Battle of Lignitz

 

The following is a post on the historical forum, www.allempires.com, about the Battle of Legnitz.  In summary, the Teutonic Knights did not participate in the Battle of Legnitz, where the Polish and Mongolian armies clashed, and unlike what was known, the Mongol and Polish armies mobilized 7,000 to 8,000 troops on both sides.   And the Jan Dugots Chronicles depicting the Battle of Legnitz is translated into English on http://www.impub.co.uk/dlug3.html. 1. Did the Teutonic Knights participate in the Battle of the Legnitz? According to Polish historian Gerard Labuda, a recent medieval historian, an error was found in the "Jean Dugots Chronicles" depicting the Battle of Legnitz.  The Jan Dugots chronicle said that the first four Polish units participated in the battle, but suddenly listed the names of the units, adding a fifth unit, the Knights of the Tuton, in addition to the Polish Army.  A thorough analysis of the Jan Dugots chronicle showed that the participation of the Teutonic Knights was likely to have been added later.  According to the Chronicles, the 5th unit to participate in the Battle of Regnitz was the Knights of the Tuton, led by General Popovon Austern, and the Knights of the Tuton were annihilated by the Mongol army, including General Austern.  However, according to records at the time, Popovon Austern became Knight Commander of the Teutonic Order in 1256, 11 years after the Battle of Legnitz, and was buried in St. Jacob's Church, where Prince Henry, who commanded the Battle of Legnitz, was buried in 1263.  The chronicle seems to have been adapted into the way that the Knights of the Tuton participated in the Battle of Legnitz because of the fact that the Duke of Henry and the leader of Austern were buried in the same church.  Various circumstantial evidence suggests that the Knights of the Teutonic Order did not participate in the Battle of the Regnitz. 2. What are the forces on both sides of the Legnitz? The "Jean Dugots Chronicles," which depicts the Battle of Regnitz, only states that Batu and Kadan commanded the Mongol troops who invaded Hungary and Transylvania, but does not mention the actual Mongolian troops or commanders who invaded Poland.  The history of Tatar, a newly discovered history book of the time in 1965, solved this question to some extent.  "The History of Tatar" is a chronicle written by Francesco monk Jand Piano Caprini, who visited Mongolia in person between 1245 and 1247.   The History of Tatar seems to be quite mysterious because it was written based on the testimony of Mongolian soldiers who participated in the Battle of Legnitz not long after the Battle of Legnitz.  According to Tatar's history, Batu then went to Poland and Hungary.  And at the border of these two countries, they split their armies into two, and they gave Ordu 10,000 warriors to attack Poland." So according to Tatar's history, the Mongol commander who had invaded Poland in the direction of Legnitz was Ordu, and one bayonet had invaded Poland.  Considering the battles between the Soviet Union and the siege in Tursk, Chimirink, Krakow, Rashborg, and Kuyavia before reaching Legnitz, the Mongolian army seems to have lost at least 2,000 troops.  In other words, by the time of the Battle of Regnitz, the total number of Mongolian troops would not have exceeded 8,000. The size of the Polish forces against this is unclear.  However, scholars have estimated that there are between 30,000 and 40,000 Christian troops against the Mongolian army.  But it's hard to believe that 150 years later, given that the much stronger and richer Kingdom of Poland had only 25,000 troops against the Teutonic Knights who had invaded Poland.  Considering that Kuzavi and Mazovian knights did not participate in the war, and the Polish troops suffered losses in Tursk and Chimirink before the Battle of Legnitz, the size of the Polish troops is further reduced. Polish transcriptionologist Professor Mare Chettwinski calculated Legnitz's Polish army to be around 2,000 and Professor Gerard Labuda calculated to be around 7,000 to 8,000.  Professor Chetwinski's 2,000 calculations are too small, and Rabuda's 7,000-8,000 Polish troops are the most convincing at the moment. In short, the Mongols and the Poles, who fought at the Battle of Legnitz, mobilized about 7,000 to 8,000 troops each.   3. Reproduction of the battle The Polish Army was deployed in the following manner. - Moravian frontier Boslav's army was the main force of the Polish army. - Sulisaf's troops, and Obolan's Prince Meitsko's troops, were deployed behind Boslav's forces to protect their interests. - The troops under Prince Henry's direct command were left as reserves. The Mongolian army, like the Polish army, divided the entire army into four units, and the three units were commanded by Commander Ordu in the front took the role of a reserve unit in the back.  The left and right sides of the Mongolian army were kept away from the central unit, so they were out of sight of the Polish army.  Ordu apparently aimed to encircle the Polish forces by deploying them in this way.    The Polish army was red, the Mongolian army No. 1 was Boslav, No. 2 and No. 3 were Sulisaf and Meitsko, No. 4 were Prince Henry's SS, No. 6 were Mongolian Central, No. 5 and 7 were Mongolian left and right, and No. 8 were at the center of Mongolia.  Then the hidden left and right wing forces of Mongolia surrounded Boslav's forces on both sides.  In the first clash, Boslav Kangebaek is killed and his troops suffer near destruction.  