Historical background of the development of common people's culture in the late Joseon

 One of the most significant historical books of Joseon is the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, a precise and vast historical book written 472 years from King Taejo to King Cheoljong.

Even the king could not read the Annals carelessly to secure objectivity and distribute and store various editions so far.

In the late Joseon Dynasty, interest in ours increased due to the influence of practical studies, and Lee Dong-hwi emphasized legitimacy away from China-centered thinking, and Lee Dong-hwi first wrote Balhaego, the history of Goguryeo.

It plays a big role in expanding the scope of our history, which was trapped on the Korean Peninsula after the unification of the three kingdoms, to Manchuria.

The purpose of making maps and geography books is different from that of the early Joseon Dynasty.

In the early Joseon Dynasty, maps and geography books were made to strengthen centralization and national defense.

The representative map of the early Joseon Dynasty is the Honilgangri National Map created during the Taejong period.

This is the oldest world map existing in the East, with a glimpse of the worldview centered on the sovereign country.

The Konyeo Mangukjeondo, produced by Matteo Rich, a former missionary, was handed down in the late Joseon Dynasty, and China was expressed as one of the world's many countries, and the Joseon people who saw it were shocked, and China-centered Neo-Confucian worldview collapsed in the late Joseon Dynasty.

This change in worldview contributes to the growing interest in our history and language geography.

As commerce developed in the late Joseon Dynasty, it is useful for merchants to have maps and information about each region to travel from place to place.

Daedongyeojido, which contains such information, consists of 22 mapbooks for folding and carrying.

Kim Jeong-ho created the Daedongyeo Map by synthesizing the data obtained from the previous maps, and the necessary information is indicated by scales and symbols.

Since the Chinese history of reverse law is not suitable for Korea's situation, we publish Chiljeongsan, a reverse law book that calculates astronomical operation based on Hanyang.

In the late Joseon Dynasty, the Western-style calendar, Poetry, was introduced.

Rain gauge and "Chiljeongsan Mountain" are all independent and practical cultures made during the reign of King Sejong.

This spirit is also followed by the compilation of medical books and agricultural books, and Hyangyakjipseongbang and Farming Jikseol are born.

Medicines and prescriptions from Chinese medical books often do not fit our situation, so we compiled Hyangyakjipseongbang, which summarizes our own medicines and prescriptions, and it was the best family medical book for the weak and poor people.

During the reign of Gwanghae-gun in the late Joseon Dynasty, Heo Jun completed Donguibogam, which is still a reference medical book.

Custom paintings featuring various classes of life are very popular, and Kim Hong-do mainly expresses the lives of ordinary people in a humorous way.

Shin Yun-bok mainly depicts women, affection between men and women, and hypocrisy of aristocrats.

Folk paintings expressing the people's wishes are developed, and magpies and tigers are representative.

In literature in the late Joseon Dynasty, Korean novels appeared, and it contains the wishes of the common people at the time who longed for change.

It's like Chunhyangjeon, a dramatic story about Hong Gil-dong dreaming of a new world or overcoming differences in status and achieving love.

The subjects of customs paintings, folk paintings, and Korean novels were ordinary people, not noblemen.

As the economy develops in the late Joseon Dynasty and the common people's consciousness grows, the culture of the common people also develops.

Park Ji-won writes Chinese novels such as Yangbanjeon and Heo Saengjeon, which satirize the appearance of yangban.

Medieval India's countries called the Heavenly Land.

 In Indian history, the Middle Ages are believed to begin around 510 when the Gupta dynasty collapsed. And it is believed to have lasted until 1192 when Islamic forces entered India. Medieval India did not form a unified empire, and was largely divided into three to five countries and dozens of countries. Divided largely, it becomes northern, eastern, and central India. According to the "King Ocheon Chukgukjeon" written by Hyecho, India was divided into five countries: east, west, north, and south.  

The Gurjara-Pratuhara dynasty flourished the most as a northern country. It ruled India in the northwest, centered on Rajasthan. From the 8th to the 10th centuries, it dominated the territory from Gujarat in the west to Yamuna in the east and competed with Islamic forces that advanced to Punjab in the north. A representative cultural heritage is the Osian Temple in the west of Jodhpur.

Another dynasty that left a great cultural heritage is the Chandela dynasty. Danga, who opened the Chandela Dynasty in 945, was a retainer of the Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty. Khajuraho was opened as the capital city with a new dynasty called Chandela. The representative cultural heritage of the Chandela dynasty is a Hindu temple in Lake Kazura. More than 80 of these temples have been built, but only about 30 remain. These temples are famous for their sculptures of Mituna depicting the erotic sexual behavior of men and women.

