Military operation of the bow. Part 02.

 The Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, and the improvement of the launch method. During the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, and the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, the Joseon army lost consecutive battles without properly responding to the attacks of Japanese troops armed with guns. Examples include the Battle of Busanjin, the Battle of Dongnaebu, and the Battle of Tangeum. However, in some areas, the Joseon army won against enemies armed with new weapons, guns, using only archers. Gyeongju Busa Park Jin was ambushed near the Hwangsangang River and killed the Japanese enemy with a palace (4) Subsequently, Kwak Jae-woo's righteous army also posted a criminal record of killing the Japanese enemy as a palace during the undercover operation of the fortress site (5). It also envisioned a waterproof operation using mountain peaks that make a living by hunting. They were hunters, mastered in horse racing and archery, and expected an effect on them (6) It can be seen that the ambush operation using the urinary tract was effective 7). The direct battle was not a close battle by Changgeom. It can be seen that the development of the battle was a long-distance attack by the palace under favorable topographical conditions by the preemptive surprise of the Joseon army. The shouts and rampage defeated the enemy's momentum and carried out unilateral attacks, destroying the enemy's battle lines and causing them to retreat. The lack of weapons on the front line of the Joseon army, which is in close contact with the Japanese army, was serious. According to a report by Lee Ho-min of the House of Sahun, among the Joseon soldiers on the front line, the palace was already exhausted 8). The absolute amount of arrows was very insufficient. Seonjo was naturally interested in weapons because it was a national war period. Of course, the most important concern was various Chinese gunpowder weapons and guns of the Japanese army 9). Although Joseon had a large number of gunpowder weapons, it was using Mokjeon, a traditional method, rather than the use of Cheolhwan, a new projectile, in its use (10). Due to the siege operation by the Japanese soldiers' guns, the Suseongjeon Battle by flat land was helpless in Joseon. For the Joseon army, only Sanseongjeon was easy to prevent Japanese soldiers' toru attacks or gun attacks (11). King Seonjo says that he will not only shoot arrows to select soldiers due to national difficulties, but also through talents such as jumping muscle running or bravery.12). At that time, he emphasized the importance of gunpowder, pointing out the tendency of the Joseon army to rely too much on archery. However, in reality, the easiest thing to implement in poetry was traditional archery (13). Therefore, the Joseon army prevailed in archery and large firearms, but the Japanese army prevailed in swords and firearms. The Joseon army's archers and firearms were advantageous for Suseong operation, and the large firearms were advantageous for maritime operation centered on large ships. The victory of the Joseon Navy also stems from the effective and appropriate use of large weapons, and the defeat of the Joseon Army was due to the absolute inferiority of the weapon system. The main weapon of the country against this was the palace, and even this palace could not be used properly because the rain did not stop during the full-fledged war period, and the flags and arrows of arrows were released. 14) It is true that the cause of the Joseon army's losing streak in the first round was determined by the superiority and inferiority of the weapon system itself. However, the victory or defeat of the war depended on the tomb of the operation of the military or weapon rather than on the number of soldiers or the simple superiority and inferiority of the weapon. Regarding the utilization of the Joseon army's strengths, Yuseongryong finds out rough places, installs ambush soldiers through the forest, and fires multiple arrows in unison while waiting for the enemy to come, so even if it is a large group, our military can win.15). He talks about the operation of the palace using the terrain. As an example of success, Goyang residents ambushed and attacked with a bow in the Changgyeongneung Forest, and after that, the Japanese invaders were wary of the forest and could not enter the mountain again. In addition, Yeoju Pastor Wonho succeeded in keeping the enemy in check by a small unit operation using the mountainous terrain of Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, with archery-oriented tactics. As an example of failure, Shinrip's Chungju Plain Exhibition made the enemy's organs more advantageous, and made allies' shortcomings more disadvantageous and defeated. If a shooter was placed in the rough land of Joryeong, it would have been effective in preventing the Japanese enemy from moving northward.   During the Japanese Invasion of Korea, the Joseon army focused on archers armed with new weapons, guns, and sprinklers trained with Changgeom and martial arts rather than archers. This military law is an infantry tactic in preparation for the Japanese Gujeon, and the cavalry and archery tactics, which are relatively rental advances, have been weakened. Accordingly, the revival of horsemanship and archery was emphasized 16). According to the new law of Cheokgye-gwang, a shooter existed among the Samsubyeongje, but the shooter was inferior to the catcher and the Susa. In the end, the intensive fostering of catchers led to the relatively decline of Gungsul. However, at that time, most bureaucrats put the power of archery centered on Pyeonjeon over the rifle. Unlike the gods, the decisive reason why King Seonjo became interested in firearms was that Myeonggun's victory in the recapture match of Pyongyang was the operation of firearms 17). It was judged that Japanese pirates could never be controlled unless it was gunpowder 18). The advantage of firearms was that it was easier to learn how to shoot compared to archers, so it was easier to train catchers 19). The mastery of archery took a long time, but the firearm was able to be mastered in a short period of time. At that time, in theory, learning the art of art was considered the most urgent priority. However, all commanders participating in the battlefield chose Daedong, which is useful in practice, although they lag behind catchers who cannot use firearms properly in every emergency.20. Then, King Seonjo, who was recognizing the excellence of gunpowder weapons, personally moved outside Sungnyemun Gate and refuted the traditional theory of superiority in archery while propping martial arts tests. At the time of today's trial, it was several times the size of a rifle, so it is reliable that an old man said, "A rifle is five times better than a bow." In the wake of the Imjin War, an accurate evaluation of the power of the rifle was made. King Seonjo proved that the rifle was superior to the deviation in terms of penetration and range through the test launch of both. Although the firearm was judged to be superior to the archer, there was a problem in the production and use of the firearm. There was a shortage of firearms and gunpowder materials, manufacturing techniques, and technicians. Therefore, firearms were limitedly manufactured and used, and archers were less restricted. Thus, tactical operation relying on traditional weapons, or archers, was the center. The traditional archery method was applied as it was. The basic firing method of archery was intensive firing as if it were raining from a distance, that is, a rampage. This rampage had the effect of retreating the enemy to the beginning by giving murder and psychological threats to the enemy approaching the pre-prepared castle. This rampage method is a type such as modern bullet shooting, which is determined by the concentration of the number of mobilized shooters and the quantity of archers, and its effectiveness has been proven in practice. However, not only did the effect of archery be halved due to the emergence of firearms, but there was also a problem that the arrow quickly ran out due to the waste of arrows. In order to overcome these shortcomings, it is necessary to improve the archery method. In addition, in reality, improvement measures for the use of existing traditional weapons were easier than the production of firearms to respond to Japanese guns. These efforts were not new, but adventurous in the process of overcoming national difficulties such as forest war through realistic application of the traditional palace launch method. I would like to look at some of the firing methods implemented at the battlefield at the time.

