that the proportion of red pine trees themselves is higher than that of elm trees, at least British ships have a similar intensity when the outer plate is thicker than that of Joseon ships. If British ships are structurally advantageous for ocean navigation because they are sailing ships, Panokseon, a ship of the Joseon Navy, has many advantages for coastal navigation. While the British Navy has inherent limitations in using monotonous tactics centered on Danjongjin, the Joseon Navy can use various modified tactics using the small turning radius of the Panokseon. In particular, if you fought in waters with severe tidal differences along the coast of Joseon, the Joseon Navy would not be unilaterally disadvantageous. It's not easy to determine who's better than others. At the time of the showdown with the Spanish Fleet, Calverin was the most loaded cannon in the entire British Fleet, with 1,530 cannons, 344 Demi-Calverin series, 55 Canons and 43 Canon-Perier. In total, there are about 2,000 guns of the British fleet. In the case of the Joseon army, there were about 10 to 30 guns mounted on the Panokseon. In 1593, the year after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1593, when the Joseon Navy boasted its strongest, there were 250 Panokseon ships of the three provinces of Gyeongsang, Jeolla, and Chungcheong. Except for miscellaneous ships such as post-ship and narrow-line ships, the calculation of the Panokseon alone results in a huge ship loading of 250 ships x 20 doors = 5,000 doors. In the case of projectiles, the largest cannonball in the British Navy was 68 pounds (51.408 Geun). On the other hand, the Daejanggunjeon, Joseon's largest projectile, is 56 geun, which is not inferior to the cannonball of the large-caliber canon. Calverin, England's main cannonball in numbers, is 18 pounds (13.6 roots). In the case of the Joseon Navy, like the British Navy, the main focus was the Hwangja Chongtong, which had a rather small view, and many toys and bullish systems were also installed. The weight of the siege, the projectile of the Hwangja Chong, remains, but the Hwangja Chongtong is 40mm in diameter and is never pushed by Calverin. The monolith (stone bullet) fired from Joseon's toys is about 11 to 30 geun. Calverin has a maximum range of 2000m, an effective range of 300m, and a maximum and effective range of 1,500m and 250m. In the case of Hwangja Chongtong, regardless of the maximum range record, the actual experimental results of the close/habitat reached about 1,600m when the withdrawal was fired. Considering that the actual experimental results are shorter than the record at the time, the range is likely to be longer. There's not much difference in the intersection either. At that time, the projectile was a simple mass shell-solid projectile without explosive power.  If the European Navy used an Expanding Projectile like a chain shell that was not in the Joseon Navy, the Joseon Navy would not be inferior in shipbuilding because there was a series of general wars, a super-large arrow projectile that was not in Europe.   At that time, in Europe, it was the time to finish the transition from crude assembly to electric casting, and in the East, casting technology was already completed. During the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, Europe was ahead of Joseon in the technology of Hujangpo, but overall, the technology and performance of the ship were not unilaterally ahead of those of the East. One decisive difference is that the Joseon Navy failed to achieve qualitative innovation during or after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, while the technological revolution that began in the 15th century continued to explode in Europe, at least in the early 17th century, in the first half of the 1600s. While Joseon was in place, the European Navy, led by Britain, continued to undergo a qualitative revolution.  If the Joseon Navy fought a coastal naval battle in the 1590s, it was clear that it had such a powerful power that it was hard to determine superiority and inferiority with the British Navy of the same period. However, just decades later, the British Navy overwhelms the Joseon Navy. And the British Navy is not just a strong European, but a foundation for building a world empire. The British Navy continued a virtuous cycle by pulling out investments as it played a supportive role in overseas trade that made Britain rich, but the Joseon Navy was a defensive naval force to defend pirates, so despite the huge investment that broke the national economy, there was little direct economic benefit.