Sulisaf and Prince Meitsuko's troops (No. 2 and No. 3) attacked the Mongol army from behind while Boslav Kangebaek's troops were attacked. The Polish army collapsed the Mongol army's formation and pushed the Mongols violently.  Then Polish knights heard the 'retreat' order in Polish.  Prince Meitsuko decided that the "retreat" order belonged to his allies and retreated his troops.  The story appears simultaneously in both Jan Dugots' chronicle and Tatar's history.   Seeing Prince Meitsuko's retreat, Prince Henry immediately led his troops to attack the Mongols.  However, the Mongolian army has yet to participate in the battle, led by Commander Ordo.   When Prince Henry came out to support our troops, a unit with a large X-marked flag appeared on the Mongolian side.  And suddenly a terrible smell of smoke came out of the Mongolian army (poison gas?) and Polish knights were put out of action.  And the Ordu troops who were in the battle until then attacked the Polish army, and the war completely tilted toward Mongolia.  Grand Duke Henry of Poland led the knights to escape, but in the end he was captured. After that, Prince Henry was beheaded by the Mongols and his head was sent to Batu.  The Mongols then showed Prince Henry's head to the defenders who were defending Legnitz Castle with flowers in their windows, and forced him to surrender.  When the defenders refused to surrender, the Mongols devastated the surrounding villages and moved to Haute-Mochov. The source is from DICO's trebla78.

Marcos in the Philippines in 1986 and Suharto in Indonesia in 1998

 ========= Philippine dictator Marcos (ruled 65-86) ========= Maxai, a charismatic Filipino political figure who contributed greatly to Asian and international cooperation, died in the plane crash, followed by C.P. Garcia and Diosta, but political stability based on parliamentarianism began to falter after the 1960s. At the same time as the promotion of industrialization and the expansion of nationalism calling for independence against the United States, F.E. Marcos, who was elected president in 1965, attempted to diversify his foreign policy centered on Asian diplomacy. He also established diplomatic relations with communist countries and promoted economic development policies such as farmland reform, food production, industrial reorganization, and investment promotion policies. However, Marcos, who was elected president again in 1969, gradually strengthened his dictatorship, and in September 1972, he declared martial law and abolished the three-term rule, paving the way for permanent power, as well as pushing ahead with the fear of a new constitution that concentrated legislative power on the president. Under the slogan "New Society," public control and mobilization proceeded, and the military's political and economic advancement was remarkably expanded. Marcos' martial law system was used almost every year as a means of legalizing the extension of the regime by going through a formality of confidence called a referendum. After that, from 1975, the "normalization" process based on village residents' rallies (barangai) began, and in 1976, 13 local representatives from all over the country were selected to convene and revise the provisional National Assembly regulations, which had delayed the implementation of the Legislative Advisory Council. In April 1978, an election was held, and the provisional National Assembly, an agency of the National Assembly, was launched, consisting of 200 members, including public elected members, job representatives, and appointed members. Marcos established a formal parliamentary cabinet system by taking office as president and prime minister at the same time as the formation of the Provisional Council, while establishing a nepotistic dictatorship by appointing his wife Imelda as Manila's mayor and son as an aide to the president. Anti-government forces, who had been imprisoned and other suppressed by Marcos' dictatorship, staged a more violent anti-government campaign after former Senator Aquino was killed at Manila Airport in August 1983 after returning from exile in the United States. Marcos ran an early presidential election on February 7, 1986, to compete with Corason, the widow of Aquino. As a result, Marcos' election was declared by the Philippine parliament, but most of the people defined it as an unprecedented rigged election and launched a massive civil disobedience campaign. On top of that, military leaders, including Defense Minister Enlile, declared support for Corason, causing a gunfight between the two sides, and Marcos and Corason held their respective inauguration ceremonies. However, when most military units supported Corason, Marcos resigned as president and fled to the United States. President Corazon Aquino appointed S. Laurel, who took office as vice president, as prime minister and foreign minister. Former Defense Secretary Ramos won the presidential election in May 1992. Ramos legalized the illegal Communist Party, paving the way for an end to the civil war that had continued since 1969. President Ramos laid the foundation for industrialization and economic growth by promoting the Philippines 2000 policy to put the Philippines in the ranks of emerging industrial countries by 2000. Estrada, who took power in June 1998, maintains economic stability based on the principles of the development economy system, and promotes anti-Gonta faction and agricultural reform. As a result, unlike other Southeast Asian countries, the Philippines has relatively stable finance. 