    

As an eastern country, there is the Pala Dynasty, which expanded its power around the Magada region. The Pala Dynasty spared no support for Buddhism and established temples and universities everywhere. A representative one is the famous Nalanda Temple University, which still remains a relic. The first Nalanda Temple was built during the Gupta Dynasty. However, the records of Nalanda Temple University are best shown in the field judge's "Daedangseo Station". He visited here twice in 637 and 642, and is known to have studied at the university for about two years.

"All 1,000 monks studying here are outstanding, witty, and highly educated. At that time, more than hundreds of people came to learn Tao from them in Iyeokmanri after hearing their reputation. Their business is clear and clean, and their stomachs are pure. There are strict rules among the public, and all are straight and correct, so many countries in India look up to them and set an example. They were not enough to spend all day asking for instruction and discussing deep reason, awakening and teaching each other from morning to night, and exchanging help with each other regardless of age.

The central and southern countries include the Palava dynasty, which flourished between the 6th and 9th centuries. And in 897, Chola, the vassal of the Palabas Dynasty, built a new kingdom with Tanjore as the capital. The Chola Dynasty achieved its heyday during Lazaraja I (985-1014) and Lazendra I (1012-1044). During this period, the representative temples were the Brihadishvara temple, and the Darasuram temple and the Chidambaram temple built by Lazaraja II were also famous.

Bronze artworks from the Chola Dynasty are displayed here in the bronze sculpture room of the National Museum. These bronze sculptures, made by wax casting, have been produced since the Palava period. However, the artistry of the bronze statue made during the reign of Lazarazawa Rajendra is considered the best. Among them, Nataraja, which expresses the appearance of dancing Shiba, is the most famous. Nataraja dances at the center of the circular universe to escape the human soul from the temptation of fantasy.

Bronze sculptures made during the Chola Dynasty.

Here, Nataraja's dance is an act that destroys the corrupted universe so that Brahma can create a new world. In that sense, this dance is an act of destruction for creation. Creation, preservation, and destruction take place in the process of performing a sacred dance known as ananda tandava. The expression of Nataraja dancing is solemn, and the posture of four arms and two feet is elegant. The spread of flames surrounding Nataraja's head symbolizes the destruction of the universe.

In the upper right hand, Janggu Damaru, which makes the original sound of creation, is held and the flame of creation is lit. The upper left hand holds a flame of destruction called agni. The right hand that comes forward is playing Shimuayama Mudra, which saves humans from evil and ignorance. Abaya Moodra means don't be afraid in Sanskrit. The left hand lowered in the front points to its feet, where the dwarf, the incarnation of evil and ignorance, is Apasmarapurusha.

As he appeared, his right foot is stepping on the mess, and his left foot is lifted diagonally and is in a dancing position. The direction the foot points to means the path of salvation. Nataraja's head takes the form of a tie, and it is decorated with cobra, jewelry, and flowers. This work was made in Tamil Nadu in the early 12th century during the Chola Dynasty.

  

The Krishna Bronze Statue, made in the 9th century earlier than Nataraja, is also famous. Krishna dances while grabbing the cobra's tail over the head of a five-headed cobra. This is a scene in which he overpowered livestock to protect them from Kaliyanaga cobra, who poisoned the river. Krishna raises her right hand and gives a sign not to be afraid, and Kaliyana puts her hands together as a sign of respect and surrender.

Another bronze sculpture made in the 9th century is famous for its Shiba statue. This sculpture is the figure of a warrior standing stably on a lotus pedestal. Horses and arrows are not expressed, but they are supposed to shoot arrows in the next step to get the devil out of the bondage of ignorance. There is also a Bishnu statue made in the 9th century during the Palabas Dynasty. As a statue of Vishnu, there are many differences in material and expression from the Chola Dynasty.

First of all, it was made of brass, not bronze. And the surface treatment is not smooth, so it looks rough and simple. The pose the statue is taking is also static rather than dynamic. The two feet are placed side by side, two of the four arms are holding objects, and the other two arms are Suin, called Shimu outsiders. The facial expression seems a little solemn and human. Through this, we can see that the sculptures of the Palabha dynasty increased in completeness through the Chola Dynasty.

The beginning of Laos' history, the Lansang Kingdom.

 Buddhism, peace, and independence have significant meanings in Laos. In the national sentence, the Pha That Luang, a symbol of Laos Buddhism, is also surrounded by a ribbon marking "peace, independence, and democracy." The reason why this value has become important can be found in the history of Laos, and the Lan Xang kingdom is the starting point. In particular, the history of Laos, which is short but thick, is engraved intact in the Emerald Buddha statue, Phra Kaew.

● is the beginning of the twin kingdom.

Before the Lansang Kingdom, Laos was an area where several small countries continued to compete. Raised in the royal family of Cambodia's Khmer Empire, Faungum attacks and succeeds in occupying the current Laos area under the order of King Khmer. He established the capital in Luang Prabang, became independent of the Khmer Empire, and in 1353, he established the first unified kingdom of Laos.

