Origin of China's State of China

 Zhu (1046 BC to 256 BC) was the longest-running dynasty in Chinese history, following the Shang Dynasty (also known as the Silver Kingdom because the last capital was silver).

In fact, it is also the time when China's historical era began.

The Zhou Dynasty coexisted with the Shang Dynasty for a considerable period of time in the west of the Shang Dynasty (now Shanxi Province). The Zhou Dynasty was friendly while offering tribute to the Shang Dynasty, but sometimes fought wars with Shang. Meanwhile, the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty insisted on conquering the Shang Dynasty. Traditionally, it is said that the Zhou Dynasty began in 1122 BC, but it is presumed that the decisive war took place around 1111 BC. It took three years to put down the rebellion before the state's sovereignty over the entire territory of the Shang Dynasty was established, but in the end, the State established sovereignty over all of China.

In the word "commercial", the Chinese character "'" comes from the Shang Dynasty.

The word merchant was a proper noun referring to the "Shang people" and then turned into a general noun meaning "businessman" because of the evil deeds of the last king, the tyrant king.

The lord king spent the days of dancing and debauchery, applying oil on heated copper pillars by burning charcoal, and allowing sinners to walk barefoot on them.  The Zhou Dynasty, which implemented the feudal system, did not distribute wages to the people of the Shang Dynasty, who had many terrible mistakes. The people of the Shang Dynasty, who did not receive the Fountain Land, had no choice but to make a living mainly through the traditional domestic handicraft industry and cotton production or business.

This is where the word "mischievous boy" comes from, and this is where commerce, which means what only the people of the Shang Dynasty do.

When the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, it was difficult to claim Zhu's dominance because it was difficult to maintain the state's power because of its political compromise with the independent powers around it. After the Zhou Dynasty expelled the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty had to appease the remaining forces of the Shang Dynasty, which was never easy. 

In addition to this political situation, the state was unable to implement a centralized system because it did not have strong power as an ancient country. Therefore, the state was maintained and operated by giving titles to contributors or relatives who supported the state as the next best option to govern the province. As such, the so-called feudal system was implemented in which the state divided large territories and granted territories to influential people so that they could rule the territory independently.

The feudal system means the establishment of a country by giving land.

The foundation of the feudal system is roughly as follows. In the center, there is a king, the supreme ruler, and in order, considering the density, strategic importance, and military service between the powerful and the king, the most common of which is the word "lords," or empress, became common. 

They were awarded the national anthem. Since then, the princes have also appointed internal contributors, who were called Gyeong or Daebu and were awarded a family. 

This is when the word "national family" first came into being.

Again, the meritorious retainers were established inside the family, and they were simply awarded the degree of Sik-eup, but basically, there was no further division of labor because Eup was the smallest unit of administration in the state period.

In this way, distributing land to the princes and establishing an imperial country were called Bunbong, and granting the title along with the land to the princes was called Bongjak.

It was their mission that the king ruled the world evenly, the empress ruled the country, the governor and the godfather ruled the family, and received the living Sik-eup to cultivate themselves and become intellectuals beneficial to the state. In Chinese characters, it is called "Susinje is the reign of the country, Pyeongcheonha." In other words, in the later days, this word, which had the meaning of step-by-step personal training in the establishment of Neo-Confucianism, originally had the meaning of expressing and symbolizing the governing system of the Zhou Dynasty.

The World's First Cryptocurrency System-Islamic Hawala

 There are many posts related to this on the Internet now.

There has long been a virtual currency system like this in the Islamic world, and it is still widely used as an online system for banks.

This article is about Hawala, a system that exists only in the Islamic world.

Islamic Remittance System - Hawala

It means "trust" in Arabic, which means a traditional Islamic remittance system that distributes funds without going through banks using a global organizational network.

Its original name is Hundi.

Hawala was originally designed to protect the property of Islamic targets trading on the Silk Road from thieves in the desert, and remittances can be made anywhere in the world at a small fee.

remittance procedures using hawala

1. A remittance client living in country A will stop by a nearby Hawala office to pay the remittance amount and a certain fee, and then notify the remittance recipient living in country B of the password.

2. Recipient shall stop by a nearby Hawala office to provide the password given by the client and receive the promised amount.