Military operation of the bow. Part 01.

 The gunpowder weapon that appeared in the late Goryeo Dynasty overwhelmed other weapons with its roar and explosive power. In particular, the large president had excellent efficacy in the battle of Gongseong and the attack of ships. With the help of this new weapon, firearms, the Japanese invasions were successfully suppressed, and furthermore, the dynasty was replaced. The emergence of gunpowder weapons led to a major transformation in the weapon system, but Joseon, a new dynasty, strictly controlled its management from the beginning of its founding.     In the wake of the marginal problem caused by the invasion of wilders and Japanese pirates in Taejongdae, the production of gunpowder weapons and the expansion of firearms units were made. Sejong University focused on the development of gunpowder and firearms to explore the northern territory. The Royal Research Institute was established to achieve this, reaching the international level with long-term research results. The production and use of new weapons were centrally controlled, and in the provinces, only a certain amount of gunpowder was produced and supplied to the center. Prior to the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, firearms were weapons that appeared only in case of emergency as a system that was thoroughly managed and operated by the center, so there was no significant change in the usual military weapons system. Therefore, archery in everyday life was revered as before as one of the number of scholars' mental and physical training. 1) For this reason, the manufacturing techniques and archery techniques of Joseon Dynasty remained the same externally. Prior to the invention of the gunpowder weapon, the position as the best soldier was occupied by archers. The emergence of gunpowder weapons also began with the need for tools for the launch of archers. On land, firearms, which were only used as water weapons, were lightened to convert them into offensive weapons so that they could be carried. In addition, with these firearms, various firearms that fire long distances or multiple arrows were manufactured and used in practice. Using the gunman, several arrows (the pre-ssangjeon arm battle) were fired, and heavy arrows (the General War) were fired to break down gates or ships. In particular, fire arrows (Hwajeon Singi Current), which enabled long-distance fire operations with the help of gunpowder, and fire trucks that fired them in a bundle at the same time belonged to high-quality scientific weapons. This was the product of a complex function that bonded the traditional organ, the archer, to new weapons. The demands of the Ganggung Palace were replaced by the president, and the arrows fired into the president were solid and diversified. Now, the president was recognized as the best weapon in firing arrows, 2) and the teaching of Hwapo radiation was important. In the records of the Joseon Dynasty, the explanation of the use of weapons is generally brief, but there is a more specific explanation in the subjugation work exhibition of Lee Si-ae-ran. According to the subjugation operation, the distance that the two troops confronted was about 100 steps away 3) In other words, this close distance is a distance that can be used for the effect of killing force by archers. On this street, a riot was carried out against the troops concentrated in Piagan, which can be seen as a kind of effective death. This operation was not a plain battle, but a mountain battle, so it was advantageous for the defenders, while it was very disadvantageous for the attackers, the subjugation. The attack by the palace alone could not break through the triple wall of the rebels, and in the end, they were able to win with the last attack by the presidential and slash-and-burn battles. It proved that firearms are the most important weapon in the attack. However, the role of archery as a weapon to assist this should not be ignored. Firearms had advantages such as strong destructive power and psychological threats by long-range firing and roar, but vulnerabilities such as quantitative limitations of gunpowder and firearms themselves, inconvenience of transportation due to weight, low hit rate and slow firing speed. On the other hand, archery had weak destructive power, but had advantages such as convenience in production, armament, and use. The emergence of firearms in practice started from a complementary relationship with the palace. The firing of the palace using a firearm increased the range of the palace and allowed several arrows to be fired at once. The effect was great when a roar and fire, which are the advantages of firearms, were accompanied. However, the use of this firearm required the support and protection of the palace due to the limited quantity and movement. Now, firearms have maintained a complementary relationship with the palace. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1) When King Taejong asked the crown prince to learn archery in the court, Lee Yi-rae and his officials opposed it as wrong. In response, King Taejong said, "The old man said that he recognized virtue by shooting an arrow, and it was also said that it was the Tao of the Gunja to compete for its tricks, so we cannot stop shooting an arrow."({太宗實錄} 권17, 태종 9년 3월 기미) 2) {世祖實錄} Volume 46, the claim of Kang Soon of Byeonginjo in May of the 14th year of King Sejo. 3) {祖實錄錄} Volume 43, the 13th year of King Sejo's reign. "I dealt with the enemy at a distance of about 100 steps away.    The enemy blocked, fired guns, rolled stones, and fired arrows like rain.    The line of Paengbae was removed in three layers, and Jun advanced with several generals. Lee Si-ae fought with all her might, so she was solid and could not defeat it."

Goguryeo Army VS Rome Army - Who is the strongest?