"Ran pair" means "million elephants" in Laotian. Muangsua (Luang Prabang), the center of the Lansang Kingdom, has long been famous for having many elephants. At that time, as kings and generals led the army on elephants in Southeast Asian countries, the fact that there were many elephants was considered a representation of strong national power itself. In addition, Buddhism began to settle in Laos in earnest in the era of paungum. At that time, Prabang, a sacred golden Buddha statue, was brought from Sri Lanka to the Lansang Kingdom.

There is also a legend related to this. It is said that the Buddha statue from Cambodia did not escape from Vientiane and could not move to Luang Prabang, the capital at the time. For this reason, it is said that the Buddha statue was placed in Vientiane. However, Paung-eum, the first king and great military leader of the Lansang Kingdom, was eventually expelled from the throne because he failed to scholarship the nobility and local forces.

● The greatest prosperity and peace.

After Paung Eum, his eldest son, Sam Saen Thai, takes over the throne. The king's name "Samsentai" refers to the number of adult men who lived in the Ransang Kingdom at the time. Ssamssen means 300,000 and Thai means Thai people. The Thai people are people who lived in Laos and northern central Thailand today.

Ssamsentai ascended the throne at the young age of 18, but ruled for 43 years by reorganizing the administrative system and operating the state stably. It was also at this time that we faced the most prosperous period in Laos' history. At the same time, the peace of the Lansang Kingdom was maintained for a long time. There was also confusion after the death of Ssamshentai, but the 14th king Wisunarat reigned and faced a stable period again.

Wisunnarat also built a temple called Wat Wisunnarat in Luang Prabang after his name. Later, Potisarat, who inherited the throne, recognized Buddhism as the only religion in Laos. At that time, he began to take control of the kingdom of Ayutaya in central Thailand, and began to value Vientiane in the south rather than Luang Prabang.

● Age of confusion

Setthathirat, who succeeded King Potisarat and took the throne of the Lansang Kingdom, will bring the sacred Buddha statue "Frakau" from the Lansang Kingdom to the Lansang Kingdom. In addition, in consideration of Burmese, which was called power at the time, today's Myanmar, the capital was transferred from Luang Prabang to Vientiane.

Settatirat protected the Lansang Kingdom from the threat of Burmese at the time, and built That Luang and Wat Phra Kaew. Since then, he has been ruled by Burmese twice, but the Lansang Kingdom is in a golden age with the reign of Souliya Vongsa, the last king of the Lansang Dynasty. Peace has continued for as long as 67 years, but lastly, Laos splits into three kingdoms and enters a chaotic period again.

▶ The fall of the kingdom and the new Laos.

Laos' national power weakened due to continued division. Even today, Thailand's Siam dynasty, which had the capital in Bangkok, takes over Vientiane, the capital of the twin kingdoms, by force under the pretext of diplomacy. At that time, Siam moved to Bangkok the sacred Buddhas Prakau and Pabang and exerted influence on Laos for a long time. Currently, the emerald Buddha statue, Prakau, is located in Wat Prakau, located in the royal palace of Bangkok.

Luang Prabang went through Burmese invasion and Siam invasion, and many temples were destroyed by fire. Laos, which has completely lost its power, is even under French long colonial rule. At the end of colonial rule, he suffered from a civil war between anti-French nationalists and the Lao Communist Party. During the Second Indochina War, U.S. air bombing caused tremendous casualties. In 1975, "Pattet Lao" won the civil war and became the current "Lao People's Democratic Republic."

Yoon Bo-sun's "Red Hunting" that extended Park Chung-hee's regime.

 On May 16, 1961, the coup army led by General Park Chung-hee crossed the Han River and took control of downtown Seoul. The Second Republic, which was launched after the April 19 Revolution, collapsed in less than a year. Since then, Korea has faced a period of military administration again. However, even the coup forces promised to transfer the civil government immediately after the coup, and voices to restore the constitutional order increased day by day. The United States, which had an absolute influence on South Korea, also strongly demanded a return to civil affairs. The Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, the supreme governing body, proposed a constitutional amendment with the presidential system and the members of the National Assembly, and after it was confirmed through a referendum in December 1962, the fifth presidential election was held on October 15, 1963.

If the ruling party, which put forward Park Jung-hee, chairman of the Supreme Council, who has held the three powers in one hand for two years and led the military revolution government, had sought strong sores so far (September 14, 1963), the opposition party was anxious from the start. As many as six people, including Yoon Bo-sun, Heo Jung, and Song Yo-chan, ran for the election. It was clear that the atmosphere was unfavorable to the opposition party, except for factors such as a number of opposition candidates and intervention of government authority in the powerful ruling party candidates. However, some opposition parties were preparing a very painful attack on candidate Park Chung-hee.

