Around 2400 B.C., another civilization was born in Yoseo, China, when the late Neolithic culture, which was called the Hongshan culture, collapsed. Around the same time, the so-called Jungwon culture began to occur in the upper and upper reaches of the Yellow River.The Jungwon culture is Ha.Jin through the era of silver and the Spring and Autumn Warring States period.In the Han Dynasty, it became the driving force behind the construction of a great empire almost equivalent to the current Chinese territory. rooted in present-day ChinaSince I thought it was in an empire and the actual Jungwon culture "conquered" its surrounding culture and emerged as the ultimate winner, this view has a huge impact on history, and surrounding cultures except Jungwon culture are still considered as subcategories. However, this Chineseist view of civilization faces a crisis in the Yoseo area. Even in the Bronze Age civilization, the Yoseo area is faster than the Jungwon area. Just by looking at the excavated artifacts, the bronze culture in the Yoseo area is as brilliant as the Jungwon culture, or rather surpasses it. In anthropology, fortresses, which are commonly referred to as important signs of power generation or state occurrence, have been discovered so far around rivers called Yeonggeumha and Eumha in the Yoseo area. When did these countless fortresses appear? It is part of the so-called lower-class cultural period, which is thought to have opened in the 24th century BC and ended in the 15th century BC. Why should we pay attention to the bronze culture of the Yoseo area, not the Liaodong area? In addition to the meaning that Gojoseon appeared based on the Bronze Age culture in the Yoseo area, it also has a profound influence with the civilization of the Korean Peninsula. However, there are great challenges ahead for us who are seeking to study this field. First of all, there are few literature records that convey the reality of Bronze Age culture in this region. Second, for this reason, it is necessary to rely entirely on archaeological excavation results. Third, however, it is never easy to access or collect information on these excavation results. In addition, research results that have been comprehensively, systematically, and analytically approached the bronze culture of the Yoseo region have not yet been produced in Chinese academia. However, the Chinese academic community should not be the only one to look at. This is why we should pay attention to this book, which is somewhat stiffly titled "The Study of Bronze Age Culture in the Yoseo Area" (Baeksan Data Center). Written by Bok Gi-dae, who obtained a doctorate in this field of research from Jilin University in China and is now a curator at Dankook University's Seokjusun Museum, the book is a comprehensive overview of bronze culture in Yoseo, China. China has yet to produce such research results. The book, written by him, who also participated in archaeological excavations there, deals with the Bronze Age culture of the Yoseo region, which began in the 24th century BC and ended in the 4th century BC, by cultural classes. Regarding the most important cultural class branch, Bok believes that the lower culture of Hagajo, which covered the entire Yoseo area, collapsed around the 15th century BC and changed to the upper culture of Hagajo (14th-7th century BC) in the west, and Neungha culture (14th-4th century BC) in the east. The author examines the cultural area, its characteristics, and subject matter, focusing on the archaeological excavation results for each cultural class. In the case of the Neungha culture, the author pays considerable weight to the possibility of the Gojoseon lineage, noting the so-called non-wave type bronze sword and its companion relics. In this regard, Lin Yun, the author's Ph.D. thesis advisor and professor at Jilin University, who is considered the best authority in this field, says in his book recommendation speech as follows. "Even when the lotus culture headed north and reached the Yoseo area, the residents of the original Neungha culture exchanged and developed the lotus culture, and they spread the shock and influence of the lotus culture to the east and north, which should be noted." This is noteworthy as a strong suggestion that the main character of the Neungha culture is Gojoseon. Recently, there have been frequent cases in the Korean archaeological community that cite the results of excavating bronze ware culture in the Yoseo area, and it is fragmented and unexpected without sufficient understanding, giving a feeling of lack of validity. In particular, this is the case with research on Gojoseon. Therefore, the book is all the more welcome because it seems to signal that our academic community has escaped this academic vulgarity. <Yonhap News, December 26, 2002 Reporter Kim Tae-sik>
2022년 4월 7일 목요일
Japan in the 4th Century: Witness of the Shinmu Party (the process of relocating to the islands of Baekje) (1)
In the winter of 396, the Baekje people went to the cabin area and said, "The world is uncivilized, but the public sentiment is simple. Living in trees and burrows, the customs are still the same." - At that time, the plane was more than a hundred years behind the Korean Peninsula, so it would have been a little exaggerated, similar to seeing native Australians when Europeans landed in Australia. The culture of the in-flight area has not changed much since the collapse of Yamada in the 3rd century. The Baekje people who conquered the in-flight treat Japanese natives and former migrants separately. Won Boomin is regarded as an object of extinction under humans, and former migrants are regarded as objects to be captured or conquered and made into their own people. Now let's look at what the Japanese scribe records about the Old Zhou region in the 4th century. It is a story about the destruction of the remnants of Baekje (Baekje, Samhan Baekje, and Korea) in September 396, and the ruling class hurriedly fled, crossing the sea from Imna and arriving in Guju. "The far-off region is not yet wet" - It means that the place where you were was not Guju, but very far from here. It also means that they were not able to govern the old states at that time. It explains why he failed to settle in Guju. The accuracy of this record is evidenced by the Samguk Sagi of the late 4th century. If you look at the Silla period, Baekje and the Japanese are different when they become the 4th century subordinates. Until the first half of the 4th century, the Silla-Baekje relationship and the Silla-Waeguk relationship were the same. However, by the late 4th century, the Silla-Baekje relationship was peace, but the Silla-Western relationship was war. At that time, the old state was dominated by the mid-term Japanese colonial rule, but in the late 4th century, it was out of control of Han. "There are armies in the war, there are generals in the war, each dividing its territory and fighting to outdo each other." - Exactly explaining the situation in the period of the Electrical Ancient Tombs. This is why Shinmu failed to settle in Guju and had to sympathize with him on board. The old state was already occupied by existing forces, so a small number of Baekje people who had to leave the Korean Peninsula urgently moved to the cabin, a relatively power vacuum. The archipelago of the 4th century is a family era, and it is competing with each other without any distinct strong players. In short, it is testifying to the ancient times. That's why they didn't send envoys to the Chinese dynasty from the late 3rd century to the 4th century. However, when I went to the plane, it showed cultural differences with the Korean Peninsula for more than a hundred years. Now, in October of 396, let's take a look at some of the processes of the Baekje people entering the aircraft and conquering the natives who had previously come to the islands. At that time, several ships were all they had because they rushed to the expeditionary force. By looking at the conquest process, we can understand the situation of the islands at the end of the 4th century. "To the old man, there is a beautiful land in the east... The land will certainly do great deeds and reign greatly in the world. . . . "Do you mean ""this day?""" - given that the yearning of the 3rd century appears in the airplane area after the fall of the Yamagai Kingdom, many of them left the old state and moved on board, and after that, the old state was occupied by other forces, including the mid-term Japanese. In addition, the <Yoseokil> group appears as a force that has already left Guju and moved on board. At that time, the relative vacuum of power was in the east, including the in-flight area. So it expresses its willingness to occupy the empty space. It was during the early 6th century Emperor Gyeche, about 100 years later, that the Ingijo took control of the old state again.