=================== Suharto, Indonesian dictator (ruled 66-98) =================== He was transferred from Sukarno in March 1966, served as Prime Minister, Defense Minister, Army Secretary, and Army Commander-in-Chief in July. He was elected second president in the National Council from 1967 to 1968, and re-elected in March 1973. However, in November 1979, a year and nine months after the third-term anti-government movement, anti-Chinese riots broke out across the country in April 1980, and 50 prominent retired generals and politicians issued a presidential criticism statement, but in the May 1982 general election, the presidential election was overwhelmed. In terms of diplomacy, the Suharto regime has turned 180 degrees from the Sukarno-era anti-imperialist and non-aligned lines and maintains close relations with various Western countries, including the United States, which is called a "new system." He became a five-term president in 1988 and a six-term president in 1993. In 1998, riots broke out as the economic depression of the IMF hit Indonesia, prompting Suharto to resign and temporarily succeed the vice president In 1999 under President Wahib and Mrs. Megawati's vice-presidential system, Ms. Megawati will be sworn in as president in 2001. At the same time, it was a former Portuguese colony East Timor, annexed by Indonesia, becomes independent.

Did Japan's colonial rule contribute to the modernization of Joseon? In fact, it was a disservice. Japan will be ruined by karma.

 After the March 1 Independence Movement was suppressed in 1919, Japanese imperialism touted a shift from military domination to "cultural politics" in Joseon. The governor-general of the Joseon Dynasty was limited to the army and navy captains, and instead of putting the military police at the forefront, he adopted the ordinary police system. He made conciliatory gestures, such as hunger for the publication of Korean newspapers. However, since then, nothing has changed in nature, as it can be seen that no one has been appointed as governor of Joseon except for the army and navy generals. "Cultural politics" was just a blindfold to cool off the simmering heat by opening a little pot toad when Japan faced the entire national independence movement of Joseon. One of the things that made life more difficult for Koreans under "cultural politics" was none other than the Sanmi Proliferation Plan implemented since 1920. According to the announcement by the Japanese Government-General of Korea, the plan was first to solve the food problem in Japan. The term "inland" refers to the Japanese territories of Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Hokkaido, Okinawa, and the Ogasara Islands, and the islands of the peninsula, which have been dominated by invasion since the 1890s. Second, it was a measure to prepare for the increase in food demand in Joseon. Third, the purpose of promoting the improvement of the Joseon farm economy and the promotion of the Joseon economy was put forward. But what was the reality? Since the founding of Joseon, rice grains have occupied the most important position among Japan's imports from Joseon. Even after the annexation of Gyeongsul in 1910, a large amount of Joseon rice was taken out to Japan. In particular, the "rice disturbance" that occurred throughout Japan in 1918 accelerated the food crisis. For political, economic, and social stability, the import of rice from the colony was a more urgent task. Meanwhile, the rapid increase in the number of farmers who lost their land and fell due to land survey projects served as the background of the March 1 Independence Movement. Securing the stability of Joseon's domination by increasing food production and "stabilizing" the lives of Joseon farmers was also one of the tasks faced by Japanese imperialists. The first plan was to increase rice production by about 9 million stone from the Joseon Peninsula for 15 years from 1920. However, this did not go as planned. In 1925, this was changed to increase the production of 8.16 million seats by investing a total of 325 million won in funds over the next 12 years. What happened to Joseon as a result? Only Japanese capitalists who received low-interest loans from Japanese postal savings or Korean taxes through the Sanmi Growth Plan and civil engineering companies that used low-wage Koreans from the Korea Land Improvement Corporation accumulated wealth. Meanwhile, Korean landlords and farmers had to pay new repair union fees. The Joseon farmers called it "suse." Moreover, the produced rice grains were clearly increased compared to the