On September 22, 1963, when the election campaign just began, the election campaign of Yoon Bo-sun, a leading opposition candidate, was held in Yeosu, Jeollanam-do. At this time, a speaker named Yoon Je-sul took the podium. Later, he, who will serve as a sixth-term lawmaker, criticized the harmful effects of the military government with his unique way of speaking, and suddenly shouted with exaggerated gestures as he looked at the hills around the speech hall.  

"Jonggo-san, you know. Jonggosan, tell me. You know for sure. Jonggosan Mountain, tell me." Jonggosan Mountain is the name of Yeosu's mountain. Almost everyone there didn't notice what Yoon Je-sul was talking about. Even when reporters asked what he meant, he said he smiled and avoided answering. However, the meaning will soon be revealed.

On the day Yoon Je-sul called "Jonggosan Mountain" out of the blue in Yeosu, candidate Park Jung-hee gave such a speech and gained momentum. "Do you know why the democracy that others like so much, and the liberal democracy that we tried so hard to have, do not bloom in this country?" Real liberal democracy never blooms in places where there is no national ideology aimed at "self-reliance" and "independence." Since then, Park Jung-hee's "national democracy" has emerged in earnest. Then candidate Yoon Bo-sun responds like this.

"During the Yeosu campaign, I had mixed thoughts. The Yeosun Rebellion would not have been done by a person who believes in democracy and nationalism. (…) That doesn't mean that Chairman Park Chung-hee is a communist, but who is a democratic and who is a non-democratic will know when we dig into history and the people will judge." In Yeosu, the background of the Yeosu-Suncheon incident, where left-wing soldiers were extensively purged, it was a moment when I got a sense of what Yoon Je-sul told me to say while singing "Jonggosan Mountain." Candidate Yoon Bo-sun's words can be interpreted as this. "I can't tell whether candidate Park Jung-hee is a red bean or not, but I can tell if she is a red bean if I think a little bit.’

According to the memoirs of Pastor Kang Won-ryong, a giant Protestant in Korea, there were many people digging behind Park Chung-hee after the May 16 coup. They were convinced that Park Chung-hee was a communist. Park Jung-hee's older brother Park Sang-hee was a renowned socialist and was killed by police during the Daegu incident on October 1, 1946, and Hwang Tae-sung, who defected to North Korea as a friend of Park Sang-hee, was arrested for volunteering to communicate with Park Jung-hee. Above all, Park Jeong-hee was convicted as the military general of the Namro Party (South Korean Labor Party). So it was natural that there were many people who were suspicious of Park Jung-hee's thoughts. Yoon Bo-sun and the opposition party brought this issue into the presidential election.

Let's see which one is good at color theory.

"I'm vowing to be a communist before, but I doubt candidate Park Chung-hee hid it (opposition politician Kim Joon-yeon, who was socialist in Japanese colonial era)," "The Republican Party is organized with Communist Party funds." "One of Park Jung-hee's brothers is working in the intelligence community (Yoon Bo-sun)." It seems justifiable that Park Jung-hee is excited that it is "the remnants of old McCarthyism.

With the likely opposition candidates resigning one after another, it has become a one-on-one showdown between Park Jung-hee and Yoon Bo-sun, the opposition party has bet on color theory. Perhaps because they judged that they had secured a lethal weapon to hit Park Jung-hee at once, the opposition party put off the policy confrontation and hung on to the ideological debate. (…) Park Jung-hee approached intellectuals, students, and farmers fascinatingly at the end of the election, while Yoon Bo-sun strengthened her ideological offensive instead of developing the rise of candidate unification into a policy confrontation.

The fifth presidential election is recorded as the fiercest election in the history of Korean elections. The difference between Park Jung-hee and Yoon Bo-sun is only 150,000 votes. Park Jung-hee got 4.7 million votes and Yoon Bo-sun got 4.55 million votes. This record of the minimum difference in votes has not been broken until now. As a result, color theory is analyzed as the cause of Yoon Bo-sun's crushing defeat. Park Jung-hee was behind Yoon Bo-sun in almost all cities, but she was able to sit in the presidential seat after winning in rural areas of Yeongnam and Honam. In particular, he won 80,000 votes in Jeju Island, overwhelmingly beating Yoon Bo-sun with 26,000 votes.

Former President Kim Dae Jung once said this. "Honam, which was occupied by the People's Army during the Korean War, suffered severe punishment for subordinates and the pain of the association system, so the sympathy vote was focused on Park Jung-hee, who was driven to red rather than Yoon Bo-sun, who caused a commotion." The vigilance against the "old Namro Party military general" would have been triggered, but the nightmare of "red hunting" was also alive deep in the minds of South Koreans.