"Sofa Bang Jung Hwan" is a friend of children forever
Biography: Born in 1899 in Yajugae, Seoul (now Dangju-dong). attend a good commercial school Quitting school because of poverty. Working for a short time at the Land Research Bureau of the Governor-General of Korea. Married to Son Byung-hee's daughter. quit one's job as governor and attend Boseong College He left for Japan to study. I met Amgok Sofa, a Japanese children's writer, and was greatly influenced. The first children's magazine in Korea was published in 1923. The first children's cultural movement organization in 1924. Died in 1931 at the young age of 33. Order of Merit for Cultural Merit, 1978. Order of Merit for National Foundation in 1980. Bang Jeong-hwan (1899-1931), born in Seoul, was born in Ho So-hwa. After dropping out of Sunlin Commercial School and completing Boseong Specialized School, he studied philosophy at Toyo University. It organized the first children's culture movement organization, the youth club, and the youth movement council, and edited and published magazines such as "Children" (1923), the first pure children's magazine in Korea, "New Year," "New Woman" and "Student." Meanwhile, he took the lead in the enlightenment movement and the children's culture movement by presiding over fairy tale competitions, lectures on youth issues, children's arts lectures, and youth leaders' competitions. In addition to creative fairy tales, many translated and adapted fairy tales, essays, and reviews were conducted to disseminate children's literature and to protect children. In 1940, the Sofa Complete Collection was published by Park Moon Publishing Co., Ltd. and after Korea's liberation from Japanese colonial rule, the Joseon Children's Cultural Association published five volumes of Sofa Fairy Tale Reading. Meanwhile, the Sprout Association established the Sofa Award and awards it every year. Fly, birds, run through the blue sky, stream, blue fields, May is green, we grow, today is Children's Day, our world, when we grow up, let's go out holding hands with workers in the country, May is green, we grow up, today is Children's Day, our world
The Greatest Empire in European History, the Holy Roman Empire
Finally, study about the Holy Roman Empire. Obviously, the word 'Holy Roman Empire' but for those who don't know what it is ... History is I want to know more we learn and interesting! Holy Roman Empire (神聖) (帝國) (heiliges römisches reich, holy roman empire) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the coronation Charlemagne (800) in 1806 when the Franks emperor and later at first, German territory emperor ruled for Germany and Italy that form the United Kingdom of the number of Holy Roman Empire was closely related to the kingdom. But the history of the Holy Roman Empire, configuration or be confused with the history of countries, should not be. Form the United Kingdom each have their main body of the area of emperors and the coronation of each country that belongs to his own crown. Holy Roman Emperor is country that has formed a Holy Roman Empire not own the only crown. There are a number of king and emperor of the kings existed. Therefore, the kingdom as king of the Emperor with a crowned king of two of the Korean Empire. For this reason, history of the Holy Roman Empire own history can not conclude that Germany. France and Italy to and including at the history of neighboring countries. But is clear that Germany is standing at the center of the Holy Roman Empire. Otto Ⅰ former Emperor calls before the coronation of Pope hosted by the emperor is actually in Rome did not. But since Karl V of the Coronation, of course, as soon as emperor was elected to the Emperor without exception as the authority of the Emperor. In the latter case is presided by the Holy Father in that they had not actually a coronation was difficult to call it the Emperor. Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages at least there are anomalies like this, with the Holy See in Western Europe the most important place and rank. Note: The Holy Roman Empire is an empire that lasts for 1,000 years and the details will be very large. So here we're only referring to a rough introduction to the empire. Let me introduce the emperor, focusing on the dynasty. Also, some parts of Germany's history were omitted because it was thought to be a problem that would immediately extend to the history of Europe as a whole. The House of Holy Roman Empire ends with the introduction of the House of Habsburg. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The official name of the Holy Roman Empire is the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, but this empire was not originally called that. The Carolingian Empire, the pioneer form of the empire, as well as the Otto I era, had no special name, and was simply referred to as "Imperium". The addition of the adjective "Roma" dates from the time of Otto II (r. 967-983), especially during Otto III (r. 996-1002), which advocated the revival of the Roman Empire for political purposes. In addition, the addition of the adjective <divineity> was in the era of Friedrich I of the Stauffen Dynasty. Originally, the Holy Roman Empire was a kind of divine regime supported by two pillars of imperial power and papal power, but as a result of the struggle for ordination, the separation and confrontation of papal and imperial power became clear, and the situation was not a simple division of Holy and Two Powers. The emperor said, "Emperor is not given through the Pope. It was directly determined by the grace of God and the election of the emperor", and replaced Sacrum Imperial in Sancta Ecclesia. As a result, the name "The Holy Roman Empire" first appeared during the reign of Wilhelm von Holant (r. 1247-56), the emperor of the Great Depression. At the end of the Middle Ages, the emperor lost his power to maintain Italian control and was elected king, and the practice of making an expedition to Rome and crowned as emperor through the pope ended with Friedrich III in 1452. Since the Holy Roman Empire was limited to Germany, a limited edition of the German people was given in response from the end of the 15th century. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The historical precedent of the Holy Roman Empire was the so-called Carolingian Empire, which began with the 800-year-old coronation of Carolus the Great, which was also considered the resurrection of the Western Roman Empire, which collapsed in 476. After the death of King Ludwig I, the Carolingian Empire was divided into three parts, with the eldest son of Rotar, the eldest son of the Central Franks, Ludwig and Carolus, the German kingdom of the East and the French, but after Rotar's death, the Central Franks were separated into Rothringen, Burgundy, and the Italian royal family. Rotringen was divided into East and West France under the Treaty of Mersen (870) and the Treaty of Libemon (880), but in Burgundy and Italy, local Great Lakes called themselves kings and continued to confront and protest. Otto I, the second king of Saxony, conquered and annexed the Burgundians and Italy, and became Holy Roman Emperor, as if Carolus had been crowned through the hands of Pope Leo III, twice, and in 962, he was crowned emperor through Pope John XII. After that, it became a tradition for German kings to carry out expeditions to Rome after their accession and to be crowned emperor by the Pope. Although the emperor's independent authority was few and only a blind title, he had a kind of superiority in the Christian world of Europe ideologically through the function of protecting the papacy. This superiority can be said to have been maintained through the three kingdoms of Saxony, Jalier, and Stauffen, even if there were some fluctuations, and it also included an opportunity for the later confrontation between the teaching and secular powers. During the Saxony period, the German kingdom was a composite of several tribal grand dynasties, including Schwaben, Saxony, Bayern, and Franken, which were at risk of continuing to lead to division when the power of the tribal dynasties became stronger and the union with local tribes became stronger. In order to counter this, Otto I adopted the so-called "Imperial Church Policy", which seeks the landlord of national unification in connection with domestic church forces. It is a policy that gives major as a donation or burial ground to high-ranking clergy such as