3. The Hawala broker of country A shall contact the broker of country B, who has been in a business relationship, to pay the money to the recipient first, and then settle the settlement every certain period.

There is always a hawala broker in Muslim areas, so remittances can be made not only in remote areas without financial institutions, but also on holidays.

Most Hawala intermediaries earn lower fees than banks and other formal financial institutions because they earn more from exchange rate gains or high-value remittance customers.

It is customary for all parties to the transaction to engage in credit transactions with a sense of community called "Islamic Brothers" and to follow strong retaliation such as murder if the transaction is not executed, so there is more coercion than documents.

It does not set up collateral or create any documents, and as soon as the transaction is completed, all remittance-related information, including passwords, is destroyed.

It is widely used as a means for illegal Muslim residents overseas to remit money to their families as the advantage of increased manpower movement between countries and easy concealment of their status is highlighted.

It is becoming organized and large-scale by linking with international exchange and terrorist organizations, breaking the international foreign exchange transaction order, as well as being abused as a money laundering or criminal financing route by international criminal organizations.

It is estimated that more than 30,000 workers from the Middle East live in Korea, and they also remit money using dozens of domestic hawala organizations.

ancient Greek astronomy

 The period of breaking away from the supernatural or mythical is regarded as the beginning of astronomy, which was done from Thales (624-546 BC). He tried to interpret the heavenly world only with natural philosophical perception, but it was quite different from previous scholars that he unfolded cosmology from a materialistic standpoint. 

Anaximandros (610-546 BC) argued that the shape of the Earth was shaped like a cylinder (similar to a cylindrical shape). And he hypothesized that the Earth's location would not be at the exact center of the world, which is of great significance in that it provided future astronomers with an ideological origin to break away from the Earth's centralism. 

Anaximenes (585-525, BC) argued that the shape of the Earth is in the form of a flat disk and floats on a huge air cushion. And he developed the logic that there is a soul that operates the natural world, which later develops into a concept of a cosmic soul. 

Pythagoras (570-500 BC) was the first astronomer to think that the earth was round. Uniquely, he argued that the universe was created according to moral principles, and that natural phenomena occurring in the heavenly world were also based on those principles. 

The idea of Plato (427-347, BC) was not only an axis of ancient natural philosophy, but also evolved into new Platonism and became the ideological origin of the modern astronomical revolution through Renaissance.

Plato argued that geometry is the only means of overcoming human lack of rationality, and convinced that geometry is a lantern that will illuminate "idea" with phenomenal consistency in astronomy.

Plato's cosmology can be confirmed in his book Timaios, which explains that the universe was created by paradeigma. 

Plato clearly expresses his thoughts on whether to view the creation of the universe as a real event and the completion of the creation process as a starting point of the universe, or as a permanent "clean order system" of the universe.  

In other words, the most beautiful of all that has arisen, and the best of all causes is the universe, so there must be order and beauty, and Plato emphasized that it is never by chance that such order and beauty arise.  

Plato explained that Demiurgos pursued the "best" in the process of creating the universe and changed the incongruous and disorderly things into a harmonious and orderly state, and that intellectual things were better than those that were not, and that intelligence could never exist.

Plato thus regarded the universe as "a creature with both soul and intelligence." 

At this time, the introduction of the concept of "horn" in the process of defining the motion of the universe is in line with the existence of a soul that moved the natural world claimed by Anacimenez.

This concept of "space spirit" later reappears in Kepler's process of explaining the irregularities of planetary motion (the phenomenon in which the distance between the sun and the planet becomes closer and farther, and the speed of the planet's orbit becomes faster and slower). 

Aristotle (384-322, BC) coolly criticized the fundamental idea of Plato's school, which had a strong mental aspect, and never agreed with Plato's claim that "the material world only expresses the real world very well, and the real world is actually an area of abstract thought without reality." 

Aristotle's worldview considered all phenomena to be realistic and realistic. 

For Plato, real things were abstract objects that existed beyond the material world, but for Aristotle, real things were material things and had to exist immediately.

  Aristotle provided the rule to future astronomers that "the celestial sphere with planets embedded in it is stacked in several layers around the Earth to form a perfect spherical orbit and rotate at a constant speed forever." 