 1. Introduction - Anyone interested in history would have wanted to compare the power of Goguryeo, which had the greatest military power of our people, with the power of Rome, which was the strongest in Western ancient history. I've always wondered if I'm interested in warriors in Bonhae-do, but when I see them argue from time to time, I wrote with short skills to correct unicellular and blind thoughts, not fragmentary, such as "Koguryo has strong cavalry and Rome doesn't have any cavalry. Of course, in conclusion, the history should be a field of thorough objectivity and reason that excludes emotions, although we appreciated Goguryeo's military power more. Based on this thorough data, we only gained the upper hand by analyzing it coolly. However, what I want to say in the article below is not to determine the victory or defeat in the war between Goguryeo and Rome. War is a comprehensive art that requires all factors to be considered, including weapons, strategy, geography, politics, and production capacity, war is meaningless and impossible because it includes numerous unpredictable variables, including total strategy, military power, political power, economic power, social infrastructure, and even ethnicity. If so, is it to determine the victory or defeat of a one-off battle? This is not it either. The most important thing in the battle is also the tactical capabilities of the General (like the Battle of Zama, if Hannibal had defeated and won the Roman army despite the inferiority of cavalry forces, he would have become the best general of the time, as he said. Hannibal's words prove that the most important thing in battle is the commander's ability) What he wants to say as a whole is the difference in the level of each ancient civilization in the East and the West. The nation's all-out power is concentrated in the army, which carries fate on its shoulders at the forefront of the country. Soldiers and officers teach the most efficient and sophisticated strategies and tactics of the civilization of the time, and armament and other equipment reflect the state-of-the-art science and technology of the civilization of the time. Therefore, the overall power of each army is immediately the same as a measure of its civilization level. By comparing the power of the two forces, we want to show a large gap in the level between the two civilizations. (Of course, there is a big difference of more than 300 years in the heyday of the two countries, but it should be taken into account that in ancient times, science and technology advances were not as rapid as modern times, and Europe declined after the fall of Rome.) If it is still unacceptable, why don't we compare the forces of contemporary Byzantine and Goguryeo? 2) 2. The main point (1) Comparing the total forces of both armies. Goguryeo - Goguryeo has no choice but to estimate it. Later, when King Balhae Mu ordered his younger brother Daemunye to play Heuksumalgal, Daemunye refused the order and said, "[Strategy] When Goryeo was in full swing, it was recorded in [Sindangseo] "Balhaejeon", so many people estimate Goguryeo's total force to be about 300,000. However, at the time of Tang Tae-jong's mother's reign, when the Tang army captured Yodongseong Fortress and marched to Ansiseong Fortress, Yeon Gaesomun dispatched 150,000 troops recruited from the southern and northern parts of Goguryeo. Since 40% to 150,000 of the entire country, a simple arithmetic calculation results in a total number of 375,000.150,000 are left because the defense forces must remain in the north.It cannot be said that the entire northern army was mobilized, so it is believed that the total number of troops, including Goguryeo's interceptors and standing forces, will be more than 400,000. (Of course, this is only possible in the late Goguryeo period, and there is no record of all troops before that, so it is impossible to estimate). There are some fragmentary records of how many troops were deployed in an operation, but it's not enough to estimate the total number of troops.) 로마. Rome - Rome traditionally did not have regular troops and recruited troops as needed. According to [Romasa], there were about 750,000 men of military service age in the 3rd century BC.In the first century, the number of troops increased to about 500,000 combined with the two armies, but it was only a temporary army, and in fact, after the civil war, Octavian greatly reduced the number of troops and stayed in the standing army. From then to Oh Hyeon-je, about 25-30 legions, about 300,000-400,000 troops, are divided into each defense line. The main force of the Roman Legio was literally Legion, a lieutenant general infantry, and cavalry became the main force of the military after the 3rd century AD to prepare for the invasion of German cavalry. In addition, as Karakala grants citizenship to the residents, the distinction between corpses and standing forces disappears, and the number of troops increases significantly to about 400,000 to 500,000 as they respond to German invasion through the era of military emperors. c. Comprehensive and Remarks - Goguryeo and Rome overlap in times, but it is very difficult to simply compare them to the same time. The 1st and 2nd centuries AD were so-called Pax Romana, and Goguryeo was only in the early days of its founding, and Rome was long destroyed during Goguryeo's reign of King Yeongyang, the heyday of Goguryeo's population and overall national power. Therefore, we have no choice but to compare each heyday. As described above, Goguryeo also had 300,000 to 400,000 troops, and Rome had a total of 180,000 corps soldiers and 350,000 assistants in total during the reign of Emperor Trajan, which had active conquest projects such as conquering Dhakia. Therefore, Goguryeo seems to be ahead, but it is not an accurate figure, so it can be said to be almost the same. Here we can see that Rome's national power has been greatly exaggerated. Roman citizens alone had a population of more than 50 million, and the central government built a well-organized administrative network across the country, built 150,000 kilometers of roads, and stabilized trade routes across the Mediterranean Sea. Why can the level of the country or civilization be measured with the total force? This is because the total force does not simply mean military power, but represents the overall national level, such as the state's economic and technological power, the level of administrative network, and the central government's control. This is because if the central government's local control disappears and the administrative network collapses like the end of Silla, it will be difficult for the military to operate 1,000 people even if the population reaches hundreds of millions. (Of course, it does not apply to modern countries.) Western civilization remained at a terrifying and childish level until the pre-modern medieval period after the fall of Rome, indicating that Rome's civilization and national power were relatively highlighted. Goguryeo also had international trade and relay trade rights connecting the northern people, China, and the Korean Peninsula, and since the reign of King Jangsu, the war with the continent has disappeared, peace and economic power have been greatly prosperous, and the unique fresco technique shown in Grain's construction and murals. Based on the contents of War and History - The Three Kingdoms, I will add and describe the contents of this year. (The opinions on whether this is an honor guard or an actual army are divided, but if this is ignored, there is no data at all.) For reference, the tomb No. 3 of Anak is presumed to be the tomb of Dongsu, which was built in the 4th to 5th centuries.) For reference, most of the knives used by Goguryeo army were Jikdo Island, Hwandudaedo Island. a. Heavy Armored Infantry 1 - He wore a helmet on his head, slanted armor with short sleeves only on his upper body, wore a hook spear on his shoulder, a knife on his waist, and a thin and elongated shield. I think it's a lieutenant general infantry force that creates a dense formation with a thin and elongated shield to stop the enemy from charging cavalry and drag the knight from the horse with a hook window. b. Heavy Armored Infantry 2 - It is the same as the Heavy Armored Infantry written on top, but it is different that the shield is round and wider. Therefore, the formation of this infantry would have been more convenient for white soldiers wielding swords because it was wider than the formation of the above infantry, so it would have been composed of great infantry like Greece with circular shields or Rome with oval shields. c. Police infantry - Police infantry used Dobusu (Monthly Wed), which uses axes, but they are rarely armed with armor or other weapons. Since he couldn't even wear armor, his social status would have been very low and his combat ability would not have been very strong. Rather than bumping into enemies on the first line, it would have been used as a ministry unit, such as attacking enemies who fell off horses or fell on the second line and fell behind allies, or attacking enemies like Roman soldiers. Still, it seems that it was an essential unit, given that axes were found in Goguryeo military sites, including the Achasan Mountain bastion.

