Relationship between Joseon and Qing by German-Jewish Opert

 After the integration of different races and different classes in 1397 (Opert's Ogi), the Joseon government was placed under the control of an absolute and powerful sovereign. The general view that Joseon was ruled by China in the relationship between Joseon and China is very wrong. Of course, hundreds of years ago, the king of Joseon had an honor to the emperor of China. But even in subordinate relationships at that time, Joseon was able to exercise its own rights, and even its relaxed subordination had long since disappeared, although whenever necessary, Joseon had to express some gratitude for the great support and aid it had given. Even so, like Thailand, Burma, and Kyodojina, China had to give up its sovereignty over Joseon. Despite their valiant spirit, the Joseon people were able to defeat the overwhelmingly dominant Japanese army only with Chinese aid. And in the desperate moment, the fact that we had to expect from the powerful and merciful suzerain country was imprinted in the minds of the Joseon people. At that time, China was not satisfied with the verbal or documented promises it gave, but was eager to take a realistic advantage and demanded the transfer of the Liaodong region, which was the territory of Joseon, which led to discord between the two countries. In the end, China made real gains by subjugating the fluctuations. And for some time, Joseon faithfully fulfilled its annual obligation to pay tribute, and each time a new king succeeded to the throne, it had to obtain the throne. At that time, a special secret treaty was signed between the two countries according to tradition, which means that Joseon handed over its three provinces to the emperor when the Chinese emperor was deprived of the throne. For now, it is unclear whether the treaty is valid or only applies to the rulers of the time or to their successors After all, these treaties have no effect today. This is because the signing of this treaty was a measure for the Joseon government to prepare for a big event, and the fact that there was no intention of obeying the treaty itself proves as follows. In other words, Ming Dynasty, which ruled China at the time, did not seem to expect such a treaty to take effect if Tatar temporarily took control of it, and it was never actually written useful. - Another description - (strategy because it overlaps with the above) At first, Joseon fulfilled its treaty obligations with honor as long as it felt a little bit afraid of a stronger country. Then, when the Qing Dynasty declined and their national power increased, they did not accept it faithfully, and gradually accepted the implementation of the treaty only formally and continued habitually. In the early days, the exchange of envoys between Beijing and Seoul was limited to envoys dispatched from Joseon for a long time in recent years. When Joseon offered some local products such as paper and ginseng to the emperor, China also sent corresponding gifts. The envoys who were dispatched to Joseon from time to time in the past showed a rather arrogant attitude. However, as the status of Joseon gradually strengthened, Chinese envoys began to be treated only as ceremonies. Since the Joseon government kept spies close together to watch them, they were more like prisoners than envoys to the emperor. Therefore, it is completely wrong to still know that the two countries are in a military relationship, and there is no case to prove it. Joseon, like Thailand, is an independent and independent country, and any treaty signed or agreed in the past is now nothing but a piece of tissue today, and it has long been forgotten. More than anyone else, Joseon people themselves think so. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- It doesn't seem to add up or add up as few sheep do, but it doesn't seem to have a very zero credit rating. By the way, what does it mean that if Emperor Zhongkke is usurped from the throne, the king of Joseon ceded Samdo?

The glorified crusades of the West...But recently the Great Villain Crusade... and then it turns out it's not that bad?

 The movie "Riddick" starring Van Diesel is over? lol..........how does Kingdom of Heaven look like..........I didn't watch it because it was boring. I'm slightly in sync with the original idea. Because I don't like being one-sided... ...until the '80s, world history was written around the United States, Britain, and the West. However, at the end of the century, Japan began to criticize this Western beauty through so-called "nomadic national history," "world dark history," and "reviewing Western brutality fairy tales." The story of Nanami Shiono, a Japanese grandmother living in Italy, became a big hit. The story of the Romans is extremely glorifying Rome, but it is also true that it is the existing Sajowan as it rebelled against the Christian West. Our university students are enthusiastic about this Japanese trend and at the same time criticizing Japan. I think the middle ground is right. Especially if you understand the "topic living in westernized modern times." For example, agricultural utopia before the Industrial Revolution is actually an illusion. It's not like there's a lot of meat and rice. Of course, the industrial revolution brought more misery than the agricultural era in the early days. World War II, too. But given that modernization is inevitable at a time of population growth and Western contribution to modernization is significant. Some people can't live because of the increase in population because of modernization! Or even. Before the Industrial Revolution, the population of the East and the West was already growing and accelerating as we modernized. Then, when the wealth of the mass consumer society reached its peak, the population growth stopped. (Germany after the 1960s, France after the 1980s, Japan after the 1980s, now Korea) So agricultural utopia... ...no agricultural hell is inevitable to change in some form. The most contributing and at the same time the most superior Western Adele glorified it Now, the world's history is starting to be hit back at the center of the wealthy Asian children... (black American intellectuals and Hispanic intellectuals in the United States) I don't think we need to go too far. ============================================================ 05/05/20 [Humanities Society] 'Cross Army'...Most crusaders were not greedy for money   ◇Negative views are dominant today on the historical role of the ◇ Cross, Thomas Madden, Kwon Young-joo,/375, 15,800 won, and Rubibox Crusade. Economic understanding of conquest preceded pure motivation, and the goal of restoring the Holy Land itself ended in short-term success, and their military activities rather contributed to the fall of the Christian Byzantine Empire. However, the author, a professor at the University of St. Louis in the U.S., says this view is exaggerated. As a result of quantitative analysis of contemporary documents, the majority of crusader participants were knights or lords who went to war for a short period of time to prove their faith. Since the Pope ordered that "the land acquired belongs to the monarch," it was unlikely that the conquest of the territory would bring wealth to the individual. As a result, the Crusaders controlled Jerusalem for 88 years and the Crusader Kingdom lasted 192 years. The author also disagrees with the view that the crusade planted hatred of the West in the Islamic world. The Islamist bloc of the time did not make much sense by dismissing the movement as one of many external attacks that would end in vain, and only after it was placed under Western control in the 20th century did it "discover" the crusade as an object of historical hatred. Reporter Yoo Yoon-jong: gustav@donga.com

Worship the potatoes!

 1. History of Potatoes How old are they? It is not possible to confirm the exact age from the year of birth, but potatoes in our country are 150 years old and potatoes in Europe are 400 years old. Any nation in the world has a long friendship with potatoes and its history is expected to continue. Also, the influence of potatoes on human history was as great as their friendship. It is very hard to believe that the Irish immigration to the United States, the outbreak of the Industrial Revolution and the rise of the urban working class are also scenes in the history of potatoes. 

2. Potato War ○ Potato War The war between Prussia and Austria in 1778 is called the Potato War. Soldiers from both countries took potatoes as prisoners before anything else in order to win the war by starving the soldiers of the other country.   ○ When Napoleon I and Napoleon's French controlled Europe (1789-1814). The poor island nation of England, which was unable to import, saw a severe shortage of wheat in its own country, and since then, the consumption of potatoes, which were so unpopular, gradually increased and became an important dietary tool for the British people.   ○ World War I and World War II potatoes became important after two world wars. Potatoes filled soldiers' stomachs with five times more yields than wheat grown in the same area, especially Russian scientists, who were busy protecting South American potato seeds from cold and mice day and night during the war, and believed they would give Russia a victory. In Russia at the time, potato seeds were more important than gold, and are still called "the second bread." 