This is explained in detail in Aristotle's book, "About the Heavenly System," in particular, he argued that all movements in the natural world contained in the universe must be eternal, and that "you produce eternal motion without exercising," or "the driving force of immobility," must exist to sustain them. 

Aristotle's ideas, in conjunction with not only astronomy but also Christian doctrines, exert a great influence as a criterion for discussing consistency in the research process of all disciplines until the 17th century.(In the future, I will explain in detail Copernicus about the rotation of the celestial sphere.) 

  Hipparchus (190-120, BC) is a Greek astronomer who collected and organized astronomical data from Babylonians who made astronomical observations focusing on practical purposes and developed the results into a more sophisticated study.

Hipparcus invented a new concept called "main power source" to explain the retrograde of planets (a phenomenon in which planets seem to reverse the path they have already passed for a certain period of time and then return to the original direction). 

With the introduction of the main power source, it is much easier than before to explain not only the retrograde phenomenon of the planets, but also the changes in brightness of the planets according to the relative distance between the Earth and the planets. 

  However, if you look closely at the common elements of ancient Greek natural philosophers, you can't find a standard that can be applied in the process of each school's conception of a space model except that the Earth was placed at the center of the universe. 

  Since there was no systematic standard to share except "put the earth at the center of the universe," each person arbitrarily interpreted the heavenly world as if they were pioneering a new realm by attracting metaphysical elements at will. 

Moreover, since there was no public pledge to provide solid trust in experiments and observations, the choice of research methods was quite free and diverse.

  Eventually, groups of ancient Greek natural philosophers failed to hand over an integrated and systematic geocentric model to future astronomers by interpreting differently the principles of matter and celestial bodies that make up the universe.

Claudios Ptolemaios (90-168, AD) opened a new horizon in astronomy by escaping astronomy from metaphysics and organizing it mathematically. 

Almagest, a mathematical argumentation of Ptolemy's data collected through long observations, was originally titled Megale Syntaxis Astoronomias, his astrological encyclopedia Tetrablos. 

  Ptolemy considered the practical aspect of astronomy more important, unlike the existing Greek natural philosophers who tried to interpret the heavenly system in terms of academics. 

For example, the coronation ceremony to succeed to the throne, such as predicting fate through a constellation related to a person's birth date, was to use astronomy to find out when it was good and what movement the planet was doing. 

Ptolemy attempted to blend in with Aristotle's space model for a while at the beginning of his research, but eventually could not follow Aristotle. The reason was that Ptolemy's findings in astronomy clearly showed that he could not accompany Aristotle. These facts were confirmed through the contents of Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses discovered in 1967. 

  Ptolemy tried to extract the regularity of the seedlings from the motion of the planets and create a planetary system based on them, attracted by that purpose, he introduced the concept of eccentricity to explain the speed, size, and brightness of the planets. 

To briefly explain the eccentricity, the center of the celestial sphere where the planets rotate is slightly off the Earth, where the position of the Earth is eccentric. An eccentricity allows us to explain a phenomenon in which planets appear slightly different in size from their rotation centers (geometric distances are the same) to appear to vary depending on where they are located. 

  The reason Ptolemy introduced this eccentricity was not to break the principle that planets orbit around the Earth and that planets are moving in circular orbits. However, as a result, the principle of "earth-centered circular motion," which has long protected the astronomical world, was naturally broken. 

  Ptolemy explained that the reason why the sun and stars (stars) float from the east to the west every day is not because they are not found in the rotation of the Earth, but because celestial bodies with sun and stars are orbiting the Earth every day. 

The reason Ptolemy explained the circadian motion of celestial bodies was that if the Earth rotates once a day, its velocity would be so fast that all objects on Earth must fly into space by centrifugal force (then the sun, stars rotate faster) How can you explain the phenomenon of exercising while drawing a circumference of the same size?--the question that Copernicus asked about Ptolemy's claim)

  Ptolemy's suggestions seem quite absurd at this point in time, but they were quite popular with professional astronomers and astrologers at the time. This was because although Ptolemy did not fully explain the heavenly phenomena one after another, it was believed that the Almagest was explaining the motion of each planet properly through mathematical arguments. And even if Ptolemy astronomy had some errors overall, it was within the limits recognizable by the academic world. 