After the election, Yoon Bo-sun declared, "I am a spiritual president." Despite the ruling party's overwhelming organizational power, intervention in government power, and the turmoil of opposition candidates, he will admit that he actually did well as a single opposition candidate, but I think his theory of a "mental president" was a "mental victory" in these days. I agree with the assumption that Yoon Bo-sun would have become president if a fair election had been held. Even so, considering how the color theory he used as a tool for campaigning is abused in future generations and considering that evil influence is still alive, I don't want to give a hand to Yoon Bo-sun's mental victory.

Even if you don't necessarily drive the other party as a communist, one of the easiest election methods is to stigmatize the other party and highlight it. It is much easier and more convenient than focusing on policy and appealing your strengths. Please watch clearly in the 20th presidential election. Which side is writing the theory of color and joy, or whether it is singing pleasure by laying down the other side in a way similar to the theory of color. Or maybe both of them.

The tomb of Emperor Buksong in Hoeryeong, Hamgyeong-do?

 Written by Lee Joong Hwan in the late Joseon Dynasty...Among the people's general opinions of Taekji, Paldo general theory - Hamgyeongdo - On the side...When I reached Undusanseong Fortress in Hoeryeong along the Tuman River and looked outside the castle, there were tombs on a large hill, and the people of the village referred to it as the Royal Tomb of Emperor. When Mokgeuk-dong, a resident of the Qing Dynasty, came to Joseon due to political monument issues, he saw this and tried to dig it up, but he got a short monument next to the tomb, and the four letters Songjejimyo were written on it, so Mokgeuk-dong and others soon built a large beacon. So, I finally learned that the five national fortresses of the Geum Dynasty were Undusanseong Fortress. However, it is not known whether Songje was called Hwijong or Heumjong... (Simple) ... People in this village who were plowing fields on the hill sometimes find old jegi, liquor pots, pots, and fire, and this tomb seems to be the tomb of Seonhwa Royal Tombs and the rest of the courtiers and government officials. According to the people of this town, there is another emperor tomb about 10 miles north of the Tuman River, which seems to be the tomb of King Heumjong, but it is not clear. * Note: Seonhwa is the last two emperors of the Northern Song Emperor Hwijong's Yeonho. In July, the two emperors of Buksong were sent to Junggyeong (now Beijing). On August 21, the 6th year of Cheonhoe (1128), they reached the Geumguk Sanggyeonghoenyeongbu. On the 24th, King Hwijong and King Heumjong knelt down in front of King Taejo's tomb in plain clothes and performed "Gyeonyangrye". After that, they entered Geonwonjeon Hall and learned about Geumtaejong. Oh Geol-mae granted the title of Hundeokgong to Song Hwi-jong, and ordered Song Heum-jong to be Jung Hon-hu to laugh at them. In October, the two emperors of the Song Dynasty were sent to Hanju-si, the northern part of Risu-hyeon, Jilin Province. In July (1130) of the 8th year of Cheonhoe, the two emperors were also sent to Horigae-ro (the old castle north of Uiran-hyeon, Heukryonggangseong), Cheonhoe 13th year (1135), Hondeokgong Jogil died in April in the 6th year of King Jeongjong's marriage (the 6th year of Haerung). Emperor Buksong finished his life miserably like this. Hoeryeong City is opening... Relics from the Bronze Age were excavated from the ruins of Hoeryeong Odongwon-si (North Korean Historic Site No. 69) in Odong-ri, and Hoeryeonghyanggyo Confucian School (North Korean Treasure No. 51), which was built in 1551 (Myeongjong 6). Undusanseong Fortress (North Korean Historic Site No. 68, or Oguksanseong Fortress) in the landline labor district, which was built during the reign of King Chungsuk of the Goryeo Dynasty, has a tomb called the Royal Tomb of Emperor of the Song Dynasty. In addition, there were Musanryeong Pass and Ssanggaeam Hermitage, where you can see the East Sea, and there were Odaeamsa Temple and Gamsa Temple, which do not exist. About Undusanseong Fortress... Undusanseong Fortress is a stone fortress built using the rugged mountains of Undusan Mountain, which rises high along the Tuman River in Seongbuk-ri, Hoeryeong-gun, North Hamgyeong Province, and has a circumference of about 6km. Undusan Mountain is a good place to build a castle with a cozy valley in it, with cliffs on the west and north sides facing the Tuman River, and ridges on the east and south sides. The walls of the fortress remain on the ridges in the east and south, based on the exterior construction method, and were built by mixing double-sided construction methods. All of the castle stones were made of stones trimmed in the form of tetrapods. The existing height of the wall is 3 to 5m. The gates were placed on the east, west, south, and north slopes, of which only the north gate was placed in the northeast alley avoiding the northern cliffs. Ongseong Fortress was built at the east and south gates, and the west gate was placed in a place where the wall was bent about 50m inward, so that the left and right walls outside the gate replaced Ongseong Fortress. The poles were placed in four places: east, west, south, and north. Among them, Namjangdae and Dongjangdae were installed on the peak, and Seojangdae and Bukjangdae were installed on the cliff. All the water rising from the castle gathered together and flowed into the Tuman River through the west water gate. Undusanseong Fortress is located in the northeastern part of Korea and is a valuable relic for studying the layout and national defense system of Goguryeo along with the history of Goguryeo. Is Ogukduseong Fortress located in Heukryonggangseong Fortress or Hoeryeong, Hamgyeong-do?