archbishops, bishops, and abbot of the empire, and gives them various privileges and protection, while placing them in an important position in domestic governance. This policy was succeeded by various emperors of the Saxony and early Jalier dynasties and achieved considerable results. In particular, Heinrich III took the initiative in the then active church reform movement and contributed greatly to the establishment of papal authority by helping to reform the Vatican, and realized the prosperity of the Holy Roman Empire. However, church reform and the strengthening of papal power were so-called double-edged swords in imperial church policy. This policy presupposes the emperor's right to ordain priests, and at the same time, the high priest was appointed as the archbishop, bishop, and abbot of the Empire, and the duty of service was removed, as it was considered a type of priest's trade, which was the target of the Reformation. In particular, the struggle between Pope Gregory VII and Heinrich IV, who ignored the pope's warning and forced the appointment of a bishop of Milan, developed into a national civil war, the so-called "clergy" struggle, coupled with the emperor's policy to strengthen the throne and confront the domestic emperor. The civil war was settled by the Borms Convention (1122), but in the meantime, feudalization in Germany has progressed rapidly, and the emperors of the castle and the royal family have each set out to establish a territorial right. In response to this, Frederick I of the Stauffenian dynasty, in southwest Germany, became the emperor himself, and also the territorial sovereign of a region, which had a significant impact on the fate of the empire during the so-called "Leap Election" era. Frederick I succeeded in ousting his arch nemesis, Prince Heinrich Lion (Saxen: 1139-80, Bavaria: 1156-80), but at the strong request of the princes, he approved the principle of compulsory burial (the confiscated burial must be re-sealed within a year) and the Holy Empire was finally established. Grandchild Friedrich II also made two major concessions to domestic princes, further strengthening the establishment of control of the embankment. After the break of the Stauffenian Empire and the Great Depression, Rudolf I of the Habsburgs (ruled 1273-91) was elected emperor, but the principle of election rule became dominant in the empire, which led to the understanding of the Habsburgs, Luxembourgs, and Vitelsbachs. By the end of the Middle Ages, the Habsburgs had been fixed to the fall of the empire, but under the Treaty of Bestfarren, which ended the Thirty Years' War (1618-48), the independence of nearly independent states became decisive, leaving the Habsburgs virtually no longer in control of Austria and Southwest Germany. In 1806, when the Sixteen Territories of South Germany, formed under the protection of Napoleon I, declared their withdrawal from the Holy Roman Empire, the last Emperor Franz II resigned, ending the empire's history of about 840 years.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Territorialstaat The territorial state that constituted the Kingdom of Germany, or the Holy Roman Empire, from the late Middle Ages to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (1806). It is also simply called Yeongbang. The Treaty of Best-Palen (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, determined the international status of the modern Holy Roman Empire, which consisted of 300 territorial states and a number of imperial cities, each member of which was granted independent rights, including diplomatic rights. Since then, the empire has only become a union of a number of sovereign states, but this system is, for example, the completion of the Commonwealth and has been achieved through a long historical process. Except for Brandenburg, Prussia, Austria, Bavaria, Bittersbach, Cologne, Mainz, and Trier's three bishops and Würzburg's three bishops, most territorial territories had little or no power. In general, many European countries in the early modern period had an equal-county international system, but the circumstances were the same in the Great Britain of Germany, and the interior of the compound was divided into direct orders from the monarch and land belonging to the equal-county. Deungjok and Yeongbang monarchs originally led to feudal lordly relations, but by the stage of the Deungjok Empire, the horizontal union between the Deungjok and the Yeongbang Assembly (the Status Council) was strengthened and the tendency to oppose the monarch was remarkable. Therefore, the central issue that led to the dispute was the issue surrounding taxation, and the principle that the monarch could not newly tax without the approval of the Commonwealth Council was formed. In addition, important political matters such as inheritance and marriage of monarch status, and furthermore, war, foreign affairs, and the revision and abolition of the law also required deliberation by the Commonwealth Council. In some modern Great Britain, efforts were successful to hollow out various rights of the royal family, especially control of the people in the territories, and to infiltrate bureaucratic governance organizations into the territory of the territory, establishing the absolute rule of the British monarch. In particular, Prussia under King Friedrich is the epitome of an enlightened absolutist state. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Saxon Dynasty (919-1024) was the first dynasty of the medieval German Empire. It was founded in 919 when Prince Heinrich I of Saxony was elected king after the transitional rule of Conrad I of Franken after the disconnection of the Carolingian family in East Franken. His son Otto II (ruled 973-983) inherited his father's policy, but his grandson Otto III (ruled 983-1002) showed interest in Italian affairs, causing losses to Germany. It was directly inherited by Otto I (the Great), II, and III, and after Otto III died, Heinrich II, the grandson of his younger brother, continued until 1024, and passed on to the Jalier dynasty after his death. By defeating the invasion of immigrants such as the Mazars and Normans, they secured the security of the German kingdom, and in the west, they recaptured Rotringen (Loren), which was briefly subjugated to the Kingdom of West Frank. In Korea, the foundation of the medieval German kingdom was laid by colluding with church forces, implementing the so-called Imperial Church policy, and suppressing the independence of various tribal dukes. In particular, Otto I visited Italy and received the Roman Emperor's crown, and established a Holy Roman Empire spanning Germany, Burgundy, and Italy, under his control, while also providing strong support for Christian mission to the eastern Slavic region. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Heinrich I (876-936) was the first king of the Saxony (919-936). He is nicknamed King Pojo. He is the son of Otto, Duke of Saxony of the Ryudolfinger family, and after his father's death in 912, he took over the Great Department and tried to expand his power. Conrad I, the first German king from Franken, named Heinrich as his successor and died, and the Franken and Saxony elected Heinrich as king in Fritzla, but Archduke Eberhardt of Schwaben and Archduke Arnulf of Bavaria did not approve it, so Arnulf was elected king of the opposition. Heinrich compromised with the two dukes and succeeded in gaining national recognition of his throne by concessions such as recognizing the control of the church in the compound to the dukes. Externally, they took back Rotringen, which had been annexed by the Kingdom of West Franken since 911, and repeatedly defeated the Mazars near Riadh, conquered Slavic Indians east of the Elbe River, and set up a fortification on the eastern border to strengthened their defense. Internally, it contributed greatly to strengthening the control of the Saxony by taking back control of the church from the Grand Duke and striving to strengthen the royal authority over the Grand Duke. Otto I (912-973), the second king of Saxony (936-973), the first Holy Roman Emperor (r. 962-973). Also known as Otto the Grosse. After King Heinrich I, the founder of the dynasty, was crowned with the nomination of the father and the election of various tribes, but in Korea, tribal dukes tended to become independent and there was a great threat of foreign invasion. In the north, Otto established the Marks of