  Thanks to this strong academic trust, Ptolemy astronomy was able to continue its success for a long time without any particular competition until the mid-16th century.

Source: Im Jin-yong, "The Story of Astronomy We Didn't Know."

Copernican geology

 They say that there is nothing more certain than seeing it in person to believe. But if you deny everything you see in front of you and ask them to believe it the other way around, can you do so easily?

  That's the way celestial bodies move. The sun and moon rise above the eastern horizon and set below the western horizon. Stars rise and fall in the same direction. In other words, the Earth stays still, and it seems that all the celestial bodies are spinning around our Earth. The truth is that the sun does not revolve around the Earth, but rather the other way around the Sun. In this way, there are cases where the truth is the opposite of what is visible. Now we know and believe that the opposite of what we see in relation to the movement of the sun and the earth is true.      

  What if the level of civilization in the world we live in is different from what it is today, in other words, if we move through time and space to Europe before the 16th century? Perhaps if he publicly insisted on the theory of the center of the sun at that time, he might be executed for denying Christian doctrine.

  As such, the authenticity of science is sometimes determined by the social atmosphere. Whether it is true or not, it never matters. It is only important what values the forces that dominate the world believe.  

  Then, how could Copernicus, who insisted on the theory of the sun at a time when most people were convinced that the center of the world was the Earth and that celestial bodies were clearly orbiting the Earth? Let's take a look at the process, also called the Copernican idea.

  When Copernicus (1473-1543, AD) studied astronomy, Greek classics that flowed into Europe around the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire (1453), and were newly interpreted by various scholars around the Academy in Florence, Italy.   

  In such an environment, Copernicus encounters neo-platonicism in which ancient Platonic ideas were evolved by fusion with various period and regional elements. Neoplatonist scholars developed theories differentiated from orthodox Platonism and suggested new standards for academic research methods, when some Neoplatonist scholars questioned the long-held geocentric theory and carefully conceived a new cosmology. Of course, it was not a specifically stereotyped solar center theory. However, the pioneers who were studying the theory of the center of the sun at that time had two more mountain ranges to overcome in addition to the Christian doctrine that the theory of the center of the earth was true. One was Ptolemy (90-168, AD) astronomy, which was mathematically systematized and led the astronomical world for 1,300 years, and the other was Aristotle (384-322, BC) natural philosophy. 

  Ptolemy astronomy was considered and inherited by all universities at that time, and Aristotle's natural philosophy was driving European learning not only by astronomy but also by the interpretive standards of all disciplines. Naturally, Ptolemaic astronomy was a mathematical representation of Aristotle's natural philosophy, and Christian doctrine also adopted the earth-centered theory, so these three axes (Ptolemaic, Aristotle, and Christianity) became the Trinity that made up the world view at the time and dominated European thought until the 16th century. 

  Copernicus inherited the idea of neoplatonism and proved the contradiction of Ptolemy astronomy through mathematical arguments using Ptolemy's mathematical tools, and Aristotle's natural philosophy also disproved Aristotle's limitations of earth-centered cosmology. 

  Such new tools or conditions are not provided, and extracting new ideas (while proving contradictory theoretical contradictions) using only existing conditions and methods is called the Copernican idea. However, even if Copernicus violated both Ptolemy astronomy and Aristotle's natural philosophy, it was not enough to overthrow the Christian worldview. At that time, Christian doctrine was explained and proclaimed through the revelation of the absolute existence of the one God, so the authority of Christian doctrine was irreplaceable, regardless of what was revealed by human sensory activities (by observation and experiment) and whether it was true or not. In the end, Copernicus's natural philosophy and mathematical argument for the solar-centered theory was published on the premise that "the content may not necessarily be true," thereby escaping fierce criticism and attack from the church authorities. 

  However, Copernicus's proposed solar-centered theory was not easily accepted by academia, and continued to argue in the academic world from the end of the 16th century to the mid-17th century. By Newton (1642~1726, AD), solar-centered theory was established as a new paradigm of astronomy.