Military operation of the bow. Part 04.

 Through the Manchu Invasion of Korea for Reconstruction of the Northern Beol Movement and Gungsul, Joseon proved to be inferior to the wild people who had been belittling not only in national strategies but also in tactics and weapons systems. With the advent of King Hyojong, the government has promoted a North Korean punitive movement for more than a decade to retaliate against Daecheong.       While preparing for the northern punishment of the Qing Dynasty, King Hyojong attempted to reevaluate the archers who had neglected. He emphasized the complementary function of traditional weapons as much as interest in Hwapo, a new weapon. This was a measure in consideration of the fact that the weapons of the counterpart countries before the North Korean war were centered on traditional weapons and the battlefield was in the Manchuria Plain. The vulnerability of gunpowder weapons is primarily supplemented with traditional weapons including archers, but they are not satisfied with this and further attempted fundamental improvement measures for the use of traditional weapons.     At that time, it was true that the Hwapo unit of Joseon had the strongest power. However, the vulnerability of the cannon is that it cannot be used properly in case of a storm. By supplementing the vulnerability of Hwapo with a traditional palace, it was possible to maintain the power of peacetime. As a result, the Hwapodae Pavilion of Sueocheong, which is useless in the event of a storm, was reorganized into Jeon Cheon-hu's [Sapo Cham Opposition].41). As a result, a practical increase in power was sought through a unit composed of only Hwapo-soo and a half-and-half Hwapo-soo.   In addition, strengthening the protection power to protect ordinary soldiers who were not properly equipped with protective armor from the Qing army's guards was a top priority. The king presented a wooden shield, but it was decided to be a battery due to the burden of moving. It is said that soldiers carry batteries in peacetime, and make a bastion of soil in wartime to prevent enemy attacks.42). Hyojong reorganized Geumgun into a pro-crisis army for the northern punishment, 43), and set up a dedicated knight's quarters at Changdeokgung Palace. Then, the hospitality and the wisards were asked to train martial arts such as horse riding and archery. Accordingly, there was severe opposition from the cavalry who heard the royal ministers because they were inappropriate for the rugged terrain of Joseon.44). Despite this opposition, King Hyojong's emphasis on fostering cavalry should be seen as a measure to prepare for the plains in Manchuria Plain in the future. King Hyojong's acquisition of military knowledge of Daecheong cavalry warfare stems from the Horan, eight years of hostage life, and three experiences through the Ming Dynasty. He improved the shortcomings of the Joseon army through comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of tactics and weapons with the Qing army. Among them, you can look at the parts related to archers. In Korea, people who shoot arrows on horseback do not try to lie down on their saddle, so it is easy to be hit by enemy arrows, making it a big laugh whenever the lovers see it, so this habit should be eliminated first.  In addition, Bigap and gloves are only outerwear. When you suddenly deal with an enemy, which period would you wear it?  People in Korea said, "Isn't it wrong because the customs of the country don't use loading well because they only try to shoot far away 45?" The common technique of Joseon was the same straight posture as that of the Bodhisattva. However, the knight's technique contrasted with this because the body was slightly forward. Although the technique at the time was not a traditional attitude, it seems that it was applied mutatis mutandis to the Joseon Dynasty. Hyojong also proposed improvement measures because Joseon's knight law was at high risk of being attacked by the enemy. These measures were a restoration of Joseon's traditional techniques for operation Daehoin and an improvement measure tailored to the wartime situation. It is true that the use of assistive equipment such as plastic gloves and gloves, which are usually prepared before archery, has helped improve archery ability. However, the advancement or luxury caused by the use of such auxiliary equipment was technically dysfunctional. In particular, it was argued that the use of auxiliary equipment should be prohibited from regular training because it appeared to be a waste and inconvenience of a lot of time during battles. In order to increase the effect of killing in practice, the application of approximation, not the original law, and the use of long arrows, not short arrows, was argued to cause greater fatal injuries. The effect of strengthening the overall national defense reform for King Hyojong's North Korean punishment was also proven in practice at that time (46). However, due to King Hyojong's letter of appreciation, which strongly promoted this, the attempt to change this was stopped.   Since then, it has been historical fact that Gungsi has occupied certain functions and positions as a military weapon, but no changes have been attempted to be applied in the new era. In major military weapons in case of emergency, firearms as long-distance soldiers and Changgeom as short weapons for close combat took their place. Conventionally, bows have developed over the years by functioning as a tool for mental and physical training in peacetime and as combat weapons in wartime. However, as the bow's function as a combat weapon weakened, it turned into a custom of paying attention to external decoration when it comes to bows and arrow bins 47). Therefore, as Jeong Yak-yong pointed out, society as a whole was indifferent to martial arts, and even soldiers in the military neglected archery, which was the most common, 48). In the Honggyeongrae War in 1811, weapons used by both rebels and subjugation forces were mainly gunpowder weapons, which determined the victory or defeat of the battle. Since then, the Joseon government has strictly banned the sale of weapons other than the palace, 49), and in military hubs, catcher units and batteries were mainly deployed.50. These measures indicate the reality that the importance of firearms as combat weapons has been re-recognized, whereas the importance of archers has been greatly weakened.