3. Western history of potatoes ○ Potatoes originated from potatoes have been growing in Peru and Chile in South America, with the Andes at the center for 13,000 years. In this way, in prehistoric times, someone selected and planted a root species called Solanum stenotomum on an altitude of about 4,000m above sea level, which will be the first potato cultivation in mankind. From this, a species called Solanumphureja was born by mutation or selection. Potatoes grown only in South America, mainly in the Andes, were introduced into the Old World with gold and silver jewelry around 1560, when the Inca Empire was destroyed by the Spanish. However, after the introduction of potatoes, England and Italy. Until the 18th century, when potatoes began to be widely distributed in Europe, such as Germany and France, potatoes had to endure rough times. The potatoes, which took their first steps in Europe, could have provided enormous food in narrow arable land and barren soil, and could have been a countermeasure against famine for farmers who lacked land. The only farming tools needed were shovels, and wage earners and city workers could have cultivated potatoes in their gardens. Potatoes would have provided Europeans with nutrients that they could not eat with other foods if they only supplemented calcium, vitamin A, and D with milk and dairy products. In addition, potatoes could be cooked inexpensively and quickly without fuel or kitchen utensils, so they were especially compatible with lower-class kitchens. However, it is ironic that these features of potatoes were rather a barrier to supply. That is because potatoes are known as food for the poor. Not only is it ugly in itself that it looks strange and ugly, but the black potatoes growing under the ground were simply objects of vigilance. There is still a kind of class prejudice against potato eaters, and the word "potato head" in English means a jerk. In France, lazy people are said to have "potato blood," and people who are not good at work are said to have "potato bags dancing." It even refers to "slavery" by referring to potatoes. These comments are 400 years old and show that early potatoes were introduced to Europe.   ○ Sweet potatoes, well known as the representative hardy plants along with sweet potato potatoes, are common in that they are a mecca and vine plant and grow underground. However, unlike potatoes introduced to Europe through many obstacles, sweet potatoes were introduced to Spain soon after Columbus discovered the island of Haiti. Fernando II and Isabel I of Spain liked sweet potatoes and grew them in the garden of the palace, and Henry VIII even thought the plant had the most negative component. There were social reasons why Spain chose sweet potatoes. First of all, sweet potatoes were enough to appeal to people from that origin. Sweet potatoes were introduced from scenic Caribbean islands and the Isthmus of Latin America, while potatoes were, according to Spanish chroniclers, a plant growing in barren land in the Andean Plateau, where yellowness reached its peak. Sweet potatoes added a kind of dignity to the eater because they were rare and expensive. At that time, sweet favorite foods such as vanilla and chocolate were just popular in the 16th century, and Henry VIII enjoyed eating sweet potatoes and sweet pies with plenty of seasoning. However, no one was willing to support or defend Andean potatoes, and their utility was not recognized. It was not easy to break the stereotype because Andean potatoes were introduced into Europe by the Spanish under the deadly sentence of "food for the humble."   ○ In the face of the Industrial Revolution and the Potato Industrial Revolution, Britain's lifestyle was getting faster and faster. The 680 km from Edinburgh to London took 10 days in 1754, but it took four days in 1776, and was shortened to three days in 1786. The UK population explosion was also in full swing. The population was 5 million in 1700. It was exploding to 5.7 million in 1750, and again to 8.7 million in 1800, where population concentration began. More food had to be transported to major cities because of population growth and population concentration. In the meantime, Britain, which had persistently refused, was no longer able to refuse to accept capital cuts. Although potatoes were bulky and difficult to handle and expensive, they had more advantages than that. In other words, potatoes could be grown on almost any land and sold in nearby areas, so there was no need to transport them over long distances. Furthermore, potatoes did not need to be milled like wheat, which reduced costs. The areas that make the most of these advantages are northwestern England, centered in Lancashire and Cheshire. Due to Lancashire's humid and mild climate, fertile soil, and small land leases, potatoes were encouraged to be widely grown. As the population flocked to many factories and mines in the city, more food was needed, and as transportation such as canals developed, potatoes became more popular. Potatoes were even said to be the food of the Industrial Revolution in Britain and elsewhere.   Origin of ○ Potato Chips In the early 1850s, a chef named George Crum worked at the Vandal Hotel in Saratoga Springs, New York, whose wild duck cuisine was simply art. One day, a picky customer complained that the potatoes were too thick, and Crum, who was very proud, decided to give him a hard time. He sliced potatoes as thin as he could, fried them in oil, and dripped them with salt. Surprisingly, however, the customer enjoyed the dish so much. This is how potato chips were born. As cheap cooking oil began to be produced in large quantities, French fries led to a kind of food revolution. Potato chips moved away from the home kitchen and entered restaurants and grocery stores. However, potato chips were a labor-intensive item, so factories began to produce them in large quantities by machines. 

4. According to Lee Gyu-kyung's "Oju Yeonmunjangjeonsango" in Korea, it was introduced from the Manchuria Gando region in 1824, and the introduction of the Kim family name in Myeongcheon brought seeds from the north and planted ginseng secretly in the ginseng field. Full-scale cultivation began around 1890, in Pyeongan-do, Hamgyeong-do, and Gangwon-do, and when the highland agricultural test site was established in Daegwallyeong in 1961, Korea's potato business was promoted in depth. It took almost 200 years for potatoes to be introduced and settled in Europe. The biggest taboo was that potatoes were repulsed because they opened in black ground. But how did potatoes settle in our country in a very short time? We were much more familiar with root plants. It is often said that when there is a bad harvest, they live with "hypermuscular bark." Pine needles and elm bark juice are cited as representative dried yellow foods. In addition, there are acorns, arrowroot, hemp, roundle, turnip, and mugwort. There was no taboo on root plants as food early on. Taro, in particular, is almost a potato-like form. Potatoes were able to enter our taste tamed by taro and hemp without any resistance. And because it was better and easier to grow than them in texture and taste, it began to occupy every corner of our table. At first, it would have been a substitute for stocks, but now it is firmly positioned everywhere, including stews, stews, and fries. For just over a hundred years, it has become indispensable.

Do you need ethic group race?