 The conclusions obtained from the historical facts of Copernicus and Geodongism can be learned that natural science and technological progress are hindered by the vested interests of society, especially religious kkondae. Maybe from today's modern era to the future.

Jewish Kosher

I'm posting about Kosher, a Jewish food culture.

Halal and Kosher have many similarities.

Maybe it's because their living environment and cultural environment are similar.

Jews make a clear distinction between what to eat and what not to eat. Among them, the edible one is called Kosher, and the Hebrew word "cashurt," which means "appropriate and right," is the etymology. 

Kosher is not a form of food, but a method of selecting and handling ingredients. Therefore, if Chinese food is made according to Jewish law, it becomes Kosher, and if typical Jewish foods such as bagels are made without following Jewish law, it is not Kosher. There are hundreds of books about Kosher's standards and meanings that Jews talk about, but in short, they can be classified into seven main categories. 

1. Vegetable foods such as vegetables and fruits are not unconditionally Kosher or animal. In the case of meat, only the hoof splits and rumination is eaten. The cow, goat, deer, etc. have a back-to-back and split hoofs. Pigs are not Kosher because they do not ruminate, although they are curved. Fish need fins and scales to be Kosher. Salmon, sea bream, yellow corvina, etc. can be eaten because they have both fins and scales. Shark whale loach has fins but cannot be eaten without scales. Squid, octopus, octopus, etc. are not Kosher because they do not have scales as well as fins.The same goes for crabs, crayfish, shrimp, and oysters. In the case of birds, most poultry, such as chicken, turkey, and duck, are Koshers. However, wild birds and carnivorous birds are not Koshers. Eagle, falcon, owl, seagull, bat, etc. cannot be eaten. The eggs of the Kosher bird are Kosher, and the eggs of the non-Kosher bird are not Kosher. 

2. Even edible animals must slaughter meat and birds in accordance with Jewish law. The most important thing is to 'humanly' slaughter without pain. You have to stab your neck with a sharp knife in two seconds to kill it. 

Animals that died naturally or while fighting with other animals cannot eat. How important the slaughter method was can be seen from the fact that in small villages where not many Jews live, the priest Rabbi was mainly in charge of slaughtering livestock. 

3. Blood must be completely removed from any animal. 

Because they value life. In the Old Testament, the life of the body lies in the blood (Legis 17:11), so eating blood is considered an act of eating life. Not only meat but also bird eggs cannot be eaten if there is blood on them.

 No. 2 and No. 3 are almost the same as Halal.

4. Even permitted animals cannot eat a certain portion. They cannot eat the nervous system and blood vessels and do not eat the fat surrounding the body's organs. 

5. You cannot eat meat and milk together (which can be thought of as parents and children). It's because it's too cruel. 

Therefore, hamburgers or cheeseburgers that eat cheese and meat together are prohibited. You shouldn't drink milk right after eating meat.This is because it mixes in the stomach. 

German Jews ate meat for three hours,

Eastern European Jews wait six hours before drinking milk.

6. The tableware used when eating meat cannot be used as a bowl for milk. The same is true of the opposition. Therefore, Jewish families usually have two bowls, two forks and knives. Store in each cupboard and wash the dishes separately. 

7. You cannot drink wine that is not made by the Jews. The idea is that wine has been used for ancestral rites since ancient times. This is why Jews only drink Kosher wine. 

The Jews have maintained this 'Kosher' tradition for 3,300 years. Why? The first thing I can think of is health. In fact, there is no question that Kosher food is good for your health. The slaughter of livestock is so hygienic that the Jewish state of Puju is exempt from investigations by U.S. health authorities. But health is not the only reason. 

Kosher has many health-related provisions. 

Some point out environmental factors. 

For example, it is analyzed that camels were prevented from being eaten because they were used as a useful means of carrying luggage rather than food in desert areas. 

However, this is also inappropriate to cover the entire Kosher Act. 

Jewish scholars eventually conclude that "because it is written like that in the Torah." This is because it is written in the Bible, but there is no particular reason. 

In the end, protecting Kosher means protecting "sacredness and holiness." Judaism places great importance on the ability to distinguish and practice good from evil, good from bad, clean from unclean, and applies such distinction to food culture. 

From the most basic eating behavior in life to practicing "sacredness." 