time of the Gyeongsul merger. However, the oldest amount of Joseon rice, far beyond Jeungsan Mountain, was leaked to Japan. As of 1931, rice leaked to Japan was 19 times larger than that of the time of the annexation of Gyeongsul. A huge amount of rice produced in Joseon leaked to Japan, ranging from 40% to 50% and sometimes more than 60%. In Joseon, the absolute amount that Koreans could consume decreased as rice increased. If the annual consumption of rice per Korean was 100, the year before the Sanmi Proliferation Plan began, the annual consumption of rice decreased by half to 56 in 1933. The Dong-A Ilbo, dated December 31, 1926, delivered the following in an editorial titled "Joyuabu," meaning "there is an Asa in the field." As this paper reported, there were 40 invoices in Gyeonggi Province alone. It is said that 30 of them died in the jurisdiction of Gyeongseongbu, and another died in Taepyeongtong, the center of Gyeongseong. The invoice is of course all Koreans... There is still a long way to go before winter passes this year. From now on, Sohan and Daehan will come, so more than 40 people will laugh at Joseon's cultural politics with bright lights and big streets." At that time, about 80% of Joseon's lakes and population were agricultural-related, but the collapse of farmers became more serious. In terms of the increased number of landlords, self-cultivation farmers, and self-cultivation and tenant farmers, the middle class in charge of the center of agriculture has almost decreased. Meanwhile, the number of landowners who collect only the income from tenant farming by tenant farming all the land and the number of tenant farmers who rent land without owning any land increased. The land of fallen farmers was mainly concentrated in the hands of Japanese landlords. At that time, in Joseon, it was dominant for landlords to collect tenant fees in kind from tenants. Therefore, many of the fallen farmers either lived on narrow land or were forced to abandon their hometowns and travel more to Japan and Manchuria to find jobs. In Joseon, hungry fallen farmers overflowed everywhere, so landlords were able to raise the tenant farming fees or strengthen the tenant farming conditions at will. Due to the deterioration of the tenant farming conditions, the average tenant farming period in the late 1920s reached 70% for only less than one year and 96% for less than five years. The farmers of Joseon, who were in poverty but led their own lives, fell into a much more unstable state than in the past. Kenichi Hisama, who was engaged in agricultural affairs at the Japanese Government-General of Korea, also said, "Agricultural production has increased dramatically." However, at the same time, it succeeded in increasing the number of farmers who did not own land. The increase in the number of farms that did not own land means that on the other hand, there are people who have increased their land much. The irrigation association project has created people who have lost land and, on the other hand, promoted the growth of large landowners who accumulate the land." The Sanmi Proliferation Plan only reorganized and strengthened Joseon's rural society into a distorted social structure centered on landowners. While talking about the mountain rice proliferation plan, it is inevitable to mention the trend of Koreans in Japan. Many of the fallen Koreans visited Japan after the annexation of Gyeongsul. The number of Koreans living in Japan, which was less than 800 before the Gyeongsul merger, exceeded 20,000 in 1918 when the land survey project was completed, and the number increased year by year after the Sanmi Production Plan was implemented, reaching nearly 300,000 in 1930. Osaka is still home to many Koreans in Japan. In 1930, 70,000 people, or about 23% of Koreans in Japan, lived there. The Osaka government conducted a survey of Koreans living in Osaka in 1932. When asked, "Why did you move to Japan?" 55.7 percent answered, "Because of the sluggish agriculture." 