Military operation of the bow. Part 03.

 Tactical Management of the Palace Launching Method 1) Japanese military units used a common method called 5-jin 3-chopjin in the formation of the attack.22. With the support of the palace, the rifle unit overpowered the opponent with firepower, and when the electricity was ripe, infantry and cavalry with a Japanese sword rushed at the same time to launch a white battle. 23) The organs of the Japanese army are guns and spear swords, and the Japanese army has become a strong army in the world to take life lightly, charge, and fight. The equipment rate of the rifle was 20% of all weapons, but in terms of quality, it was highly dependent on the rifle. Joseon's organs were different from the Japanese army due to archery. The strengths and weaknesses of weapons vary depending on the operation, and the rifle is strong against the plains, but Gungsi is advantageous for ambush operations using rough terrain 24). The Battle of Tangeumdae in Chungju was a representative battle that was defeated because it did not properly utilize the archery, the specialty of Joseon. The fact that even the palace, a traditional weapon of Joseon, was not properly used was that it was absolutely inferior in terms of the amount of weapons possessed and armed forces. Even in the report of Bibyeonsa Temple, there are only 6-7,000 military soles in eachjin facing the Japanese invaders in Gyeongsang-do, and some of them have 6-7 military soles owned by a general. There were only about 100 arrows in each camp. It was absolutely impossible to win against a strong Japanese enemy with such troops and weapons 25). For example, there were reports that there were only three soldiers in Sangjujin, and even in the case of Jinjuseong Fortress, which was in good condition in Gyeongsang-do, the soldiers collapsed.27). At that time, each subparagraph was stipulated to have a palace, but these basic principles were not properly observed. In this situation, it is very difficult to say that the instruction to prepare gunpowder per unit was effective 28).       In order to respond to the Japanese army, which uses mixed tactics of soldiers and short weapons, a change in tactical operation was required. The conventional orchid method had the effect of threatening distant enemies. However, when the effect was halved for the Japanese, this method was applied in a short distance to further enhance the effect, and it was divided into three units. The Japanese also applied the Q&A method to the firing of guns. In the {Jeungbo Literature Remarks>, the Nilsa Act is to divide the archers into three groups as a way to respond to enemies rushing with short weapons in close combat so that they can shoot arrows one after another so that they do not break.29). Yoo Seong-ryong divides the importance of the Nilsa Act into teenagers if there are 100 shooters. With 10 people, 1 bow is pulled together, but 3 out of 1 shoot first, 3 shoot next, and 4 shoot next. Oni does not make it simple one after another, so 30 to 40 arrows out of 100 people always shoot next year. The person who shot first tied the arrow again and made it spin endlessly, making the enemy unable to catch the gap.   The questionnaire is also applied only after learning it in advance. If it is not learned, it is said that the enemy will only be killed by old fashionedness (30). The operating system of the Q&A due to archer disease can be summarized as follows. First, it is a transition from a single group management system for the entire palace disease to a shared management system roughly divided into three groups. Second, it is a wide range of operational methods that can be applied at all distances beyond the center of the long-range launch method. Third, it is a controlled operation method that corrects the random random randomization method. Fourth, the effect of power can be improved through integrated operation with the firearm.   2) The approximation method is one of the archery learning methods, which refers to a method of mastering the target by starting from a short distance at first and gradually moving the target to a long distance (31). Through the mastery of approximation, the accuracy rate was increased by using the yarn as if it were an approximation. Gungsi emphasized the accuracy and penetration during the battle. Penetration is a killing force, and it is natural that a close-range death is necessary to increase its effect. In theory, the approximation of bringing a cavalry who attacks mobility to within dozens of steps and attacking it with a palace was possible. However, it was that difficult to carry out this while maintaining a normal state on an extremely tense battlefield. This was only possible by usual training and the protection and courage of the military. In order to implement the approximation method, the effect could be expected if the installation of various obstacles to protect allies' archers was preceded while delaying the enemy's attack speed. During the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, the Japanese invaders could use the withdrawal when they were free, but it was difficult to use it when it was urgent and could not be used when it rained, but there would be no time when the bow could not be used. If we shoot an arrow after the distance is very close to us, we (Japan) will not be able to win if we pull the bow in the battle and move forward without