Gungbyeong - A powerful 120 to 127cm long Macgung was used, and he wore slanted armor with no sleeves at all, and did not use pitching, which is believed to be due to securing visibility. In addition, during the reign of King Sansang of Goguryeo, archery soldiers in Goguryeo could not have been armed with archery because the manufacturing method was complicated and the unit price was very high, but some elite units, officers, and warriors would have been armed with archery. e. Heavy and long-term cavalry - The only areas exposed to the air were faces and hands, Goguryeo's unique 5.4m long and 6-9kg weight, and a knife on its waist (China or nomadic people used about 4m long yarn) and Goguryeo owned a rich iron mine. In fact, King Dongcheon mobilized 20,000 troops when he fought against the official sword forces, of which ironware accounted for as much as 5,000, accounting for a quarter of all troops, so it would not have been too much to occupy the main power of all troops. (There is a controversy over whether King Dongcheon's ironware is simply elite cavalry or mid- to long-term disease, but it is considered a mid- to long-term disease based on the record that 5,000 irons were at the forefront.) f. Gyeonggi-do-Anak Tomb murals are armed with no armor at all, making it difficult to know the exact substance. However, what is certain is that the economic soldiers were operated in contrast to the mid- to long-term cavalry, and they would have carried out a maneuver to cover the charge of the mid- to long-term cavalry and disrupt the enemy. b. Rome: 3~4 kinds of a. Heavy Armored Infantry (Legion) - Originally held an oval shield of 1.2m wide and 1.5m long, but later changed to a rectangular shield. Each two to three meters long spear and one javelin were carried, and the third row of triarii did not carry a javelin. And originally, a single-edged sword was used, but Scipio Africanus accepted Spain's double-edged dagger and carried the famous Gladius, which became the etymology of Gladiator. b. Alarm soldiers (Velites) - almost without armor and armed with knives, catchers, and circular shields, consisting of the poorest four to five classes of citizens. Of the 10,000 soldiers in one corps, 1,200 were in charge of the first neck-and-neck battle, but after the Marius reform, they disappeared from the organization and used foreign allies such as Mallorca dialysis as allies. After the Augustus military reform, it loses its independence and disappears, consists of residents, and is organized in Auxiliaris, a mixture of various diseases such as cavalry and infantry. In addition, there is no record of how Rome operated the archer, but everyone only speculates that there is no organized record like the lieutenant general infantry or the alarm, but only what is known to have been used, so the above-described alarm replaced the role of the archer or included the archer in the alarm. c. Cavalry - There were only sports troops, and he rarely wore armor and did not use a bow. The armed forces were also poor, so there were only catchers, knives, and circular shields, and there was no back, so even with only a spear, it was impossible to carry out a shocking operation to break down the camp, and it was only to approach and throw. In Rome, cavalry mobility and breakthrough were not properly recognized, so they did not value cavalry power, so they did not know how to use cavalry mobility only for battles between cavalry and right-handed tactics, and only used mobility to chase defeated enemies. After Hannibal and Scipio, so-called "genius masters," cavalry detour tactics were used, but as mentioned above, due to the weak armament, they could not exert more power than infantry. After Marius and Augustus' reform, cavalry of Roman citizens almost disappeared, Galia, and Numidia were used as allies. c. Comprehensive and Remark- First of all, Goguryeo is twice as many as Rome in the number of warships, so it can be said that the range of tactics that can be said to be organic. In addition, Goguryeo's heavy and medium-sized cavalry, archer, and airborne infantry are powerful, especially Goguryeo's heavy and Persian cavalry were different from Rome's Parthian and Persian cavalry, and archer learned Parthian rhetoric 360 degrees forward. You can think of Mongolian archer soldiers) Roman troops would have been helpless because they did not have enough soldiers to respond to Goguryeo troops and could not respond tactically with existing ones like elephant units. In addition, Goguryeo forces dominate the Roman army in terms of the quality of each disease. Above all, Roman cavalry could not carry out a shocking operation because they had no back and only swords and spears, and even the cavalry could not be a rival to Goguryeo's mid- to long-term cavalry or archer. In addition, Goguryeo archers were armed with powerful and powerful Macgungs, so their existence was unclear and Roman cavalry armed with crude dangungs could not be compared to Roman archers, and Roman cavalry, who rarely wore armor, would fall under the full fire of Goguryeo archers. In addition, the Roman army itself was weak against the royal army, perhaps because it did not put meaning on the history of the royal army and did not use it much. For example, you can see from the battle of Karay, where all troops below Krasus were completely wiped out, except for Casius' 500 cavalry, who fled to Parthia's second-class army and few archers. However, it is unknown because there is no record of Goguryeo's heavy general infantry's proficiency, social position, and military system, but the largest number of soldiers could not be composed of nobles or professional warriors, so it could be conscripted less than Roman legions who were trained and social status. This is the same for Gojoseon, Buyeo, Baekje, Silla, and Daeshinra before Goryeo, but we will refer to the organization of Goryeo, which was the closest to Goguryeo with existing data and promoted internally and externally to inherit Goguryeo. The minimum unit of Goryeo-gun was 25 people, under the direction of Daejeong, the 9th class of the bell, and the top unit was under the direction of Gyowi (or Owi), the 9th class of 50 people, and on top of it, there were 200 unit units (name: Jeon Ji-so), and five deputy generals gathered. Theorem: 25 people (명) - 50 people (() - 200 people (장) Nangjang Unit - 1,000 people ()) - There is one example that shows the possibility that Goguryeo actually achieved such a detailed organization. In 645, when Tang Tae-jong's mother-in-law captured Liaodongseong Fortress and marched to Ansiseong Fortress, Yeon Gaesomun supported 150,000 troops in the northern and southern regions to the point where Dang Tae-jong jumped up in surprise. At this time, Ko Yeon-soo, the commander of Goguryeo forces, surrenders with 36,800 Goguryeo troops, and Tang Tae-jong Lee Se-min takes 3,500 officer-level warriors out of here and escapes them to the mainland and releases all the rest. (The reason for the release of the remaining 30,000 is that without an officer, it becomes a completely useless army.) 36800335001010.5, which shows that every 10 people had one sergeant-level commander or officer. b. Rome - Rome's organization has changed about three or four times, and I will describe the organization from the expansion period, Marius Reform, to the Caesar Period, and from the heyday of Augustus to the present era. After the Marius Reform, Manipulus, which tied the Caucasian, almost lost its meaning, and the Cohors, led by Tribunus Militum, emerged as the backbone. Two 100 white troops under the command of Captain White (Centurion) gather to form Manipulus, and three Manipulus gather again to form a 600-member cohort under the command of Tribunus Militum. (Manipulus remains in name and has no commander) Ten Cohors gather to form Legatus. It is almost the same after the Augustus military reform, but the six Caucasian Taiwan members of the first cohort of each legion consisted of 160 people, and the remaining 54 Caucasian groups of the second to 10 Caucos consisted of 80 people. Theorem: 80 to 160 Caucasian- 480 to 960 Cohores- 6,000 Corps c. Comprehensive and Remarks - What Roman forces outperform Macedonian and Greek Palanx is that organic tactics were possible by taking the Caucasian as the center and using the Cohorse as the minimum strategic unit, which is incomparably loose compared to Goguryeo. Goguryeo Army, which had one commander in almost every 10 people, would have been able to do much more organic and comprehensive tactics. (4) Comparing the tactics of the two armies. Goguryeo - In fact, there is no record of Goguryeo's own tactics. Let me describe a very standard tactic referring to the disease described above.