Schleswig against the Danes, and in the east, he appointed Gerro and Hermann Bilung to the Markgraf to rule over the Aboriginal Benedictines, and in 968, he established many bishops to promote the Christianization of the Benedictines. In 955, the Majars' invasion was decisively defeated in Lechfeld, near Augsburg, to eradicate the threat. In the West, he not only frustrated the French king's attempt to recapture Rotringen, but also showed off his ability by intervening as a mediator in the policy division in France. In Korea, he suppressed revolts such as Giselbert of Rotringen and Eberhard of Franken, his son-in-law Conrad of Rotringen, Rudolf of Schwaben, his younger brother Heinrich of Bavaria, and established royal authority with Saxony and Franken under his direct control. However, when Rudolph joined hands with Conrad in 953-954 to attempt a rebellion, he realized the limitations of this policy and switched to a policy of suppressing secular emperors in partnership with church forces. He appointed his younger brother Archbishop Mainz Brun to govern Rotringen, as well as his close clerics as archbishop, bishop, and abbot of the Empire, and granted many territories and privileges to hold national unification. This was called the Imperial Church Policy, which was inherited by several kings of the Saxony and early Jalier dynasties, but later led to a struggle for appointment. It was the Italian policy that marked the end of Otto's establishment of the throne. After the first expedition in 951 in the name of protecting Adelheit, the widow of the King of Italy, she married her and won the title of King Langobart, but was withdrawn due to a rebellion in the country. In 961, Pope John XII again visited Italy at the request of Pope John XII, who claimed to be the king of Italy, and was crowned emperor by the Pope in Rome the following year. This is the birth of the Holy Roman Empire. Otto continued diplomatic negotiations for a long time to gain approval from the Byzantine Empire, achieving that goal in 972 by recruiting the Byzantine empress Theophano as queen of his son Otto II. Otto also worked hard to protect his studies and art to achieve the era of "Oto's revival of literature and art", which led to the later generations calling him "Daeje". ◆Schlacht auf dem Lechfeld, a battle fought by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I on January 15, 955 in Lechfeld, south of Augsburg, a tributary of the Danube River in South Germany. In the 10th century, Hungarians invaded Germany frequently, and in 954, Duke Rudolph of Schwaben and Prince Conrad of Rotringen (both sons of Otto I) rebelled against Buje and cooperated with the Hungarians at the threat of Hungarians. During the invasion of the Hungarians in 955, Rudolph and Conrad, who were deprived of the duchy, united with their father and won. Conrad was killed in the fighting, but Otto I restored Schwaben and Rotringen, which earned him the Holy Roman Empire's title in 962. Otto II (955-983), 3rd King of Germany (961-983), Holy Roman Emperor (967-983). In 972, he married Deopano, the Byzantine imperial princess, and the following year, Otto I succeeded to German rule. Following his father's policies, he suppressed the independence of the Grand Duke of Bohemia, suppressed the rebellion of Heinrich D'Archenka, Duke of Bavaria, who colluded with King Bohemia, depriving him of his status as Grand Duke, and forced him to pledge obedience. King Harald of Denmark was granted suzerainty to Germany, and the French king Lothar II, who invaded Rotringen, was expelled and secured. After that, he tried to wipe out Byzantine and Islamic forces in southern Italy by converting to Italian scripture, but it was greatly abolished, and he attempted to repatriate the damage to Rome by sea, but he did not realize it and died in Italy. Otto III (980-1002), 4th King of Germany (983-1002), and Holy Roman Emperor (996-1002). After the death of King Otto II, he succeeded to the throne at the age of three, but after the death of his mother, his grandmother Adelhaite was in charge of state affairs as regent. At one time, Heinrich der Chenka, Duke of Bavaria, attempted to usurp the throne, but was unsuccessful.
He began his father's reign in 994, and in 996, he made his first expedition to Rome, bringing his brother Bruno to the papacy as Gregory V, who crowned him emperor. He had received classical education from his mother, so he dreamed of reviving the ancient Roman Empire and attempted to rule Italy, but his attempt was thwarted due to his illness at a young age. Heinrich II (973-1024) was the last king of the Saxony in Germany (1002-1024). Otto III, the fourth king of the Saxony, had no son, and his brother Heinrich succeeded to the throne. In response to Otto III's utopian policy of "Revival of the Roman Empire", Heinrich returned to the German policy of strengthening domestic domination and tried to strengthen the royal authority by preventing the independence of the domestic empire. Externally, he allied himself with the pagan Lutitsans to prevent the loss of the territory of Meissen, and internally established the Bamberg diocese to make it a new cultural and religious center and support the church reform movement led by the Monastery of Gorce. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- After the dissolution of the German king and the Saxony, which produced the Holy Roman Emperor, in 1024, Conrad of Schwaben, a Frankish Jalian, came to power. In 1027, Conrad II ascended to the Holy Roman Emperor, subjugated the Kingdom of Burgundy, and reestablished German power in Italy. He began a policy of relying on a new official rank, the lower aristocracy directly under the emperor. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Konrad Konrad (?-955) was nicknamed the Duke of Rotringen (Loren). the ancestor of the Jalian dynasty that produced the kings of Germany He was born to a Frankenese white writer who had fertile estates around Spire and Borms. He helped King Otto I (later Holy Roman Emperor) to quell the rebellion caused by the vassals and later received the duke of Lothringen (944), married Otto's daughter Liutgart. Later, he moved away from Otto and joined the rebellion caused by Otto's son, Rio Dolph of Schwaben. (953-954). Eventually, however, he surrendered and lost the duke, but was able to retain the land of Franken and his vassals. Later, he was on Otto's side again and died fighting at the Battle of Lechfeld when a Hungarian army invaded Germany. The Hungarian army was greatly defeated in this battle and seems to have played a crucial role in leading him to victory. Konrad II (990(?)-1039) was the first King of Germany and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1024-1039). Conrad II, son of Heinrich, Count of Sepphire, was elected king after the death of Heinrich II in 1024, the great-grandchild of Otto I's daughter. Internally, it followed the imperial church policy of the former dynasty, such as suppressing the independence of the tribal great public by bonding with church forces. In addition, by approving the hereditary power of the lower feudal lords, they defeated the feudal lords and appointed the meritorious lords to manage and operate the king's territory, and suppressed the rebellion of Duke Ernst of Schwaben. Externally, it annexed the Kingdom of Burgundy in 33 and took advantage of the turmoil in Poland to recapture Lausitz. Heinrich III (1017-1056) was Duke of Bavaria (Hinrich VI, 1027-1041), Duke of Schwaben (Hinrich I, 1038-1045), King of Germany (1039-1056), and Holy Roman Emperor (1046-56). Son of Conrad II. In the 11th century, he was a strong advocate of the Clooney Reform movement, which struggled to clean up Western churches, and was the last emperor to rule the papacy. Heinrich IV (1050-1106) fought for a long time with Hildebrand (Pope Gregorius VII) over the ordination of the Duke of Bavaria (1055-1061), the King of Germany (1054-1106), and the Holy Roman Emperor (1084-1105/06). (1077). He spent his last years fighting his rebellious sons Conrad and Heinrich (later Heinrich V). After the death of his father Heinrich III, he ascended the throne at the age of six and was initially registered by Mohu Agnes to govern state affairs. After starting his own government, he pursued Saxony management, but the dissatisfied Saxony aristocracy revolted under the leadership of Nordheim. After suppressing the rebellion, Pope Gregory VII fought for the