Of course, not all Jews protect Kosher. 

Only about 30 percent of Jews are found to be very thoroughly protecting Kosher. However, more and more people are looking for Kosher food. 

This is because as Kosher's image of "health food" spreads, non-Jewish people are also increasingly looking for "Kosher." Regardless of the actual recession, Kosher food sales have increased by 12-15% annually, with the current market size reaching $150 billion in the United States alone, industry estimates.

Multinational food companies around the world, without exception, are 100% Kosher-certified for their products.

Thinking about Halal and Kosher, we think that the freedom to eat all foods without having to be picky is the best, while we only take this example for food, but I think we have lived without social moderation.

Of course, there are some inconveniences of controlling individual freedom, such as Kosher and Halal, but perhaps they had the notion that they could control their own desires.

If we think hard of ourselves, we don't know if we've all lived in the absence of such a controlling compulsion norm, such as a spoiled child who has never been scolded by his parents.

Halal ety

 Nami Island, South Korea, is a popular tourist destination for Muslims (Muslims) as many as 200,000 people visit it a year.

Of course, they are looking for it because it is a place that appeared in a TV drama, but one of the other reasons is that there is a halal restaurant on Namiseom Island.

Muslims should only eat halal food according to Islamic law, but there are few halal restaurants in our tourist destinations where they can eat.

There are currently six halal restaurants in Korea, with five in Itaewon, Seoul, and the other on Namiseom Island.

It is an explanation of what halal is.

HALAL means "God allows it" in Arabic. The law applies not only to food, but also to Muslim life as a whole.

Halal originally had only religious meanings, but now it has a great image as a hygienic and safe food. This is because the raw materials and production processes of products are strictly viewed during the certification process. 

In the Islamic scripture, the Koran states, "Do not eat strangled or beaten meat, or meat that has not been slaughtered in the name of Allah."

In the case of meat, wait for the animal to be calm and slaughter it at once, and do not add various additives to fruits or vegetables.

Do not eat meat that has rotted or died of illness before slaughter, and the animals on the verge of slaughter shall not be allowed to eat it. 

The rule that you have to live healthy...

I'm looking at the hygiene of humans and animals.

Non-Muslims are also increasingly looking for halal food.

When slaughtering animals, they tie their front and back legs tightly and shout Bismila Allahu Akbar three times, then slaughter it with a single knife, cut off two arteries, completely remove blood, and peel off the skin to make halal meat.

Animal blood is prohibited from being consumed in Islam due to the risk of infection.

Grains, vegetables, and fruits as well as meat must be grown without antibiotics or additives in order to obtain halal certification.

Halal certification is not just a certification of the product itself, but also for non-Muslims who seek a healthy table because they inspect everything from ingredients to production, processing, and storage of raw materials and manage them hygienically and safely.

There are 1.8 billion Muslims in the world, and more than a quarter of the world's population eats halal food.

In 2018, the global halal market will have a transaction size of 1.5 trillion dollars.

I wonder how fierce competition multinational food companies will be to increase their market share in this huge halal market.

Recently, Korea has entered the Halal market in earnest.

Romanticism is not romantic?

You may have heard Chopin, a musician who represents the Romantic music trend. You may have heard of the words romanticism and romanticism in World History.

Most people misunderstand and misunderstand the concept of romanticism in Western literature and art.

Romanticism is definitely not a romantic idea.

When I translated the English word "roman" into Japanese, it became "romantic" with a similar pronunciation.

Literally, it refers to "Romanism," but it does not refer to the culture of the old Roman era.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the mainstream European culture was a Latin culture centered on France.

At this time, the term "romang" refers to the folk culture of the periphery that deviates from these mainstream cultures.

It's a concept that's far from what we think of as romance.

Romanticism in music refers to a new trend of responding to classicalism, which was the music of the upper class, teaching balance and restrained beauty from Bach to Beethoven from the early 18th to the early 19th centuries.

Romantic music, on the other hand, refers to music that maintains the minimum form and order found in Prussian and Eastern European folk music that was out of the mainstream and emphasizes freedom.

Of course, there was a "romantic group" in Korean fist history. The feeling of romance is good, but in a way, it may be people's longing for an utopia that cannot exist in reality.