For now, Gungbyeongdae will be placed on the first line to form a fire net and fire all together to protect our cavalry, while breaking down the enemy's cavalry charge and breaking Yebong Peak to prevent infantry from advancing. When the enemy's central advance began, the archer would retreat behind the ranks of the lieutenant general infantry, shoot until just before the close battle, abandon the bow, and arm yourself with a knife after the shooting. Middle- and long-term cavalry, divided into two sides, would have aimed at the enemy's side and rear, while Gyeonggi soldiers would have moved with mid- and long-term cavalry to disrupt the enemy's side and rear with quick mobility. (If the enemy infantry's power is weak or in terrain, heavy and long-term cavalry may be placed in the center to make a full-scale breakthrough. If the enemy has mid- to long-term cavalry, it will face each other, but Rome has no mid- to long-term cavalry, so if it succeeds in breaking through the front or rear, a powerful mid- to long-term infantry will completely crush the enemy's camp or destroy the enemy's left and right forces quickly. These tactics are the basis of the completely standardized basics, and if you look at the soldiers of Mugyeongchilseo, including the famous Handicraft, Yukdo, Samryak, Owi Gongmun, and many other soldiers written before Goguryeo's fall, are they only gangsters and complicated? Goguryeo was also learning China's sophisticated and exquisite military techniques, and it can be said that it was freely used to the extent that it fought against the Chinese military and won the field. b. Rome - Before the Persian invasion of Greece, the Persian looked down on the Greek army because the number of cavalry was very small, they didn't know how to use it, they were infantry-oriented, and all the tactics were left-wing tactics to overpower the right-wing, which could not be defended with shields. (In fact, it was only twice that the Persian army lost to the Greek Army in Marathon and the Battle of Platai, and the Greek army was not significantly inferior to the Persian army in numbers in those two battles. Temistocles also gave up resistance on the ground and completely gave up Athens City.) Rome was not much different from Greece, but the organization was more subdivided and relatively organic, and the four rows of missions were divided into four rows: Belites, Hastati, Principes, and Triarii.Jooha didn't know he would use siege operations using cavalry, such as chasing cavalry. After Hannibal and Scipio, they finally opened their eyes to a bypass operation using cavalry mobility, but failed to utilize the cavalry's breakthrough power because they did not know the stirrup until the end and did not use the mid- to long-term cavalry. The basic tactics of the Roman army are as follows. When the first-line alarmists (Velites) start a neck-and-neck race, such as throwing a spear and flying an arrow, and the lieutenant general infantry begins to advance, the alarm escapes between the ranks of the lieutenant general infantry and is located in the rear. Once Hastati, located at the forefront of the Lieutenant General Infantry Corps, approaches about 20m, he throws a throwing spear and deploys a hundred troops with a knife, and Prinquipez, the best player, is put back on the front in time. If Prinquipez, the backbone and elite of the corps, does not win or allies are pushed back, veteran Triari will form a dense formation with a spear to secure allies, Hastati and Principes will step back between the Triari ranks and launch a full counterattack with Triari. When the enemy begins to lose, the alert returns to the battle line and pursues the enemy with the cavalry. c. Comprehensive and Remark - The Roman army faced only the same soldiers as alarmists, heavy infantry, cavalry, cavalry, and cavalry, and overall, it was not comprehensive with organic tactics. (Except for Alexandros), the middle army, and the right army. In other words, inefficient tactics were used by dismantling the battle of artists in a bad sense, such as fighting the same soldiers, losing infantry, and winning the cavalry, making the overall division of victory and defeat ambiguous. There is an anecdote that explains the strategy of our grandchild (maybe Son Bin) to compete with the opponent's middle horse, our middle horse against the opponent's hippo, and our hippo against the opponent's upper horse in the king's horse race. If these organic comprehensive tactics were used in the East, including China and Goguryeo, Greece, Rome and the West remained at a childish level, where detailed matches were blurred and overall matches were blurred without a clear scenario. Only Alexandros will be free from this criticism, and the so-called "genius master," Piroz, Hannibal, Scipio, and Caesar, were better, but they are only rudimentary steps compared to the more detailed and complex oriental military methods. Perhaps if an ordinary general from ancient Eastern times went to the West, he would have become another "genius master", and if the "genius master" from ancient Western times went to the East, he would only be a commander of the regiment. 3. Conclusion - I don't have much to say because I've said everything in the introduction and main story above, but I'd like to point out once again that Rome's national power and civilization level were exaggerated, and that Goguryeo was another brilliant Eastern civilization country against China. And as explained in the introduction, the level of an army in a country soon becomes a measure of the level of civilization, and as compared to the above text, Goguryeo troops overwhelmed Roman troops in almost every way. It objectively proves that the so-called Goguryeo civilization is ahead of Rome's civilization, which reaches the highest point of pre-modern Western civilization, but at least it is not bad. However, it was reduced and accepted because there was a bigger force called China right next to it, and it was not recognized properly because there were not many records left until now and we had poor history education, but if you faithfully enter the data, you will see the above results. I want to try to make the day come when I can know Goguryeo accurately and clearly enough to extinguish the burning light of intellectual desire for Goguryeo, which I will realize its greatness the more I know it.