ordination of the Archbishop of Milan, and was excommunicated by the Pope in 1076. Heinrich secretly went to Italy the following year to confess to the Pope outside Canosa Castle, but the anti-king aristocrats elected Prince Rudolph king of Schwaben as their opposition, leaving Germany in a state of rebellion. He managed the rebellion and ousted the Pope from Rome, but in 1105 he was betrayed by his son (Hainley V) and fled to Lüti( (Lieges) and died in pursuit of a comeback. Heinrich V (1086-1125) was the last monarch of the Jalian dynasty, king of Germany (1099–1125), and Holy Roman Emperor (111–1125). He restored true peace in the empire and succeeded in the wars against Flanders, Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland. Heinrich V, the son of King Heinrich IV, continued his father's debate with the Pope over the appointment of priests. He was born the second son of King Heinrich IV and his first wife Bertha of Turin. After his father became emperor, Heinrich's brother Conrad was elected king of Germany. Conrad succeeded his brother as king on 6 January 1099 after he rebelled against his father and failed. When the Pope and his father clashed in 1104, he stood up to his father with the Bavarians and Saxons. It was supported by the church because it was willing to compromise with the Pope as a promoter of church reform. He took his father prisoner and forced him to abdicate (December 31, 1105), but he was not convinced of his throne until his father died on August 7, 1106. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hohenstaufen dynamic also known as Staufer dynamic. German dynasties (1138-1208, 1212-54), which ruled the Holy Roman Empire. The third royal family of the Holy Roman Empire (1138-1208, 1215-1254). It is also known as the Stauffen dynasty. The Hohenstaufenga family of Schwaben began in Friedrich von Würen, Germany, when his son Friedrich supported the Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich IV in the struggle for ordination and was appointed Duke of Schwaben in 1079 and Booma of Heinrich IV. The family name is derived from the castle of Stauffen, built in Schwaben by Friedrich. Frederick II succeeded Schwaben, and Conrad III became Duke of Franken. In the 1125 election, Friedrich II lost to Lothar III of Saxony, but in 38 Conrad III ascended to the throne and the Hohenstaufen dynasty began. Until Conrad III died in 52 and his nephew Friedrich I succeeded to the throne to his son Heinrich VI, he built up his skills and realized a centralized feudal state, then fought against the Belfs. Heinrich VI continued his struggle with papal power over the management of Sicily and Italy, and married a Sicilian royal daughter and succeeded to the throne of Sicily in 1994, but died. In 1215, Frederick II was crowned king of Germany by the Pope and the Hohenstaufen family, signed a treaty of friendship with France, and defeated Otto IV to revive the dynasty. After Frederick II's death, Conrad IV succeeded to the German throne in 50 years, but when he died during an expedition to Italy, the power of the feudal lords became stronger in Germany and entered the era of the Great Depression. The Hohenstaufen dynasty was severed in 1968 when his son Conradin failed to restore the Sicilian throne and was executed. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Konrad III (1093-1152) was the first Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty (1138-1152). When Prince Lothar III of Saxony became king after 1116 and the son of Prince Friedrich of Schwaben, the opposition crowned Conrad III king of confrontation. At his death in 37, Rotar III named Prince Heinrich Oman of the Belf family as his successor, but the princes, fearing the emergence of an overly powerful king, crowned Conrad. As a result, he faced confrontation and difficulty with the Belf family during the reign of the king. In 1138, he took the two great commanders from Oman, but in 42 he reconciled with the Belf and returned them to Prince Heinrich Sajagong, the son of Oman. He joined the Second Crusade and moved to Asia Minor, but died on his return from illness after naming his nephew Friedrich Balbarossa as his successor. Frederick I (1122-1190), Holy Roman Emperor (1152-1190). It is also called the "Red Beard King." The son of Prince Friedrich of Schwaben, he was appointed by his uncle Conrad III.
He first issued a domestic peace decree, striving to establish security, and surrendered Bavaria to the opposing Heinrich Lion of the Belfen family and reconciled for now. Meanwhile, Austria and other posterity were established to directly connect them to the throne, and after subduing Denmark, Poland, and Hungary, they gained the Burgundian throne and gained significant power. However, in six Italian expeditions, he first rose to the throne of Lombardy and defeated the Pope to become emperor, but later faced stiff resistance from several cities of Gelfish in Lombardy in confrontation with the Pope. In 1180, he expelled Prince Heinrich, who had refused to provide aid, and distributed the territory to the princes, and in 86 he obtained the right to inherit the Kingdom of Sicily for his son Heinrich VI. However, his domestic peacekeeping measures and feudal centralization policies led to the rise of the feudal lords, causing the decline of royal authority. He drowned in the Salef River in Asia Minor during the Third Crusade. Heinrich VI (1165-1197) Holy Roman Emperor (1190-1197) and King of Sicily (1194-1197) married Constance I, a wealthy daughter of King Luzero II of Sicily, to acquire the Kingdom of Sicily, thereby strengthening himself and his dynasty. Although he failed to hereditaryize the German throne like Sicily, his son Frederick II, who became King of Sicily shortly after his death, was later elected Holy Roman Emperor. Heinrich, son of Emperor Friedrich I, was elected King of Germany in Bamberg in June 1169, and crowned in Aachen in August of that year. In January 1186, he married Konstanza, an 11-year-old senior, in Milan. In 1189, when Frederick I left for the crusade to recapture the Holy Land, Heinrich took control of the empire. In 1189–90, he suppressed the rebellion of the Lion King Heinrich, formerly Duke of Bavaria and Saxony. Otto IV (1175-1218), Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1198-1215). Also known as Otto von Braunschweig. He was a candidate for the Emperor who was elected from the Anti-Johnschaufen faction of Japan, and was eventually deposed after competing with two kings of the Hoenschaufen family. He was born to Heinrich of Braunschweig and Matilda of Henry II. He was raised in the court of his uncle Richard I, King of England, and was made Earl of York in 1190 and Earl of Poitou and Duke of Aquitaine in 1196. Richard and King John helped Otto, both diplomatic and financially, fight the Hohenstaufen family. King Heinrich VI of the Hohenstaufen family died in September 1197 when his heir Frederick II was still young, so many German emperors who supported the Hohenstaufen family elected Friedrich's uncle, Philip of Schwaben, king of Germany in March 1198 However, their opposition, led by Cologne Archbishop Adolf, elected Otto king in June of that year. Frederick II (1194-1250), Holy Roman Emperor (1215-50). Born in Sicily. The son of Heinrich VI, who became King of Sicily at age four after his death. In 1212, he was crowned king of the opposition to Otto IV by Pope Innocent III, and went to Germany to defeat Otto with the help of the French king. In the heyday of papacy, the emperor gave up his religious rights and privileged his eldest son Heinrich to make him king of Germany, thereby promoting the development of the Eucharist regime. In 27, he was excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX, but the following year he founded the Kingdom of Jerusalem and became king. After returning home, he fought with the Papal armies who had invaded his territory, and went to Germany to arrest Heinrich, who had betrayed him under the orders of the Pope, and crowned his second son Conrad. Later, he conquered several cities in Lombardy, the Gelf Party, and exiled Pope Innocent IV to France, but Lyon's religious conference declared the abdication of the emperor and established an opposing king in Germany, resulting in the fall of the empire. In Sicily, however, it was called the "first modern man to sit on the throne" by overhauling the absolutist political apparatus and promoting literature and