 If the Korean people admit that they are different from other people, the question of "Where did we come from" is generally summarized into three origins. The first is the theory of Northern origin. This theory was influenced by the theory of single cultural origin that began to blow in the West in the first half of the 20th century, and is based on the fact that so-called northern cultural elements account for a considerable number of Korean cultural elements. Dr. Joo Chae-hyuk of Kangwon National University explains that the northern part refers to eastern Siberia or Manchuria and includes the current western part of China, the Great Wall of China, which basically means a nomadic people. In short, the view that it came from northern China is included, which was mainly raised among literature scholars. The main content of the Northern Origins theory is that the Korean people have overwhelmingly many elements of the northern people in terms of language, constitution, and culture, and this characteristic is seen a lot in the Altair people. The Altair are historically Bronze Age people with plain-patterned vases. Dr. Joo Chae-hyuk explained that considering the Siberian ecological environment, the cool nomads are reindeer nomads, and the names "Joseon", "Goryeo" or "Gurgan" themselves are also directly related to reindeer nomads. The origin of Korean reindeer driftwood is that when the food problem was solved by hunting, fishing, or gathering, the main occupation became agriculture and livestock, and among the food producers, especially those from Thailand and Tundrana Steps, the ancient nation. Therefore, Joo Chae-hyuk estimated that Joseon and Goryeo reindeer, Mac (Gogury) were related to raccoons, Buyeo Bouir (male otter), Balhae was related to wolves or Irie, Dan and Tatar were otters, and Solongos belonged to the weasel family, not "rainbow."   He also pointed out that attention should be paid to the Soyan people of the Sayan Mountains between Altai and Baikal, which are believed to be the origin of the Tungs. First of all, Dr. Zhu explained that the Soyons are the names of the mountains, and the Tungus are the names of the tribes derived from the names of the rivers flowing from the mountains. In order to advance to the open area of Lake Baikal, a considerable accumulation of power is premised, and much of Altai Mountain is formed of alpine mountains over 4,000 meters above sea level, which could be protected by external invasion. Naturally, it was possible to be self-sufficient based on fertile lands, where the population increased and accumulated power allowed them to advance to the Baikal area and it was estimated that they would have migrated to the east in search of the "Moss Road."          Pathways according to mitochondrial DNA analysis.   Yoo Hong-jun noted the transition from comb-pattern pottery to the Mumun pottery era called plain pottery from 1000 B.C. There are quite different variations depending on the region, compared to the comb-pattern pottery era, there are various types of red and hole-patterned pottery (Hongdo), black and branch-patterned pottery (coloured pottery) in addition to plain-patterned pottery. People who were using plain pottery made dolmens with their own death decorations and used bronzes. It was assumed that these were the Tungus-affiliated Ye and Macs, who are our direct ancestors. Yoo Hong-joon explains that those who used plain-patterned pottery destroyed the ancient Asian comb-patterned pottery people who had lived almost as if they had fallen into mannerism for a long time on the Korean Peninsula and appeared as the main characters of the land. The Korean people proudly say that they have never invaded others, but it is an accurate archaeological interpretation of the origin of the Korean people to write, "We are the great Tungus Yemaek people who wiped out the ancient Asians who used comb-pattern pottery living on the Korean Peninsula and brought plain pottery, dolmens, and bronzes. The countries they created are Gojoseon and Buyeo. The second is the "North-South Mixed Theory," which uses the cultural elements of the southern maritime culture seen in the south of Korea as its main evidence. This is an anthropological argument rather than an archaeological investigation, and specifically, dolmens and sotdae, which are scattered throughout the Korean Peninsula, are regarded as cultural elements handed down from the south. In addition, the shoulder shovel used to cultivate rice, the staple food of the Korean people, is also explained as a big basis for the theory of Southern Origin. In other words, our culture was created by combining cultural elements that have been spread from the north and cultural elements that originated from the south. In general, the characteristics of Korea's Bronze Age culture are circular huts, rectangular huts, stone coffin tombs, and dolmens made in the hilly areas. However, in Asia, the people who made Seokgwanmyo are nomadic people, and the people who made dolmens are rice farmers. The distribution area of dolmens is distributed from the Yellow Sea coast of China, including Yoryung, Shandong, and Zhejiang provinces of China, and from the Korean Peninsula to Jeju Island, centering on the Yeongsangang River basin in Jeollanam-do. In Japan, dolmens are believed to have been introduced from the south, given that they are found in Kyushu near the Korean Peninsula, Taiwan, all over Indochina, all over Indonesia, Malaysia, and southern India. Rice farming cultivated on the Korean Peninsula is also presented as conclusive evidence that southern culture has flowed in. The hometown of rice farming is tropical. Dr. Kim Byung-mo estimated that even though the Korean Peninsula is not a suitable place for rice farming (it is impossible to grow more than once a year in the Korean Peninsula, but even four crops a year in tropical areas) the reason for the rice cultivation was because of its excellent economy.          The theory of northern origin that the foundation of the Korean people is the northern nomadic route in the Eurasian meadow is because the Korean people have overwhelmingly many elements of the northern people in terms of language, constitution, and culture (Monthly Central, History Exploration, July 2003).   Dr. Kim Byung-mo emphasized that confusion in the private world is observed as residents of different northern and southern sectors live on the Korean Peninsula. The myth system of nomads is the Cheonson myth, and the myth of farmers is the Nansaeng myth, and both of these myth elements appear in the process of establishing an ancient Korean state. Gojoseon and Buyeo are the myths of Cheonson, Goguryeo, Silla, and Gaya. The Cheonson myth is a vertical descending structure, and the oviparous myth is a structure that comes from the inside to the outside. It is explained that Park Hyuk-geose, Kim Al-ji, and Kim Su-ro, the main characters of the Cheonson myth of the mounted people, are vertically descending from heaven to earth, but the technology of being born as an egg or a child is a mixture of two myth elements. According to Garakgukgi, Heo Hwang-ok, a native of Ayutta, India, arrived in Garakguk by sea in 48 AD and became the queen of Kim Su-ro. Ayodhya is a city-state in the Indian Warring States period on the Ganges River, and its modern name Ayodhya is also presented as evidence in support of the inter-Korean mix. The Pasa Stone Pagoda, designated as Gyeongsangnam-do Cultural Heritage Material No. 227, is a stone pagoda with a slightly red colored mark known to have been brought by Heo Wang-ok when he came from India. There is a legend that when the daughter, who married to a faraway country, met the windstorm on the way and returned, the father put a mysterious stone pagoda on the ship that calmed the windstorm and came to Gimhae safely. Heo Myung-chul said, "We confirmed that the materials of the stone pagoda were found only in Ayutta, India, and when we dismantled the pagoda and restored the plaster to its original shape, surprisingly, it found that it was an inverted triangle rather than a stable triangle. This type of pagoda is consistent with the miniature Stupa, or Buddha pagoda, which is not found in Korea and is found in the Azanta Eloana style, a cave temple in India. Dr. Heo concluded that the pagoda was a miniature pagoda made from India, considering its shape, size, pattern, sarira reliquary, stone quality, and tower name. It is not only physical data that confirms that Queen Heo directly spread Buddhism from India to Gimhae, but also proves that people from the southern world lived on the Korean Peninsula.2) Of course, some argue that Empress Heo is a maritime power in China or the southwest sea of the Korean Peninsula. In conclusion, the main focus of the inter-Korean mixed theory is that people from the southern and northern walks of life entered the Korean Peninsula and lived together in a mixed manner. The third is the theory of mainland origin, or self-sustaining. It has already been explained that the culture of the Korean people did not come from outside, but was formed by ancestors from generation to generation in this land, that is, it has developed itself through the cultural stages of the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age.          It is 70 centimeters taller than the North-style Jangri No. 2 dolmen, which is the largest on the Korean Peninsula, and the Noam-ri dolmen in Anak-gun, which is known to be the largest on the Korean Peninsula. Dolmens are presented as representative evidence of the influx of southern culture, but some scholars raise the possibility that they may have spread to the south in reverse from Korea.   In the Geumgul Cave in Danyang, North Chungcheong Province, which is estimated to be 700,000 years old, and the Black Anvil Cave in the Senate of Pyongyang, 700,000 years ago (North Korea is retroactive to 1 million years ago), the Neolithic and Bronze Age remains were excavated throughout the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria. This fact shows that many people have been living on the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria since 700,000 to 1 million years ago. It was not until the Neolithic period that the ancestors of modern people began to settle down, and the Neolithic people are descended from the Paleolithic people, so the Paleolithic people are also our ancestors. Dr. Yoon explained that the results of the study on skulls also give weight to the theory of mainland origin. He explained that the difference in the average relationship between those excavated in Korea and those around it is 0.81, 2.51, 1.65, and 0.79, respectively, in the Yellow River basin of China, and that there is an essential statistical difference when the average relationship deviation is 0.4 volts. Therefore, the Korean people were formed from the beginning with their own characteristics on the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria. The theory of mainland origin is the view that even if there were immigrants from other parts of the North or the South or there was a culture that spread, they did not become the mainstream of our people and culture.