The strongest emperor in Chinese history, who was also a henpecked wife, the issue of the Sui Dynasty.

 The image that we often think of when we think of an emperor is reminiscent of an emperor who can do as many court ladies as he wants, except for the queen. However, in Chinese history, there is only one emperor who could not enjoy the emperor's natural rights. It's about the founder of the Su Dynasty, the father of Yangje, the Su Dynasty, who is famous for tyrants. The Sui issue is evaluated as one of the outstanding emperors in Chinese history. He has a strong image of a hero who unified the division of the two Koreas, established the Su Dynasty of the Unified Dynasty, and created the early prosperity of the Su Dynasty by striving for internal affairs. However, contrary to this hero image, the problem was that he couldn't properly enter the concubine because he was afraid of his wife's gaze. Queen Dokgo is the wife of this great problem who forced the emperor to unite and protect it. She was a bold woman who married Dokgo, one of the eight generations of the Northern Dynasty, at the age of 15, and issued a pledge to the problem on the first night, saying, "You can't get children from other women other than yourself." Queen Dokgo was from a prestigious family, a beautiful woman, and rarely learned as a woman, and above all, her guts were better than the problem. When a somewhat indecisive problem encounters difficulties, he was also an excellent partner in presenting an excellent solution to the problem and solving the problem's problems. The issue of unifying the early inter-Korean era and becoming the emperor of the unified dynasty begins to reveal whether the woman is relieved. However, there are countless court ladies, but when I think of my wife's scary eyes, I couldn't even think of it. Neither the subjects nor eunuchs dared to suggest getting a concubine from the problem in order not to be caught in the eyes of the queen who is scarier than the emperor. At that time, officials of the royal court, who had many concubines, were often kicked out of office due to the queen's resentment, so no one dared to lend the emperor's wishes instead. Still, one day the problem is that you have courage to hide your favorite court lady in the palace secretly and have fun. However, one day, when the problem goes out of the palace, the queen, who had already pretended not to know through her own information network, finds the court lady for an opportunity and kills her. The problem of returning from going out found the court lady at night, but she has already turned into a dead body. Rather than kicking out or rushing the queen, he secretly changed into a plain clothes and ran away from home, saying he would become a monk in a deep mountain temple. After that, servants began to appease the emperor to prevent him from becoming a monk. One of the servants who came to persuade me persuades me, "The world laughs at me if I abandon the emperor because I'm scared of only one woman."Later, the servant will be kicked out of office because of the remarks. At that time, Queen Dokgo's information network was enormous, so her servants complained that they didn't know who was the real emperor. Since then, the problem has been similar many times, leaving the palace and running away from home... In front of such a great queen's web-like information network, the problem was a helpless man. There were several concubines in form, but the queen's eyes were scary, but they were very generous. In fact, the emperors are numerous because they get children from the queen and several concubines, but the problem is that they have no children from the concubines (see the sky to pick stars!), and all five sons were the resuscitation of Queen Dokgo.It's the only case for an emperor... When it comes to women's issues, it was a matter of the Su Dynasty, where they had to keep their unintentional King Jeongjo without much resistance in front of the terrifying queen Dokgo's power for the rest of their lives. Eventually, the scary Queen Dokgo dies before the problem.However, the age in question was already 62 years old. However, after the queen's death, the problem is that she indulges in the margin like crazy as if she would be compensated for the past years. However, the uncontrolled indulgence of women in old age shortens the lifespan of the problem...As a result, two years after the queen's death, the problem dies earlier than expected... In Chinese history, there is an emperor whose several ministries are famous as emperors. A case in point is Hampungje of the Qing Dynasty, where King Gojong of the Tang Dynasty or Seo Tae-hoo of the Tang Dynasty, who was captured and lived by Mufu of the side. However, they were also freer than Sui when it comes to women's issues. In the case of the Sui Dynasty problem, it is only case in Chinese history. However, the difference is that most of the emperors are famous for being stupid emperors, but the issue of the Sui Dynasty, which is a scenic spot beyond the Confucius family, is considered an outstanding emperor.

Talking about the future and the current system.