art. Konrad IV (1228-1254) was King of Germany (1237-1254). Born King of Sicily (1251-1254), King Frederick II of Sicily and his second wife, Isabelle of Brien, he became heir to the Kingdom of Jerusalem thanks to his mother's rights. Also in 1235, his father granted him the Duke of Schwaben. He was elected king of Rome in February 1237, replacing his half-brother Heinrich VII, who rebelled against the emperor (1235). When Pope Gregory IX excommunicated Frederick II in 1239, Conrad was led by Archbishop Siegfried of Mainz and Archbishop Conrad of Cologne, who faced opposition from the growing papacy in Germany. In 1245, Pope Innocent IV proclaimed Conrad and Friedrich II's abdication and declared a holy war against them. On 5 August 1246, Conrad was defeated by King Heinrich Laspe near Frankfurt. However, he continued to receive support from several cities and from Otto II of Bavaria. On 1 September 1246, he married Isabelle, daughter of Otto II. On 13 December 1250, Frederick II died. Konrad V Konrad (1252-1268) also known as Konradin. the last bloodshed of the Hohenstaufen dynasty Duke of Schwaben, king of Rome and heir to the Sicilian throne. As a major figure of the Italian anti-Pontifical "Gibelin" (Emperor), he went on an expedition to Italy in 1267 and tried to recover Sicily from Charles of Anjou, but failed. As the son of Emperor Conrad IV and grandson of Frederick II, he claimed the right to inherit the Kingdom of Sicily and the throne of Jerusalem. However, in 1258, his uncle Manfredi, the son of Frederick II, seized the throne of Sicily. Conradin was content to restore the remaining areas of the Duke of Schwaben. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The House of Habsburg (also known as The House of Habsburg) is derived from the Habsburg Castle or Habichsburg Castle ("Mae's Castle"), founded in 1020 by Werner, Bishop of Strasburg, and his wife, Count Ratbot, in the Argau (now Switzerland) overlooking the Ar River. Ratbot's grandfather, Guntram, is the oldest ancestor of the family to trace records. Guntram is probably the same person as Count Guntram who rebelled against King Otto I of Germany in 950. Rudolph I was elected king in 1273 by a German emperor who was reluctant to appear as a competent king after the Great Depression. Rudolph I, who ascended the throne, laid the foundation for prosperity by confiscating the Austrian duchy with his clever policy marriage. Although it lost the Swiss War of Independence in the 14th century, it expanded its command to the east, and during the reign of Rudolf IV, it was called the Grand Duke by forging a large patent. After Frederick III became Holy Roman Emperor in 1452, the Habsburgs effectively monopolized the status of emperor. Maximilian I annexed Espanya and Burgundy through marriage policy, and under his grandson Charles V, he established the Habsburg Empire. In 1522, Charles V transferred Germany's imperial succession to his younger brother Ferdinand I and annexed Bohemia and Hungary in 26 years, but in 55 years of German religious reform and conflict, he abdicated himself in 56 years. The kingdom of Spain was in its heyday with the push for anti-religious reforms by Charles V's eldest son Felipe II, but it began to decline significantly with the Netherlands after France and Britain. In Germany, religious disputes and inheritance disputes led to a 30-year war under Ferdinand II, which devastated the country, but for example, Leopold I secured the entire Hungary, and Vienna became the center of the Danube Empire and blossomed Baroque culture. Meanwhile, the Spanish were cut off from King Carlos II and the throne was transferred to Bourbon Street under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, after the Spanish Succession War. Austrian Charles VI published a national record in 1713 to try to achieve non-divisions and collective inheritance, but his eldest daughter Maria Theresa lost Schlesien in the Austrian War of Succession and the Seven Years' War. Meanwhile, Bavaria elected Emperor Charles VII, but after his death, the Dresden Pact was established in 45 years to regain its throne and promoted enlightening domestic reforms under the joint rule of husband Franz I and eldest son Josef II. Joseph II carried out radical reforms such as the decree of tolerance and emancipation of the serfdom, but in the international reactionary after the French Revolution, Enlightenment monarch Leopold II failed to block the domestic reactionary movement. After the defeat of the Napoleonic Wars, the League of Rhine was voted to withdraw from the Holy Roman Empire, the last emperor Franz II resigned from the throne and the Holy Roman Empire disappeared. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Habsburg emperors continued from Rudolf I (1273–91) to Philip I and were divided into the Habsburgs of Espanya and the Habsburgs of Austria. Espanya started from Charles V (1519–56), Austria from Ferdinand I (1556–64). Therefore, the entire history of the Habsburgs is not a single history of the Holy Roman Empire, but European history, which is close to the history of Austria and ends with a very long history of the Habsburgs.
The Invincible Fleet, which existed in Spanish history at the end of the 16th century
When we watch soccer on the air, the commentator always says when the Spanish team comes out. I've heard the "Invincible Fleet Spanish Team" so often that I'm just going to do it, but the "Invincible Fleet" is not just a word, it's a real thing in history. Armada Invincible, the Great Fleet of Espanya by Philip II. As a result of the discovery of the Americas, Spain reached its heyday with Carlos I and Felipe II, but in the second half of Felipe II, Britain emerged from overseas trade, and domestic politics and economy declined. The king built a fleet of 127 battleships, 8,000 sailors, 19,000 troops, and 2,000 artillery to travel to England, and appointed the Duke of Medina Sidonia as commander. Departing from Lisbon, Portugal on 28 May 1588, the Great Fleet was to join the 18,000 Dutch Army and land on the British mainland. Britain's Queen Elizabeth, with Lord Howard in command, deployed masters such as Hawkins and Drake to fight with 80 battleships and 8,000 troops. The British fleet was outnumbered, but it was mobile and its crew was well trained. The invincible fleet attempted to capture the British fleet off Plymouth, but failed, and was hit by a fire attack by the British off Calais on 7 August, and was decisively struck at the Battle of Graveline, leaving only 54 ships home. The defeat of the Invincible Fleet led to the surrender of Spanish maritime trade rights to Britain and the independence of the Netherlands. But history tells us that the Invincible Fleet suffered a disastrous defeat by the British. It would be similar to our defeat of Spain in football in the future.
"In the 17th century, 'Yeonhaeju(East Manchuria)' was the land of Joseon."
"Yeonhaeju(East Manchuria) in the 17th century was a land of Joseon." Discovering records of Russian diplomats and cartographers at the time, "Starting from the Amur River, not the Tumen River at the border of Joseon."
Data that Yeonhaeju was recognized as Joseon land in 17th century Russia was introduced for the first time. Before Russia advanced to the Far East, Koreans had already advanced to Yeonhaeju. It is noteworthy that it is a data that will specifically clarify the territorial rights of Yeonhaeju along with the territorial rights of Gando. This is the first time that Russia's data on the territory of Gando and Yeonhaeju have been released. According to 17th century Russian data released by Park Myung-yong, a researcher at the Historical Research Institute under the Russian Academy of Sciences, the territory of Joseon begins at the Amur River (the Heukryong River in Chinese) and ends at the end of the Korean Peninsula along the coast. The "Newsmaker" Gando Special Planning and Reporting Team obtained Park's thesis in advance, which is scheduled to be released through the Bukbang Nonchong (published by the Goguryeo Research Foundation) at the end of April. Park will publish her paper titled 'Korea and Russia's Territorial Issues Over Yeonhaeju: From 1650 to 1900.' Notable material in this paper is a book written by Spapari, a Russian diplomat from Greece, while visiting China in the 1670s. The book, titled "Siberia and China," was published in Russia in 1960, and it also describes a country called Joseon.