In particular, even if it is acknowledged that cultural elements such as or similar to those existing in Korea are found outside, it is assumed that the culture may have influenced the outside region in Korea rather than unilaterally thinking that it has flowed into the Korean Peninsula. Among Mongolian cultures, there are many similarities to ours, and their appearance and physique are so similar that they are confused as Korean people. The conventional explanation is that our ancestors migrated from Mongolia, which Dr. Yoon Nae-hyun of Dankook University explains in reverse. The Mongolian region has been inhabited by Huns since the historical era, who fought for fierce hegemony with China and produced Genghis Khan as a Borchigin people who gained power in the center. The main inhabitants of Mongolia are also Borchigins. However, the Borchigins were a clan that lived in the Old Manna River basin of Bukmanju before moving to Mongolia, and the ancient Bukmanju area was the territory of Gojoseon and became the eastern Yeo territory after the collapse of Gojoseon. Therefore, the possibility cannot be ruled out that the Borchigin, a mainstream tribe living in Mongolia, were either a branch of the Korean people or lived in an area very close to our ancestors and were branched out from the Korean people. The theory of the origin of the mainland also points out a contradiction in the claim that dolmens and rice farming came from the south. Scholars who claim to have come from the south estimate the age of dolmens in Korea too low and think they were made later than those in other countries. Rice farming was also recognized as starting very late, but considering that wild rice seeds from the Paleolithic era and cultivated rice seeds from the Neolithic era were excavated, and rice farming was already widely practiced in the Gojoseon Dynasty, even if dolmens and rice farming came from the south, it cannot be said that the mainstream of Korean people or culture came from the south.          The human bones found in the dolmens in Hwangseok-ri and Hwangseok-ri have European characteristics compared to the guillotine type of Koreans.   Ahn Seung-mo argued that rice farming first appeared on the Korean Peninsula in the west coast area leading to the Daedong River basin, the Han River basin, and the Geumgang River basin, but since there is no wild rice on the Korean Peninsula, it is clear that the rice cultivation on the Korean Peninsula came to the west coast. In the case of China, Dojak explained that it appeared in the Yangtze River basin from 7 to 5000 BC, in the Hoeha River and the Huanghwa Middle Stream from 5,000 to 4,000 BC, and in the Shandong Peninsula from 3,000 BC, it began moving northward along the Yangtze River. Professor Wang Wei of China wrote that the Korean Peninsula is not native to rice and that rice farming technology has been introduced from China, which is a relatively consistent view of agricultural scientists. He cited three ways to spread rice farming technology to the Korean Peninsula. ① From Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang, which are located in the lower reaches of China's Yangtze River, to the southern tip of the Yellow River Shandong Peninsula and Balhae, to the west coast of the Korean Peninsula, China's Fujian and Taiwan. On the other hand, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, both types of rice are grown.3) However, the world's oldest rice seed, which is about 3,000 years older than the rice seed excavated in Hunan Province, China, which has been recognized as the oldest internationally, was found in Korea. The BBC's Internet version also reported that 59 ancient carbonized rice seeds discovered by Professor Lee Yong-jo in Sorori, Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province, were proven to be 15,000 years old by carbon dating, and the genetic structure of Sorori rice (pure rice before cultivation) is 39.6 percent lower than the current wild rice. Professor Jeong Soo-il wrote about Sorori Rice as follows.4) According to conventional wisdom, there are two types of original rice: Oryzq glaberrima S. West African rice and Oryza sativa L. Asia rice. Although the former is believed to have originated in West Africa, theories are divided on the origin of the latter, and the so-called "Assem and Yunnan" theory, which encompasses the northwestern Asam region of India and Yunnan (Unnam) in southern China, is the most likely. Asiatic rice is again divided into indica (Indian rice) grown in India, Southeast Asia, and south of the Yangtze River in China, and japonica (Japanese-style glutinous rice) grown in northeastern Asia, north of the Yangtze River, Korea, and Japan. In addition, there is a Java type grown mainly in Southeast Asia. In terms of shape, the indica is called a long grain shape because it is a little elongated, and the japonica is called a short grain shape.          Sorori rice seed.   However, now that the oldest Sorori rice seed, which is a mixture of long and short forms, has appeared, it is a new challenge to the above common belief. It remains to be seen whether rice was born as Sorica and is not the root of IndyCar and Japonica.' Originally, rice began to be cultivated in high temperature and humidity regions with more than 150 days of frost-free days (1,000-1,200 millimeters per year), but now it is not limited to such geographical conditions. However, many scholars estimate that the rice is of different classification and that each has an independent origin, taking into account the geopolitical factors of the two regions blocked by the Himalayas. In other words, rice originated in two places, India and China, respectively. Until now, rice grown in Korea has given weight to the fact that it originated in China, but the problem with the Yunnan region, where wild rice is found the most, is that the oldest pottery culture has been discovered so far for only 4,000 years. In view of the development of culture, the prevailing view was that the pottery culture of Yunnan region was far behind other cultures of the same period, so it could not be regarded as the origin of cultivation.   Therefore, scholars now estimate that rice seeds found in Hunan Province (two of the four grains of rice excavated from the Yu Chanyan site are wild rice and the other two are believed to be in the transitional stage of rice cultivation) began about 9,000 years ago in the middle of the Yangtze River.   However, there is a lot of controversy in this part, because scholars have yet to confirm whether the rice and the rice originated in the same origin. In addition, it is not possible to accurately determine when humans began to grow rice. Many questions remain about the origin of rice, but it is true that considering that Sorori Rice has the world's best solidarity, as Dr. Jeong Soo-il pointed out, it is true that rice on the Korean Peninsula must be imported from China and other countries.5) The view so far is that culture flows from high to low. However, this is also an extremely one-sided view. This is because it is necessary to distinguish between nomadic production culture and agricultural production culture. In fact, there are countless cases in which military-security cultural elements of nomadic culture have flowed into agricultural areas. Joo Chae-hyuk argued that the misunderstanding that agricultural culture unilaterally flowed into the nomadic culture was mainly due to historians growing up in the agricultural culture.6) Dr. Yoon Nae-hyun wrote that China had the same view as Korea on the spread of culture in the past. In the 1920s, when archaeology was introduced in China, it was recognized that Chinese prehistoric culture was introduced from outside, but as research continued, such perception was confirmed to be wrong. The so-called old school and the new school eventually won the new school. He explained that the prehistoric culture of China originated in China and that it was the basis of ancient culture, confirming that each prehistoric culture was much older than previously recognized. In any case, the origin of the Korean people, or the roots of the Korean people, is confronted with the theory of northern origin, inter-Korean mixing, and mainland origin with its own strengths and weaknesses, which will be discussed again in the next unit. Some people ask why it is important to find the origin of an old people now that the 21st century has begun in earnest and the world has transformed into a daily living area. Many scholars' explanations for the somewhat difficult question are as follows. One of the greatest events of the 20th century in world history was the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in which the Soviet Union, a communist regime, emerged in Russia. The Soviet Union, which rose up with the idea of communism and overthrew the feudalism of Emperor Nikolai II, dominated international politics along with the democratic camp for more than 70 years. However, with the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, many independent countries were born, and the origin of these independent countries was people. Despite countless years passed, they did not forget the idea of being the same people, and even under totalitarianism that ignores or tramples on the concept of the people, Bokgi University explained. Jews lost their country 2,000 years ago in the Palestinian region and wandered around the world, firmly uniting their people despite all kinds of persecution because they continued to take pride in being Jews. It is that despite the fact that such pride is based on a minority of only a few million people, it has now established a country called Israel and is proudly confronting more than 1 billion Arabs. That's how important the people are. No one knows what would have happened to our country by now if we didn't have the common denominator of the nation. The rise and fall of countless ethnic groups in China's frontier history have been marked, but most of them have assimilated into China or have fallen into minorities. The famous Manchus also took control of mainland China and built the Qing Dynasty, but eventually became assimilated to China and maintained only its name. The reason why the Korean people can live firmly based on the Korean Peninsula is because there was an axis of the Korean people.