 Through the 'population theory', Melders said, "While population growth increases exponentially, food growth increases exponentially.Hearing the claim, he warned that those who think of the future only as utopia were wrong and that mankind would eventually be destroyed. Of course, Melders' argument has been criticized for more than 200 years by many scholars. Beyond just emotional criticism, this criticism was also criticized as a theoretical flaw due to a theoretical error in "urgent generalization" that researchers should not do. 1. Melders' theory failed to predict the pace of development of production technology 2. They have been treated as a theory far from reality. In fact, as industrialization began in earnest, food production has developed remarkably. Countries that were unable to self-sufficiency in the past continued to achieve food self-sufficiency, and now countries with large populations such as China and India have achieved food self-sufficiency. In addition, there was an explosive increase in the population in the early industrialization era through the industrialization stage, but since then, the fertility rate has also decreased rapidly, and the population growth rate has stagnated. The arguments of researchers advocating a new Melders series theory for "resource depletion" beyond Melders' theory are also criticized for its fatal shortcomings in research. That is, due to the limitations of "partial equilibrium theory", their research is not considering any substitute goods. In other words, mankind develops alternative resources and alternative technologies according to market principles through the process of depletion of resources due to the use of resources and the resulting price rise, so it is only a tabletop theory to refer to humanity's regression. This rebuttal is also quite logical and empirically proven. However, the problem is that dynamic depletion of resources cannot be converted into substitutes and alternative technologies, and even in this case, efforts are made to correct the gap between private and social values such as the so-called "district tax" centered on the new institutional school. Looking at this series of trends, it is easy to think that the arguments of "non-perspective" led by Melders will simply end with "oldness" or "nightmare." But Sohae's thoughts are a little different. Criticism of Sohae's optimists can be seen in roughly two large frameworks, first of all, the skepticism about the central subject of optimists and second the skepticism about the central value of optimists. First of all, the subject of human development, which is the center of the optimists, is only "human." As resource depletion begins in earnest, it is reasonable not only to use substitutes according to economic principles but also to develop alternative technologies. However, economics only explains human economic life, where nature stays, not the subject. After all, nature, an object, is only a means for economic development, so it has only the value of use and does not hold any value in itself. In this case, nature cannot be established as an important factor influencing the optimal behavioral choice of economics. The use of nature is realized only by increasing utility (although some beings may affect utility), and existence becomes worthless. Due to these values, the extinct population after industrialization has reached the level of ignoring the laws of evolution, and the laws of nature's circulation have been destroyed, turning the living environment, which has been thought of as a fixed factor, into an unpredictable space. And what is even more problematic is that nature, which mankind does not define as a factor in behavioral selection, does not affect actual optimization, but is separated by limitations of perception. There is a problem arising from the inability to recognize that nature, which has been used to increase one's utility, is acting to reduce one's utility from a macro perspective. Second, there is a social contradiction arising from the "money" used as a measure of value. As is well known, Africa is a region where Melders' theory takes place. The problem here is economic poverty that comes from the lack of savings due to extremely low income, no investment is generated, and stable development is impossible due to political turmoil. In the end, since there is no room to solve the problem on its own, it is clear that financial resources for development, or even basic food support, should be provided. However, the market is driven by market prices, preventing this natural thing from happening. Major modernized countries around the world have become fully self-sufficient for the aforementioned reasons. However, in the free trade era, a food exporting country is formed through relative advantage, and it is the international grain price that determines the trade volume. That is, the export volume and profits of the food exporting country will come first depending on the international grain price. In the case of grain as a staple food, only a few countries have international competitiveness due to the production characteristics of the goods, which in turn results in grain exporters having monopoly power in the international market. Therefore, these countries have the ability to control either price or output in the market. Using this, countries such as the United States throw hundreds of thousands of tons of grain into the sea a year. This is the ethical contradiction of the market economy centered on money. Therefore, we think that we cannot only express optimism about the future due to the above two reasons. The modernization of mankind and the success of capitalism based on it have fixed the gap between humans and nature (I think a representative example is the separation of Western theology and other studies). For reference, the East, which failed to bring modernization to life, continued to have the idea of bringing nature together) This degenerated nature into a means, transforming humanity's behavior from a coexistent perspective in the past into a human development. Under these basic values, a certain period of human - it could be a long period of time, but it could be quite a short period of time unexpectedly - will continue to grow as a current concept, but natural anger is likely to strike at a moment we don't even recognize. In addition, under the current monetary-based system, humans will be eliminated, which will remain a great burden on mankind (because consumption of resources should be increased for development, but consumption ignoring natural resilience and life adaptability destroys humanity). Therefore, I think there should be a combination of new ideas for a paradigm shift in the perspective of nature and selection criteria.

Personal opinion of a member of a historical club - short and foolish opinion on ancient characters.