"Joseon is a country between Leoatung and the Amur River.The country lies on a large "nose" of the sea, not far downstream of the Amur River, which is why the lower Amur River has the difficulty of going back far along the sea." The Amur River is a river in the northern part of Yonhaeju, Russia. The Songhwagang River, which originates from the Cheonji of Baekdusan Mountain, flows north and meets the Amur River and flows toward the East Sea. At that time, Russia labeled the peninsula "ko." Records show that Russia recognized the Yeonhaeju area surrounded by the East Sea and the entire Korean Peninsula as Joseon's land. "The sea route is not yet known because none of the Russians have gone right from the mouth of the Amur River," Spapari said, indicating that he has no direct information on the area. Spapari's records are based on stories heard in China, and it can be inferred that they rely on Joseon's circumstances delivered by Jesuit missionaries. The maps and records of Lemezov, a Siberian cartographer who obtained papers from the Russian Historical Research Institute of Russian History, are also interesting. Researcher Park cited the part related to Remezov in Boris Park's book "Russia and Korea," a Korean. Here, Remezov painted that Joseon's territory begins with the Amur River. Remezov described Joseon as a long stretch south of the Amur River and east of Manchuria. Lemezov's record was translated from Austria and published as a book. The consensus in Spapari and Remezov's records is that Joseon's territory begins on the Amur River. The Joseon border they drew was the Amur River, not the Tumen River. Researcher Park claimed, "The fact that the territory of Joseon began directly south of the Amur River may have been commonly discussed among foreigners (including Russians) who were in the Far East at the time." Although the two have some differences in their records, Park connected why they thought that Joseon territory began south of the Amur River with the situation in Manchuria in the 17th century. Nurhachi, based in the north of Shenyang, advanced eastward from the 1590s and swept and conquered Manchuria. After entering Shenyang in 1621 and occupying Beijing in 1644, the Manchus moved to China. The entry of Koreans into Nerchinsk, according to the records of Soviet historian Melihov, meant a coalition of various tribes that lived around Shenyang. It describes that various ethnic minorities of Tungus and Mongolians lived here and there in other Manchuria, Yeonhaeju, and Amur River areas except around Shenyang. Researcher Park claimed, "The area from the Yalu River to the Amur River remained ownerless, and for this reason, Russian researchers saw Yeonhaeju as Joseon land, not Chinese land, at the end of the 17th century." The Russians at the time saw that the power of Joseon, a larger country compared to minorities, was crazy for Yeonhaeju because China's power was not properly reached in Manchuria. Russian records also showed that Koreans actually advanced to Nerchinsk, northeast of Yeonhaeju. In the late 19th century, journalist Skalkopski's records show that "Korean merchants brought silk, paper, bamboo feet, fans, cigarettes, gold, silk materials, and Chinese silk to Nerchinsk and Noun (now unknown) along the Argun River and exchanged them with Russian fur." In his paper, Park also introduces the records of Krismnitz, who was dispatched to China in the early 18th century. "People on the peninsula at the mouth of the Amur River travel to Noun, which goes into the Amur River," Krisnitz said. "They come by boat to the city of Noun and then take things from there to Beijing for about 40 days." It is also known to Korean academia for the first time that Joseon merchants advanced to Nerchinsk, located near the Amur River (Black Dragon River), traded with Russians, and engaged in relay trade between Russia and China. Researcher Park argues that through their existence, Russia would have thought that Joseon territory began south of the Amur River at the end of the 17th century. "It is very meaningful in that Russian data were first introduced," said Park Sun-young, a professor at Pohang University of Science and Technology (China's modern history) who has studied the issue of kando territorial rights. "In particular, it is a groundbreaking fact that Koreans advanced to Nerchinsk." Professor Park said, "It is also a great harvest that some Russian data show that Manchuria was an uninhabited area that was beyond the reach of the Qing Dynasty in the 17th century." However, researcher Park explained, "The Joseon land under the Amur River, which was revealed by Russian data in the 17th century, refers to the Yeonhaeju area, and I don't think it is the Gando area." Even so, Park argued, "I think some of the Russians' records on Manchuria will be key to understanding the roots of the gando problem that is being raised here." From the mid-17s, Russia descended east and south in search of uncharted territory. At this time, the Cheong and Amur rivers collide. Later, Russia and the Qing eventually reconciled with the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689. At this time, Russia made concessions by using the border between the Gorbizawa and Argun rivers above the Amur rivers. However, the Yeonhaeju area, not inland, was still undecided. It was in the mid-19th century that Russia, which was frustrated by the Treaty of Nerchinsk, also able to claim sovereignty after reunification, entered here again. Russia anchored in Vladivostok in 1859. And declared this area Russian territory. From then on, Russian farmers began to move to Yeonhaeju. Russia and the Qing signed the Treaty of Beijing on November 2, 1860. In the 17th century, the Yeonhaeju area, which was the land of Joseon, was recognized as Russian territory by the treaty. In other words, Koreans who had already lived here suddenly lived in other people's land. After the Beijing Treaty, Korea and Russia directly border each other across the Tumen River. According to Park's expression, "Russia took Yeonhaeju in the Amur River without a drop of blood." When Beijing was in jeopardy due to the second Opium War in 1860, Russia signed the Beijing Treaty with diplomatic skill. Nokdundo Island, which was recorded as a Joseon land as an island at the mouth of the Tumen River, also entered Russian territory. On the other hand, Koreans already advanced to the Yeonhaeju area in the 17th century, but Joseon, which had weak national power, was ignorant of the international situation. He also did not know the fact that Russia and Cheong Wa Dae signed the Beijing treaty. It was in 1861, the year after the Beijing Treaty was signed, that he learned that he had encountered Russia on the Tumen River. It was only when the Russian military set up a border monument that Joseon knew that it had borders with Russia here. Gyeongheung Governor Lee Seok-young informed the government of this fact, but the Joseon government did not come up with any countermeasures. Afterwards, Koreans moved to Yeonhaeju in large numbers as well as Gando Island when there was a famine. According to data surveyed by Park, Russian records show that Koreans migrated after 1860. It has already not intentionally revealed the fact that Koreans entered the country before. More than 180,000 Koreans were forced to move from the region to Central Asia by Stalin in 1937. The area of Yeonhaeju is 165,900 square kilometers, which is comparable to the area of the two Koreas (221,000 square kilometers). In a parliamentary interpellation session on April 14, GNP lawmaker Kwon Oh-eul told Prime Minister Lee Hae-chan, "We must claim the right to connect Goguryeo, Balhae, and Northeast Asia, and incorporate it into Korean history to claim sovereignty over Gando and Yeonhaeju." In other words, Yeonhaeju also pointed to a place where they can claim sovereignty after unification, like Gando. The Gando Reclaim Movement headquarters, which was formed last year, also plans to claim Yeonhaeju's sovereignty following Gando. Representative Yuk Nak-hyun said, "We initially deleted it because we feared there would be diplomatic friction with Russia, but we will also include Yeonhaeju on the Korean map of the movement headquarters." Representative Yuk claimed, "Yeonhaeju is a place where Koreans reclaimed and lived before Russia entered the country." <Yunho and Yuqija hou@kyunghyang.com>
1889 Construction of the Eiffel Tower, Glory of France