17.2% of the respondents said, "Because of the hardships of living," combined, more than 70% of Koreans came to Japan because they could not make ends meet. Intense ethnic discrimination was inflicted on Koreans in Japan. After the "rice disturbance," labor movements and social movements began to develop in Japan, and solidarity with Korean workers in Japan began to rise. However, the Japanese ruler was afraid that Japanese and Korean workers would in some way stand in solidarity with each other. He encouraged hostility between the Japanese and Koreans by instilling the idea of disdain and discrimination against the Korean people in the Japanese by appealing forging all kinds of opportunities. On September 1, 1923, the Great Kanto Earthquake occurred. Millions of people were driven to the streets by earthquakes and fires and casualties. At this time, rumors such as "The Koreans rioted" and "They tried to kill the Japanese by spraying poison into the well." It was a groundless scaremongering. Knowing that the rumor of "Korean riots" was groundless, the Japanese government did not try to calm the rumors by sending troops to strengthen their guard. Rather, the military and police arrested and killed a number of Koreans, encouraging rumors. As a result, ordinary Japanese also formed vigilante groups in various places and slaughtered Koreans indiscriminately and brutally. Although insufficient, the survey data at the time showed that 6,600 Koreans were slaughtered at the time. At that time, the total number of Koreans living in Japan was about 80,000. Among them, 12,000 to 13,000 people lived in Tokyo, where the massacre was concentrated, and about 3,000 people lived in Kanagawa. Considering this, it is possible to guess how massive and harrowing the massacre was at the time. Between 300 and 600 Chinese were also slaughtered. In addition, a total of 10 Japanese socialist activists and workers were arrested by the police and slaughtered by the army, and the anarchists Osgi Sakae and Itonoe were also killed. Not only the government, but also the relatively free media called Daisho Democratic, did not make any fundamental reflection on the incident. "If you speak like this elsewhere, you'll definitely be stopped," said Toyokichi Tabuchi, an independent member of the House of Representatives. I want you to know that Congress is the only place to appeal as a member of the House of Representatives," he said, calling on the government to take responsibility and apologize for the big events that should be grieved humanely. However, Prime Minister Yamamoto Konpei did not respond, saying, "I will answer next time." Looking back at the massacre now, many people may have questioned how such a tragedy could have occurred. However, no one can guarantee that a similar incident will not recur.

There are about 1,500 workers who entered the Kotobuki Police Station in Yokohama. These people can shoot anyone because they participated in the Vietnam War. If a leader shows up and gathers about 1,000 people, it can also cause great military action." This remark is part of a speech made at Waseda University in 1992 by Yoshihiro Mori of the Liberal Democratic Party, who took office as the Prime Minister of Japan and caused controversy such as New Nation remarks. Ishihara Shintaro, the governor of Tokyo, also caused a stir in April 2000 when he said he was a "third country" with a very discriminatory nuance at the Ground Self-Defense Force ceremony. He also openly expressed hostility toward foreigners, including Koreans in Japan, by saying, "We expect the Self-Defense Forces to be dispatched to maintain security in the event of a disaster." We should never let our guard down to this trend. However, civic groups are also forming, not being misled by malicious politicians' remarks as if Koreans in Japan would riot even now. In 1995, the Great Hanshin and Awaji Earthquakes occurred. A month later, poet Kim Si-jong, who lived in the Nagata district of Kobe City, which was hit indescribably, wrote in the February 15th issue of the Asahi Shimbun as follows. 'On the day of the shock of the great earthquake, at the same time, wild concerns flashed through my mind. This is because the very nightmare of the Great Kanto Earthquake was revived. It turned out by that day that it was a useless worry, but this, too, would not have been my own concern. "The concern was a concern," said a correspondent for the Dong-A Ilbo, a leading South Korean newspaper, at the scene of the disaster. Unexpectedly, I had the same idea. What made me feel so relieved? It's clear that it hasn't changed by sitting back. There was a secret sincerity of many people who diligently raised their awareness of human rights.' Today in Japan, it is a question of whether individuals can act with rational judgment. The cooperation between Koreans and Japanese in Japan during the Great Hanshin and Awaji Earthquake presented the model to us. Source: Korea in History by Japanese Educators, published by Hallym University's Asian Culture Research Institute; Yatsuko Nakayama, professor at Nara Prefecture, Japan

The False Construction of the Colonial Modernization Theory in the 100 Years of Mokpo Port