During the Japanese colonial period, the struggle for liberation while shedding numerous blood can be attributed to the fact that the Korean people did not forget their desire to live together while moving within the framework of the people. This is why many experts emphasize that we need to know our own things to gain strength in promoting globalization. Moreover, Dr. Bokgi University argued that since it is one of the world's four major civilizations, the fact that one culture was spread to another region and formed a culture has become a phrase. At the time of the formation of the four major civilizations, the same level of civilization definitely existed in the land where we live, and the descendants of that culture are living on this land through numerous changes. In conclusion, Dr. Bok stressed that the Korean people are not isolated from the beginning. Living on this land from a long time ago, we accepted what we would accept among the cultural elements of the surrounding area and developed it to be passed on to future generations and converted it to useful life. He also explained that the 21st century became an era without borders, and even if borders disappeared, the people did not have the nature to disappear forever.          It has also been argued that the materials for the Pasa Stone Pagoda, which Empress Heo of Kim Su-ro brought from Ayutta, India, are Pasa Stone found in Ayutta, India.   <Two branches of the Korean people> Koreans learn the following words from elementary school as an "excellent Korean people." North Korea also emphasizes that the Korean people are a single people as follows. The Korean people are wise people with a long history and brilliant culture. Our people have developed their own language and culture in our country from a long time ago.' However, Kim Wook of Dankook University surprised Koreans by announcing that the roots of Koreans are largely two-pronged, 70 to 80 percent northern, 20 to 30 percent southern, and some other groups mixed with Europeans. The Korean people are mainly Northern Asians, who have an overwhelming advantage in terms of population numbers, but many of them are in the southern world. It is pointed out that this fact is consistent with the results of many archaeological or cultural anthropological studies. The origin of the Korean people announced by Professor Kim Wook is summarized as follows. "It is not known exactly about the process of human population expansion in the past, the route of movement, and the timing of the formation of East Asian groups. Most anthropologists support African origin, which suggests that humans separated from Africa settled in India or Southeast Asia via the Middle East and in Southeast Asia or the Korean Peninsula and Japan, but it is not clear where they settled first. On the other hand, Professor 교수 of the University of Arizona in the U.S. estimated that the group formation of East Asians took place through a more complex route. He explained that the gene pool in Central Asia contributed significantly to Northeast and Southeast Asian groups through the Y chromosome DNA analysis. The emergence of Y-chromosome DNA has led to breakthrough results in the evolution of humans in the past, migration routes, identification of paternal blood relatives, and genetic identification. This is because the Y chromosome exists only in men and is necessarily passed on only to the son through the father. In particular, Professor Kim Wook explained that information on mutations that occurred in the past remains related because most of the Y chromosomes (NRPY) do not cross with the X chromosome except for some terminal parts. In any case, the Korean group has the closest genetic similarity to the Manchus of the Chinese among the East Asian groups, and also has characteristics similar to some southern Chinese (e.g., Myojok, etc.) and Vietnamese. In addition, Japanese groups showed the closest genetic similarity to Koreans and Manchus in East Asia, which conveyed agricultural culture and Japanese language about 2,300 years agoIt is explained that it is genetic evidence that the Yi people migrated to mainland Japan through the Korean Peninsula. Based on this, Kim Wook pointed out that the Korean population was formed through the mixing process of at least two different ethnic groups and was not genetically one ethnic group. Ethnicity is not created at any given time, but through countless temporal and historical processes, it changes into a group that shares the same language, cultural and historical experiences as a degree of genetic homogeneity. Based on the analysis results of mtDNA so far, haplogroups (happlogroups, groups with the same mtDNA genotype) A, B, D, G, Y, and Z, which are mainly observed in Northeast Asian and Siberian groups, are all high frequency. In addition, the frequency distribution of the Y-Haplo group revealed that the Korean group had the closest genetic similarity to the Manchus of China among various ethnic groups in East Asia and also had similar characteristics to some southern Chinese (e.g., Myo, etc.) and Vietnamese. These results mean that the Korean group has both the southern and northern genetic characteristics of East Asia. The fact that the Korean people are largely divided into two branches means that the word "single people" has a negative effect. Moreover, our people are not a single people, but they are also very exclusive to other people. However, it depends entirely on where the standard of the people is placed, but in a sense, there is no pure single people. It is natural that the people who lived in the dawn of history, not the tribes who still live primitive lives in the remote areas completely out of the flow of world civilization, were mixed and assimilated with each other. There was a census in France in the early 1980s to see who was really French. At this time, orthodox French meant at least that both parents and grandparents were French, that is, three generations. However, the census surprised all Europeans. This is because the French government determined the French through census results that only 20 percent of the French met this standard.          Parisien, France, in the 1980s, a survey set that at least parents, grandparents, or three generations, could be called orthodox French, but only 20 percent of the French met this standard.   Unlike Korea, France adopted the "Birth Landlordism" (people born in France qualify for French citizenship), so even if their parents are foreign nationals, children born in France automatically become French (they can apply for citizenship at age 19). Therefore, by our standards, as many as 80 percent of people who cannot be considered French can be seen as putting their nose up as French. It is not unreasonable to argue that the claim that a country can be represented only by being composed of a single people is not convincing in modern times when the earth has entered the one-day living zone. Another good example is the fact that the United States is made up of many ethnic groups called the United States. However, the fact that many foreign countries cannot necessarily explain themselves as a nation of a certain race shows that the fact that there are only two members of the Korean people is unprecedented in the world. Of course, unlike other countries, the fact that it is not divided into numerous races does not rationalize the exclusive idea of other peoples. It can be understood as meaning that a global level of thinking is needed on a Earth that changes day by day. On the other hand, the explanation so far shows that there are some problems in the case of the Korean people to solve only the 'multi-regional origin theory' and the 'self-sustaining origin theory'. This is because, as North Korea claims, even if fossils of the cause, the deceased, and the newcomer were systematically found on the Korean Peninsula, it is virtually impossible that there was no human migration on the Korean Peninsula for a long period of 700,000 to 1 million years. However, considering the serological characteristics of the Korean people, there is no question that the Korean people have somewhat different characteristics from any other people. Some scholars explain that no contradiction occurs if you think that a new convergence has occurred between the natives and the immigrants, not a complete disconnection, even if new refugees have settled on the Korean Peninsula by any means. In the case of the Korean people, it means that the "African hypothesis" and the "Korean Peninsula self-sustaining theory" may be evidence of an exquisite fusion. This part is also expected to be challenged by many scholars in the future, so it is no longer detailed here.