 First of all, it is constantly being argued that ancient characters, namely Garimto or other names, existed before Hangeul. As I roughly mentioned last time, it would be in order to first tell you questions about the cover soil or ancient characters. 1. If ancient texts existed, why would all the relics or inscriptions excavated to date be Chinese characters? The answer I heard was that a dual writing system was used.In other words, the nobles used Chinese characters for self-display, and the common people used ancient characters. So, I can't see ancient characters among the remaining relics. So Hae's rebuttal to this is whether the dual writing system has been able to coexist for a long time in reality. As you know, text cannot survive unless it is through "learning." As claimed, the claim that Chinese characters were used by aristocrats, so existence remained, and ancient characters were used by commoners, so there was no record is personally put into the category of conspiracy theory. In addition, the purpose of the wooden tablet found in the Baekje area is controversial, but it is estimated that it marked ID cards or items of public payment during the Joseon Dynasty.The story is that it was used by lower-ranking officials and ordinary people, not by aristocrats, and according to the above argument, ancient characters should have been marked instead of Chinese characters. And Chinese characters were also marked at the bottom of the earthenware excavated from the Goguryeo bastion of Achasan Mountain. According to the current concept, Achasan Boru is about the border post of the armistice line, and the people who lived here were of course ordinary people, and the users of this earthenware, which is estimated to be roughly tableware, were of course ordinary people. 2. Why was Queen Gwanggaeto written only in Chinese characters? The second question is why Queen Gwanggaetotae was marked only in Chinese characters if there were ancient characters that commoners could read. Even so, the muksignature or tombstone in the cemetery was created with the aim of entering the category of a kind of "political missionary" and glorifying the dead King Gwanggaetotae. It goes without saying that the main targets to glorify and promote the late King Gwanggaetotae are of course ordinary people. It can be seen as a kind of advertisement, but if ordinary people couldn't read Chinese characters, I think it's reasonable to put at least two types of characters together for them. 3. Commoners did not have a chance to be educated in Chinese characters? Since Goguryeo is the main concern of Sohae, I will talk only about Goguryeo. Goguryeo's general educational institution does not know when "Gyeongdang" was first established, but it is presumed that it was created naturally. It is roughly similar to the "Seodang" of the Joseon Dynasty, but the decisive difference is that it taught martial arts such as archery, and that people with humble status were educated here. Therefore, the general public also has serious questions about the claim that they learned ancient characters instead of Chinese characters because they did not have time and opportunity to learn. Of course, it can be said that learning ancient characters was easier than Chinese characters, but if you ask a Roman Galli to learn either Latin or your native language, I would choose white Latin. In addition, in order for "text" to become popular as mentioned above, systematic and universal education is needed, whether it is Chinese or Korean. Of course, Chinese characters are difficult to learn, but current Hangul cannot be acquired without systematic education and repetitive learning. Therefore, if you haven't learned it because you don't have time, it's the same situation as Chinese or ancient characters. Looking at today's bulletin board, I could see Mr. Mo speaking enthusiastically about history with a hot heart. I don't have any desire to engage in other people's thoughts and thoughts, but as I always say, I think the process of history should be "cooled" and the results should be "hot." Not long ago, I was able to get a translation of a book that only extracted Korean sensory records from Chinese history books such as Huhan and Cheating. I stayed up all night yesterday and scattered around, and it was amazing. I saw a record that Goguryeo, which had been angry with Geo Sa-hae due to controversy in the past, asked the Northern Wei to dedicate the royal family genealogy. Obviously, the person who talked about that part just described it in a way that Goguryeo demanded it and the Northern Wei granted it without explaining its purpose. Sohae also believed in this story and said something to Geo Sa-hae, but yesterday it was true that Goguryeo asked the Northern Wei to give the royal family genealogy, but it was not "forced" but because there was another "purpose." -,.-;;;;; Besides that, I found a lot.

The Joseon Sarimists and the 586 politicians of Korea.

 It will not be easy to find political forces that have attracted as much attention as the Sarimists of Joseon in our history of the Joseon Sarim and 586 political circles. The Sarim group, represented by Jo Gwang-jo, received a lot of support as it fought against the Hungu group, which engaged in embezzlement and corruption. Yulgok Yi I even wrote in Seokdam Ilgi, "When Jo Kwang-jo became a great priest and enforced the law fairly, people who were moved flocked when he went to the city hall and accepted, 'Our Sangjeon (meaning owner)'." The reason why the Sarim faction was able to overcome the four ambassadors of the Hungu faction and take power was also because the more suppressed the people were, the higher the people's trust was. The people had no doubt that if the Sarimists took over the regime, Taoism politics would unfold, and based on this belief, the Sarimists took over the regime at the end of King Myeongjong and early King Seonjo. However, since taking power, Sarim's move deserves to be called "the betrayal of scholars." The Sarims, who split into two at the same time as they took power, fought against the Hungu faction more than when they fought the Hungu faction, so that was the party dispute. Apart from being extremely incompetent during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, Sarimpa took a past-oriented path of strengthening the Neo-Confucian order, contrary to the general people's desire to overcome the old Neo-Confucian order and establish a new society after the rebellion. The result was a decline from progressive forces to water polo forces. To put it bluntly, Sarim's not in power was just a political group that would have been better for himself or for history. This is because their historical utility was in the degree of attacking the heart of the Hungu faction, not in power. When looking at the current 586 politics, the reason why it reminds me of the Sarim sect of Joseon is that there are so many similarities. These include strong ideological orientation, extraordinary solidarity, and persistent struggle with mainstream social forces.It has been only two years since the 586 politicians have emerged as the mainstream of the regime, so at this point, it will be determined the success or failure. However, it is clear that it is difficult to say that it is successful based on the interim performance of the current administration's two years. The biggest reason for this poor evaluation may be the economic crisis, which is more than the IMF financial crisis. The 586 politicians should humbly accept some criticism that they are interested in ideological issues and are not interested in the economy. This year, politicians fought to die and live due to ideological and economic problems, regardless of the ruling and opposition parties, and are still fighting, but this is far from most people's interest. Today's reality is that if the interest of the people above the middle class is in well-being, the interest of the middle and lower class people lies in survival itself. A recent article says that the five-year-old son of a small resident in his 30s who lost his job died of malnutrition, raising doubts about whether we really live in the 21st century. How can a person starve to death in this country today, neither in the Joseon Dynasty nor in Africa? Many economists, especially overseas economists, who can see Korea's economic problems more objectively, tend to find Korea's economic downturn outside of the economy, that is, politics. Whether this analysis is correct or not becomes self-evident by looking at what the National Assembly is fighting for today. The Republic of Korea National Assembly is still "their own league" in its 16th and 17th generations.If even the 586 politicians, or 586 politicians, continue to take the lead in pitching their own leagues, they may fall into objects of overcoming, as the Sarimists of Joseon did. In order not to do so, you will have to quickly turn your vision to the suffering poorest because you can't find a meal microscopically, and macroscopically to the world and the future. When armed with these realistic, open, and future-oriented values with the existing clarity, they can be the hope for future Korean politics.586 politics may now begin in some way. The answer will lie in future steps.