1. The story of the bridge was serialized to the Eiffel Tower Akashi Bridge, which foretold the Iron Age.Shall we go back to the past? Modern bridges began with the mass production of steel along with the industrial revolution. Until then, long bridges were mostly made of stone, so heavy locomotives had no choice but to face the limit of running. Then, with the advent of steel that can bear the enormous weight, the bridge challenged Jang Dae-hwa overnight and finally succeeded. The representative structures known as symbols of the material revolution are, of course, the Eiffel Tower in Paris and the Forth Bridge in England. The Forth Bridge story will be serialized next time.Here, only the Eiffel Tower...*^^* But why Eiffel Tower in bridge story of bridge? Gustav Eiffel, who built the Eiffel Tower, was an engineer who built numerous railway bridges before the tower was built. If you look closely at the Eiffel Tower, you can easily see that it is the shape of a tower placed on the arch structure. This is the same as a transverse railroad bridge. Should I say that the horizontal mold of the arch bridge was not placed horizontally but vertically? In other words, the Eiffel Tower is an extension of the bridge. So wouldn't it be the time to get a glimpse of the steel age and the opening of the steel bridge to track down how Gustav Eiffel built the bridge before and how he built the Eiffel Tower afterwards? 2. GUSTAVE EIFFEL (1832-1923), born in France in 1832, dreamed of studying chemistry and becoming a chemist at the Central Technical High School in Paris, but his dream disappeared when his uncle, who ran a chemical factory, passed away. After graduating, he met a man named "Sharl Nouveau" who was a railroad facility manufacturer, and his life as an engineer began. The first thing Eppel learned from Nouveau was the foundation work to build in the river, and in August 1856, Eppel introduced him to the Western Railway Company at the age of 24. The railway company's first task was to design a 22-meter bridge made of cast iron and steel plates. After this, he moved to a car and railway equipment manufacturing company through Nouveau and became the chief of the design department for a ride, and around this time, Eppel directed the construction of the Bordeaux Bridge, which was built with six 25-meter-high piers and a 500-meter-long steel girder. Even though he had no experience in the construction site until then, he began to distinguish himself as a recognized engineer by doing this work well. In 1866, when Eiffel was 34 years old, he founded the Eiffel Company and became president, and in 1875 in its 10th year, he won an order to build a bridge between the Plague Station in Hungary and the Doru River in Portugal, making Eiffel an international construction company. Soon after, he was stabilized by his ability to build the bridge of the Doru River and won an order for the 122-meter-high Garabit Overpass (France-based) that crosses the deep valley of the Truiel River. The Karabi Overpass, known as the world's largest construction at the time, was 564m long, with a track 122.2m high from the bottom of the valley, and a 165m long arch was installed in the center, and both sides were structured to withstand the mould of the bridge with steel piers. The longest piers are 89.64m high, 25m wide and 28.9m high, and are made of 61m steel frames. In addition, the large arch adopted a unique construction method at that time by hanging the semi-arched arch with a steel cable fixed to the mold of the bridge to serve as a joint in the air. It is said that he began to gain worldwide attention after the Garabit Overpass was built between 1882 and 1984, and in 1886, he participated in the construction of the famous Statue of Liberty in New York, so he must have been a talented person. 3. The basic study of the design and assembly method of the towering "Great Iron Bridge" was "Emily Sugier", "Mors Kecklang" for structural calculation and design, "Jean Kompagnon" for assembly and field work, and "Jean Battist Gober" for overall management. These members were the team that later built the 300m-high Eiffel Tower. In addition, several railway bridges built by Eppel were extremely simple and clear structures in which iron moulds were hung over steel towers, which were soon applied to the construction of the Eiffel Tower. The Eiffel Tower was built around the Paris International Exposition, which was held to mark the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution in France. The French government conspired to create a tower that would be an original masterpiece of the steel industry, and more than 700 entries were received with enthusiastic response, but only one of them was satisfied with Eiffel's design. Before the construction of the Eiffel Tower, there were many disputes between artistry and industry, ugliness and beauty, but on January 28, 1887, despite opposition from the Parisians, the first pickaxing for the construction of the Eiffel Tower began. Eppel soon went into construction, but it was never easy to support the enormous weight of the 9,000-ton tower. Eppel's design was a structure in which a tower was placed on top of a four-iron frame, so the foundation had to be solidified with concrete to support the four legs. In other words, a large amount of concrete foundations were prepared with a length of 10m, a width of 6m, and a thickness of 2m in the east and south, and a length of 15m, a width of 6m, and a thickness of 6m in the north and west. The main body of the pagoda was made of wrought iron. The volume was more than 7,000 tons, with 13,038 large beams and steel plates used, and 1,058,846 rivets alone. Eppel assembled and completed such a large amount of material in just 25 months using a crane, and there was no other defect. The background of this perfect construction was clear preparation, meticulous calculation, and meticulous occupation, and first, more than 1,700 drawings were made in the framework of the tower, and 3,629 drawings were drawn in detail for each subsidiary to accurately proceed with the assembly. In addition, the holes in the rivets used for the connection were also managed to calculate and make the gap between the holes with a precision of 1/10 mm. The construction lasted for 25 months, and about 300 acrobats rushed to work. In this way, a thin pillar quickly rose toward the sky, and in 1889, two years after the construction, a "giant iron pier" appeared in the middle of Paris. ▶ A picture of the Eiffel Tower construction data.^^) ▶ Purpose of Construction: For the 200th Anniversary of the French Revolution of 1889 ▶ Construction period: 25 months from January 28, 1887 ▶ Constructor: Gustave EIFFEL ▶ Official ascendant: Eduard VII and his family (Jun. 10, 1889) ▶ Art: 32052 The technicians, who built the sky-high tower, called it "a triumph for science and industry by a huge memorial building," while critics such as novelist Mo Fasang and Abe Maria's composer Guno have lost their seats for some time, including "ugly iron blocks," "shodding factory-like industrial technology in Paris," and "Protecting Art from the destruction of industrial heritage." In any case, in Paris, the endless debate over whether it is art or industry has continued considerably since then. However, during the fair, a staggering 6 million visitors from all over the world admired the Eiffel Tower and praised it breathlessly, and Parisians, who were proud of their art, criticized it, but it was clear that it was a monument to the Iron Age. ▶ The beautiful view of the Eiffel Tower.^^ 4. After Eiffel Tower.. Eiffel famously said to the French, "With the Eiffel Tower, France will be the only country that can fly the flag on a 300-meter-high flagpole," to appease and persuade many opponents of the Eiffel Tower. As he said, the Eiffel Tower was in the spotlight as the world's tallest building for nearly 40 years until 1931 when the Empire State Building in the United States was built. Anyway, despite these twists and turns, Eiffel once built a residence on the Eiffel Tower. In 1889, the French awarded the Order of the Legion of Honor, considered France's highest honor, a bust (▶see photo) under the Eiffel Tower and a wax figure (▶see photo) on the top floor. How angry were the people who opposed the construction of the Eiffel Tower? Some artists even ate at the Eiffel Tower every day because they hated it. The reason is that it is the only place where you can't see the Eiffel Tower? On the other hand, the Eiffel Tower gradually became loved by Parisians and artists. Artists began to use the Eiffel Tower as a subject of painting, and various music and literary works set in the Eiffel Tower began to pour out. However, it is true that the Eiffel Tower was born with a sad fate. This is because the lifespan was limited to only 20 years. The first company to build the Eiffel Tower had 20 years to rent the place. Accordingly, in 1910, the Eiffel Tower faced a crisis of disintegration. However, just as those who opposed the construction of the Eiffel Tower were not enthusiastic at this time, those who wanted to save Eiffel also carried out a campaign against the dismantlement by packing lunch boxes. It's not that, but in 20 years, there would have been quite a few people born in between, and it might have been strange for them to see the sky without the Eiffel Tower. Just in time, technology advanced and wireless communication was born to help save the Eiffel Tower. Wireless antennas were installed at the top of the Eiffel Tower, which allowed it to shoot radio waves across the Atlantic Ocean, making it impossible to tear down the Eiffel Tower. Since then, the Eiffel Tower has been armed with various advanced equipment whenever new communication technology was invented. In 1918, equipment for radio broadcasting was installed, and in 1957, television antennas were installed, and weather observation equipment and air navigation equipment are now added. In particular, from 1985, the lights were illuminated at night to show off a more beautiful appearance. Under these circumstances, if anyone says to tear down the Eiffel Tower now, there is nothing but to be treated as a crazy person. A beautiful view of the Eiffel Tower from Almadari at sunset ----------------------------------------------------------------- Source: NHK Special-Techno Power, Japan: Virtual Paris Travel