Who made and used the bi-wave bronze dagger?

 Chang Kwang-jik, a professor at Harvard University who is widely known as the master of Chinese kapnelology, says that the ancient country of Northeast Asia maintained power through rituals and force during the Bronze Age. Rites ruled the people's thoughts, and force ruled the body. The main foundation of the force used at this time was the bronze dagger. In particular, bronze daggers in Northeast Asia are characterized by a different shape from daggers in China and Mongolian meadows.   The Chinese bronze dagger is straight, the Mongolian meadow is curved, and the handle is decorated in the shape of an animal. On the other hand, the Manchuria region is characterized by a dagger made by inserting a handle with a non-waveform geometric beauty and sophistication.   This regional difference in the dagger symbolizing the Bronze Age appears in the difference in the culture and life of the tribes living in the region at the time, and the Manchurian region can at least assume the existence of political forces different from those of China or the Mongolian meadow.   Based on the shape of the non-waveform, some scholars said that this bronze dagger was not for combat, but rather a ceremonial instrument symbolizing the authority of the priest in charge of the ritual. However, it is agreed that most of them are close combat weapons of infantry carrying wooden shields and equipped with large dustproofs, and are lethal weapons that approach the enemy from a close distance.   In fact, behind the view that it is a ceremonial instrument and a combat weapon, there is an important perception of what level political forces in the region are defined. The view that it is a ritual organization is based on the perception that this area is at the level of a tribal union of chiefs with religious authority, and that it is a combat weapon is at the level of an ancient state.   Therefore, based on the general view that the non-wave bronze dagger is a combat weapon, we can first assume a political force with the framework of an ancient state in the region, and the question remains which ethnic group of the main body of the political force.   As is widely known, the excavated areas of the bi-wave bronze dagger generally appear throughout Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, and the Korean Peninsula. According to the views of Son Jin-ki and Geun-feng, the bronze daggers generally appeared in Inner Mongolia and Liaoning provinces were left behind by the Dongho, San Yong, or Dongyi, and the east side of Yoha was left by the Yemaek, the main clan of Gojoseon.   Except for Gojoseon and Buyeo, which developed the history and culture of Manchuria, this view of the Chinese academia is believed to be intended to take the preemptive right between Korea and China over the historical territory by replacing it with the Dongho and Sanyong tribes.   However, the conventional wisdom of Chinese academia based on nationalism has been criticized even among scholars in their countries. Bronze civilization in Manchuria appears with stone tombs, bronze daggers, and bronze mirrors. Therefore, we cannot help but agree that the bronze civilization of this area is an independent cultural heritage that has a certain distance from the Eunju civilization of the Yellow River basin. However, we can never agree with the view that it is Gojoseon's cultural heritage. In other words, the Chinese academic community cannot help but be conscious of the two Koreas, which have historical ties to the Manchuria region.   As a way to solve these problems, the Chinese academic community came up with Dongho, Dongi, and Sanyong, which are recognized to be unrelated to Gojoseon.   Therefore, the question of who is the subject of the non-waveform bronze dagger in Manchuria can be compressed into the following four. The theory is that the first is the Sanyong people, the second is the Dongi people, the third is the Dongi people, and the fourth is the heritage of the Yemaek people.   First, the Sanyong people were a clan that appeared during the Tangyu period (the 21st century before the west) and disappeared during the Spring and Autumn periods, and mainly lived in the drawer Mokryunha basin, a tributary of Yoha. Currently, in Chinese academia, the species that left the Ordos bronze dagger, which generally features curved animal-patterned handles that appear in the Mongolian meadow, has hardened into a tendency to raise the San Yongjok. Therefore, it is excluded from the discussion of the main clan of the non-wave type bronze dagger in the Yoseo area.   Second, the Dongho tribe, along with Sanyong, already appeared in the Judae (12th century B.C.) and disappeared in the Jindae (3rd century B.C.) due to Hun's attack. The main areas of activity are Habukseong Fortress, Yonyeongseong Fortress, Drawer Mokryunha River, and Nohapha basin. Currently, the Chinese academic community sees the culture of the upper class of Hagajooms as a legacy of the Dongho people. Hagajeom Upper Culture is a culture characterized by representative non-wave bronze daggers, and its distribution extends from the drawer Mokryun to the south to the Chilnodo Mountains, Bulgaryosan Mountain, Dalalak to the west, and Yoha to the east.   The period and region of the upper culture of Hagajooms almost coincide with the duration and region of the Dongho people. Therefore, in the Chinese academic world, the bronze culture of Yo-ha moving is conceded as that of Gojoseon, and the view that the west of Yo-ha is harsh as a heritage of the Dongho people is the mainstream. However, there are three major problems that must be overcome and passed in order for the upper-class culture of Haga to be regarded as a cultural heritage of the Dongho people.   The first is the inheritance of culture. The upper-level culture of Haga store inherited Hongsan culture and Sohayeon culture, which are the representative Neolithic cultures of this region. Therefore, if the Dongho tribe is a clan that left the upper class culture of Hagajo, the Dongho tribe's culture and the Neolithic culture in this region cannot have historical succession at all.   Next is the investment of the tribe. According to current conventional wisdom, it is not known where the Dongho tribe originated from. However, it is believed that the Dongho tribe was defeated by Huns and divided into the Ohhwan tribe and Seonbi tribe. On the other hand, Lee Ji-rin of North Korea sees the Dongho people as a title for the various ethnic groups that were mixed between Gojoseon, China, and Hunan, and the main forces are regarded as Goriguk, which is considered the ancestors of Buyeo and Goguryeo. When the Dongho tribe was defeated by the Huns, some moved north and developed into the Ohwan and Seonbi tribes, and some moved to the Samgang Plain and Jilin areas to develop into the forces of northern and eastern women, which were inherited back to Goguryeo.   Finally, it is the ratio of fitting and alloying. The bronze dagger is excavated from the stone tomb system and has a bronze mirror and a single fitting, and its alloy ratio matches the Korean Peninsula, Yoseo, and Yodong areas. Therefore, the non-wave type bronze dagger is a cultural heritage based on technical information of the same power. Therefore, even if the shape of the bi-wave bronze dagger is slightly different, it is inevitable that the people who inherited the stone tomb most faithfully.   Stone tombs have been a representative form of tombs in Manchuria since the Neolithic Age, and are a representative cultural type of the Korean people that leads to Buyeo, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Gaya. The consistent succession of this cultural type is a major basis for denying the validity of the theory that considers the non-wave bronze gallbladder as a homophobic. And it is only the change according to the period and regional characteristics that the form appears differently.   Third, the Dongi were an ancient clan that lived in the Yellow River downstream, Habukseong, and Liaoning provinces from before the 17th century B.C. to the advanced period, and when China was unified by Qin Shi Huang, some became Chinese, and some moved to the Gojoseon area. The culture of the Dongi is mainly agricultural, and the influence of Chinese culture is deeply permeated, and it is a species that is recognized for certain identity with the Eun people who caused the Yellow River civilization. Therefore, if you consider the non-waveform bronze dagger in the Yoseo area as a left-over clan, its succession results in some degree in Gojoseon.   Fourth, the Yemaek people are generally regarded as the main clan that caused Gojoseon. It already appeared on the stage of history in the 17th century B.C., and Bukbal, Mac, Baekmin, Goi, and Baljo, which appear in Chinese literature, are all regarded as members of the Mac family. Their activities are regarded as the northern area of Habukseong Fortress during Sangju, and during the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period, they moved northeast, settled in Gilimseong Fortress and Yodong, and established Buyeo and Goguryeo. Currently, scholars in China, Japan, and Korea almost agree that bronze culture east of Yoha is regarded as a cultural heritage of Gojoseon.   The problem is the Yoseo area west of Yoha. In the early days of Chinese academia, it is not very problematic to see the center of Gojoseon as a Liaodong area, but it is believed that Gojoseon retreated toward Pyongyang during the period when the Yeon Dynasty was strong. It is explained that the culture that appears after that is the Sehyeongdonggeom. Currently, some South Korean scholars agree with this view in the name of conventional wisdom.   On the other hand, Yoon Nae-hyeon, Lee Hyung-gu, and Lee Ji-rin view the subject of the non-wave bronze dagger in the Yoseo area as Gojoseon. It is explained that stone tombs, bronze mirrors, and bronze daggers form a single set, and since the Neolithic Age, the only people who have a soft inheritance to the culture of the Manchuria region are Gojoseon's forces.   From my point of view, I believe that their views are more universal and scientific than nationalistic deterrence in Chinese academia.