retreating a little bit.32). He pointed out that. The Gungsi's response to the group leader suggests that there was a chance of winning only with a close launch. The Joseon army was able to win the battle using the tomb of such operation. An example of the practice of applying this can be Kwon Yul's Haengjusanseongjeon. Previously, the use of weapons by the Joseon army was aimed at threatening shooting, but in the Haengjusanseong Fortress, it was an operation to increase the maximum killing power. The general killing power of archers was reaching more than 100 steps, but Kwon Yul further increased the effectiveness of close combat by suggesting a tactical shooting principle of "do not shoot until the enemy approaches less than 30 steps."34). The weapon that became the organs of Joseon against the Japanese army was Gungsi. On the previous day, when there was no rifle, Japanese invaders invaded Jangchang and Dando, and Joseon remained hundreds of steps away from the palace. However, in Im-si, the Japanese enemy had a tool called a rifle, so it could penetrate if it reached hundreds of steps and hit it, and the bullet was like a hail, so Gungsi could not dare to fight 35). Therefore, when the archer was used as a military flag as before, its effect was not only halved, but the amount of arrow wasted was also large. The use of this weapon as a short weapon, that is, the killing effect was increased by allowing the bow to be shot at a very close distance without shooting a bow from a distance during the war. In Haengjusanseong Fortress, Gungsi, a soldier's flag, was used like a short weapon, which had a great effect. In addition, Kwon Yul was able to halve the shooting effect of Japanese guns, and it was the installation of obstacles such as woodblocks that he paid attention to as one of the factors for winning the Ichi War. Kwon Yul realized the importance of obstacles in Ichijeon, so he realized the importance of obstacles in the acidic exhibition of Haengjusanseong Fortress. Such operations were theoretically possible, but there were some adventurous and dangerous aspects to the application of the real world. However, Kwon Yul handled it with his experience of fighting against the Japanese army and elite troops. He overcame the crisis of the beginning by deploying about 70 Neungsaja (能者 주) to the enemy's silly comments. 3) Jeoljusa Temple refers to a firing method that emphasizes moderation in the use of arrows. In the past, when the enemy soldier reached a long distance, it was said to be a riot, so it was natural to waste arrows with threat shots. However, through the Imjin War, the Joseon army, which lacked the absolute amount of weapons, demanded moderation in the use of arrows. This cutting method focuses not only on simple moderation, but also on reducing the waste factor of arrows through thorough aim. In this respect, the cutting method is a aiming method, and the operation of the approximation method itself is related to the cutting method.   In an example of the Jeolsa Act, Kim Si-min issued a strict order in the Battle of Jinjuseong Fortress and fired an arrow carelessly so that there was no waste 37). In the Suseongjeon Hall of Yeonanseong Fortress, Lee Jeong-am did not shoot arrows at soldiers recklessly against the enemy's rifle attack, but only then did he shoot arrows and order them not to waste arrows and kill the enemy 38). In the Battle of Yeonanseong Fortress, when the Japanese army launched the siege battle with guns in the first battle, the Joseon army firmly defended all day and fired only with pyeonjeon, damaging the enemy. When the Japanese army, which failed in the first battle, tried to break the wall with a charger, the Joseon army responded by shooting arrows or setting fire while looking down from the Biru. Among our allies, the shooter fought against the enemy at the forefront, so the damage was the greatest enough to kill about 10 dead people 39). Through the operation of the cutting method in parallel with this close-range death, we were able to overcome the inferiority of weapons and win the battle of Guwolsanseong Fortress and Haengjusanseong Fortress in Incheon by maximizing the effect of aiming shooting in Suseongjeon using topographical rough land. In addition, attention was paid to improving the justice of the palace itself. For example, in the judiciary, the left and right history of the Akbi group was presented as a model. The general posture in the court's justice is one side, and it was mastered on both sides, that is, left and right sides. Through this mastery of justice, we tried to equip ourselves with the ability to shoot arrows under any environment and conditions. In addition, the Doksi method, which had been used by the Eupru people earlier, was practiced to enhance the effectiveness of the battle.40. The above question law approximation law and ablation law were applied as an integrated method in general battlefields. During the period of the Imjin War, it attempted to work through a new method of launching the archer. It was a major transition to the use of archers, and the use of archers, which are soldiers, as short weapons. Under the reality that firearms became the main subject of military weapons, the archers were replaced by a kind of short weapon. Archers can function and effect as weapons that can overcome the fear of close combat, such as the Baekbyeongjeon that Changgeomryu has.