Yemaek people, which means people living in dirty, rough land

 On December 19, when the year ended with the Korean history of Manchuria 2 2. Bi-wave type bronze sword and Gojoseon = Korea, he visited the ruins of Jeonggaja in Shenyang, China with the Kyunghyang Newspaper's coverage team. Jeongga Jaja Village was named because a person with the surname Jeong lived there for a long time. If you look closely around, the word "bronze" stands out. The addresses of the houses are also xxx, Bronze Road. The shopping district along the main road of the village is a bronze shopping mall. As such, it can be found that the word "bronze" is used here and there in the Tishichu area of Shenyang-si, Liaoning Province. It is said that the reason why the word bronze is used a lot is because there is a cemetery where the bronze dagger was found. The museum is located where the bronze dagger was found. Although it is called a list price and a site of freedom, it is currently closed and access to outsiders is blocked. It can be confirmed that a dagger and a bronze mirror were found only by a picture drawn on the exterior of the building. Two large wooden tombs and 12 small tombs were excavated from the Jeonggaja site excavated in 1965. The tomb at the third branch of Jeonggaja Temple, called Tomb No. 6512, was a wooden coffin tomb (3m65cm long) dating from the 6th to 5th centuries BC, and many bronze and black earthenware, including a bi-wave bronze sword and bronze mirror, were excavated. Based on the size of the tomb and the excavated relics, it is presumed that the main character of the tomb was the supreme ruler of Gojoseon, who had jurisdiction over the Liaohe Plain area around Shenyang, or the ruling class of Yemaek political groups. The literature describes the forces that grew up in Liaodong at the time as "the Empress of Joseon," and records that they are "arrogant and fierce," such as growing up and calling the king. In particular, China must have felt a sense of crisis over Gojoseon's attempt to confront the Yeon Dynasty or his emergence as a powerhouse in partnership with the Huns. This fact can be seen as an expression of Gojoseon's establishment of quite strong control power to encompass the surrounding area based on the Bronze Age culture in Liaodong, Nammanju. - Presumption of the "Hanjok," a bronze relic of China's Shenyang. - However, it is highly likely that it was the early center of Gojoseon as a large number of relics, including a bi-wave bronze sword, were recovered from the Jeonggaaja ruins in the middle of Liaohe. Of course, more bi-wave bronze daggers are found in Liao. However, in addition to the Yemaek people, the Liao-si area during the Bronze Age was a place where many San-yong and Dong-ho were active, and it is still necessary to discuss further to say that Gojoseon residents lived. The people of Gojoseon lived throughout the northwest part of the Korean Peninsula, centering on Liaodong, south of Manchuria. This area is a place where agriculture developed early on. The residents here were mainly Yejok and Macjok, and the language and customs were similar to each other. Among them, other groups were conquered or unified around the dominant forces. Thus, by the 8th to 7th centuries BC, Gojoseon appeared in history. At first, Gojoseon ruled loosely in the Liaodong area of Manchuria and the Daedong River basin, but in the 4th to 3rd centuries BC, the power of the country grows to the extent that it competes with China's Yeon Dynasty. People in China deliberately called these Gojoseon people orangkai. It was also named "Yemaekjok," meaning people living in dirty and rough land. - Handwriting to the Yeon Dynasty in the 4th century B.C. - If you look closely at Bronze Age and Iron Age relics from the Korean Peninsula or South Manchuria, you can restore the place where Gojoseon people lived and their social image to some extent. At this time, the relationship between the non-waveform bronze sword culture and Gojoseon distributed in Nammanju is important. This is because the bronze dagger, the so-called non-wave type bronze sword, attracts the most attention among the relics excavated from tombs in Liaoning. It has been noted that it was used by our ancient residents from early on because it is different in form from the bronze sword used in China, and it is mainly found in the area of Nammanju. Table-type dolmens, which are mainly distributed from Liaodong in Manchuria to North Korea, are also drawing attention. And in the area where Gojoseon people lived, Misong-ri-type earthenware was popular. This bowl seems to have been used during the same period as the bi-wave bronze sword (7th to 4th centuries BC), and it is found evenly across the Daedong River from the east of the Liaohe River, where table-type dolmens are concentrated, making it the most popular earthenware in the early Gojoseon Dynasty. This suggests that Gojoseon grew around the Liaodong area of Manchuria during the Bronze Age culture stage. - Proof of the old land of the bi-wave type bronze sword. - Gojoseon was a country that was established in the Bronze Age and continued to exist until the stage when iron culture was spread. In the early days, the political bodies of each region were loose federations, but in the latter days, they developed into a society with a fairly strong governance system. It seems that the territory at this time covered part of the Liaodong area in Manchuria, and was mostly the northwestern part of the Korean Peninsula as its central area. Regarding the late Gojoseon society, the Sehyeongdonggeom is drawing attention. The three-shaped bronze daggers are long and pointed daggers and were mostly excavated from wooden tombs found on Tongil Street in the south of the Daedong River. In the process of excavating the Northwestern region, more than 80% of the Sehyeong Cave found so far is concentrated around Pyongyang, so it is highly likely that Pyongyang was the center of Gojoseon when the sword was used. However, the period of using the triangular bronze dagger does not go back to the 4th century BC. In addition, the area where the Sehyeong bronze dagger is found does not leave the south of the Cheongcheongang River. - The key to the restoration of the history of the ancient Joseon Dynasty. - In the Pyongyang area, the early cultural relics of Gojoseon, Misong-ri type pottery and the non-wave type bronze sword, are rarely found. In the case of the bi-waveform bronze dagger, only a few were found near Pyongyang, and most of them were excavated from Liaodong. Misong-ri type earthenware is also found more in the north than south of the Yalu River. There is a record in the Chinese literature, "The Yeon Dynasty sent troops to take 2,000 ri of Joseon's western territory and set its boundaries as a full-fledged Korean." In reverse interpretation, it can be seen that before the attack of the Yeon Dynasty's Jangsu Jingae, Gojoseon's territory extended not only near Pyongyang but also further to the west in the Nammanju area. Gojoseon is the first country to appear on our land. Therefore, restoring Gojoseon's history is very important for understanding what the starting stage of Korean national history looked like and how the history developed afterwards. Gojoseon later had an important influence on the creation and growth of various countries established by the Korean people, including Buyeo, Dongokjeo, and Samhan, Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje. Therefore, it is very important to accurately examine the history of Gojoseon in southern Manchuria, especially in Liaodong and western North Korea, for the work of systematically organizing our ancient history and even our entire history. "Professor Song Ho-jung / Department of History Education at Korea National University of Education" Where is the capital of Korea's first ancient state Gojoseon? Academics have mixed views. As for the location of the Gojoseon capital, the theory of re-Pyongyang, the theory of re-Liaoning, and the theory of movement have been raised. "Pyongyang theory" theorists value the record that "Pyongyangseong Fortress was the place where Dangun established Joseon and ran the capital" recorded in "The Three Kingdoms." There is no disagreement that this Pyongyang castle is now Pyongyang. In addition, these scholars interpret that Wanggeomseong, the capital city of Wiman Joseon seen in the "Sagi" Joseon Dynasty, is also Pyongyang and "Persu" is Daedonggang River. This view gained strength when Nakrang remains and relics were found near Pyongyang in Japanese colonial era. Since nationalist historian Shin Chae-ho raised the theory, the North Korean academic community insisted on it until the early 1990s. They view the defeat that Wiman had crossed as Daereungha in Liao City, and Yeolsu, which is said to have been close to Wanggeomseong Fortress, as Liaohe. Specifically, they have designated the capital of Gojoseon as near Kaiping, east of Liaohe. The fact that large numbers of non-wave-shaped bronze swords and burial mounds are being excavated in Manchuria also gives strength to the theory of Liaoning Province. As for the burial mound, there are river tombs and pavilion tombs in Dalian, Raoning Province. However, Pyongyang's theory does not properly interpret the archaeological excavation results in Manchuria, and Liaoning's theory denies the relics of the Nakdonggang River basin and commits a considerable number of crimes in literature. The North Korean academic community recently rejected the conventional Liaoning theory and turned to Pyongyang's capital. The theory of movement of the capital city is the argument of academia to overcome logical contradictions by compromising the two arguments. This theory focuses on the temporal difference between the non-waveform bronze and the triangular bronze. Gojoseon, which was first building a wide range of non-wave-type bronze dagger culture in Liaodong, was shrunk by the eastern advance of the Yeon Dynasty and moved its center to Pyongyang to build a Sehyeong bronze dagger culture. It is most convincing in that there is no leap or strain in the interpretation of literature records and archaeological artifacts.

Europe and Asia...If I were to pick a country that I look like...

 (Washington = Yonhap News) Correspondent Yoon Dong-young said, "Many U.S. journalists and congressional aides are holding their breath and cursing, but no one wants to speak publicly, but I should."" Dennis Halpin, an expert in Asia at the House International Relations Committee, drew attention after he harshly criticized Japan's history and its "insensitivity" to victims at a symposium hosted by the Korea-U.S. Institute at the House of Representatives Rayburn Building on the 19th (local time). As Halpin said, it is hard to hear public criticism from the U.S. administration and Congress as well as from private research institutes about Japan, the world's second-largest economy and the mainstay of the U.S. strategy in Asia. At a recent House hearing on the history dispute between Korea, Japan, China and Japan, a lawmaker from South Carolina expressed his sincere gratitude for Japanese companies' investment in their hometowns and earnestly requested more investment. "Some people in Washington want Japan to become the United Kingdom of Asia and become a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council and a partner in the U.S. strategy for Asia and world peace," Halpin said, criticizing Japan and its government. "There will be little room for Washington to help Japan achieve its diplomatic goals unless there is a great expression of regret, such as Germany's Billy Brandt kneeling at the Polish Nazi victims' memorial tower in 1971, and Japan must help itself first," he said. Regarding Japan's anniversary of Hirohito, he prepared, saying, "How can Germany think of making Emperor Wilhelm's anniversary?" and argued, "At least the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo and U.S. consulates across Japan should open on this day and do daily work." Regarding Japan's claim to end war liability compensation, he countered, "There is no international law or peace treaty that prevents it from apologizing," and pointed out, "If Yasukuni shrine becomes like Arlington National Cemetery, war criminals must be removed." In particular, Halpin reminded the U.S. administration, "We welcome the revision or repeal of Japan's 9th Peace Constitution, but many in Asia fear it will be the first step for Japan to re-enter the path of militarism." The U.S. government, which has put human trafficking at the top of its foreign policy over the past decade, should pay attention to the resolution of the issue, the biggest example of female trafficking in government organizations in the 20th century, he said. He also pointed out, "The Japanese people's concerns about their citizens kidnapped by North Korea, including a young girl, are of course right," and introduced the story of Lee Ok-sun, a grandmother from Japanese Military Sexual Slavery, saying, "But the kidnapping of a young girl who has become a grandmother should be the same." Halpin also talked about Lee Mi-han (17), a second-generation Korean-American who received praise from U.S. President George W. Bush for his essay criticizing the Japanese oppression of Hangeul and reminding the importance of freedom. Halpin's harsh criticism against Japan seems to have been influenced by his 87-year-old father and his brothers who fought or survived the Pacific War against Japan, and his experience staying in Korea for 11 years and 4 years in China due to diplomats. ydy@yna.co.kr Japan = The navy traditionally has a larger proportion than the army because it has lived for a long time without worrying about invading the mainland on British land. Ethnicity is arrogant and egotistical. There is a hard hierarchy that absolutely obeys the ruler. China = Russia has long been ruled by an emperor.Despite the large land mass, he was raped by various ethnic groups.have a strong continental dispositionIt belittles human life and kills many people without hesitation at the order of the emperor. Korea = France is in a hurry.They are very competitive and jealous of their neighbors.The fate of a country is easily changed by one hero.Because of their strong independence, revolutions and revolts tend to occur easily.The regional sentiment in the metropolitan area and the provinces is severe. Taiwan = German SMEs are highly competitive.People are cautious and tough on the outside.It looks quiet on the outside, but once touched, Johnnie is dangerous.We adopted gun control.be good at obeying the orders of the ruler = Vietnam has a military group that is good at guerrilla warfare in Spain.Lazy and doesn't like the sun.be surprisingly conservative