 In the 100th year of Mokpo Port, Sinuiju of the True Yalu River, Jinnampo of the Daedong River, Incheon of the Han River, Gunsan of the Geumgang River, and Mokpo were built on the Yeongsangang River. The opening of the port was concentrated in the estuary where the river and the sea meet, which shows the intention of the maritime empires entering through the sea to extend to the colonial interior along the river, which is the lifeline.On July 4, 1897, the Joseon government notified the envoys of an edict to open two ports, Mokpo and Jinnampo, for foreign trade and to permit foreign residents on October 1 of the same year.  ▲ A panoramic view of downtown Mokpo from the top of Yudalsan Mountain.Walking through Mokpo Port, you can see that the theory of colonial development was a fabrication based solely on national discrimination and exploitation. ●Inoue left Incheon on January 6, 1895 by steamer and inspected the southwest coast for about a month and a half, and suggested that Mokpo is the most reasonable area. However, regardless of Japanese external pressure, the early port opening was still limited as the Korean Empire, but it secured independence. Although the port was opened in a hurry due to Japanese pressure, it was opened independently by the edict with the aim of expanding commerce and developing the interests of the Republic. The start of Mokpo was very lively. As it was independent, the initial construction did not go as Japan wished. This is because the power of the Korean Empire is crazy. Urban construction other than Jogyeji is entirely done by Koreans. However, things change after the Russo-Japanese War. The Military Police Detention Center is established and it takes a daunting step. Finally, in 1906, Wakayama, the director of the Japanese board of directors in Mokpo, took away the authority over each country's residences. As a result, Mokpo Open Port fell into the hands of the Japanese. After the merger between Korea and Japan, the Japanese government first changed the city area to a Japanese style of 33 tablets and 51 parcels. Machi is discriminated from the name by attaching Japanese streets and Korean streets with dong. In other words, Mokpo was born with urban planning duality. Like aristocrats in Bukchon and Japanese in Namchon, Seoul, it is divided into Japanese villages (joint settlement areas of each country) and Joseon villages (formerly Mokpo-bu).In his debut work "Chuseok Eve," Park Hwa-sung, a companion artist from Mokpo, said, "My husband is always a single house, and in the center, there are thatched houses and four thatched houses, and in the northeast, there are Western houses, schools, and chapels. When I saw Yudalsan Mountain on the other side again, the house was completely slum because the hut-like hut with only a hole in the stone covered the mountain.' Professor Ko Seok-gyu (author of Mokpo History and Space Culture of Mokpo, a modern city), who noted the dual nature of Mokpo City, which was clearly divided into Japan and Korea, summarized that "colonial modern cities, including Seoul, during the Japanese occupation, have both the double nature and the oppression of colonization."  ▲ Map of Mokpojin, which belonged to Muan.You can see Samhakdo Island at the bottom and Yudalsan Mountain at the top. ● The sea loses the river and the river loses the sea... In order to better understand Mokpo, it is impossible to explain except for the Yeongsangang River. Therefore, I chose a boat route from Bukgwanjeong Pavilion in Yeongsanpo to Hagueon in Mokpo. As the movement to save the Yeongsangang River was in full swing, several heads of institutions below the provincial governor boarded the boat. The ship went down the Yeongsangang River, rested for a while at Mongtanaru Ferry in Yeongam, and flowed leisurely again, and was blocked at Hagueon. At that point, Namak New Town, the former site of Jeollanam-do Provincial Government, can be seen by the river. In other words, Mokpo is a key point located on the road where the Yeongsangang River meets the sea, and the sea loses the river, and the river loses the sea, which is ruined. As the sea boats went up and down, Gwangju City, a city that directly connected to the sea, became a city of disconnection where even the river water was cut off, not to mention the sea. Earlier, in Taekji-ri, Lee Jung-hwan-do, the Yeongsangang River flows westward to Muan Mokpo...Across the river is a large plain...The wind is sunny, the land is wide, and the goods are abundant, so the southwest river and the sea are called Myeong-eup along with Gwangju because they control the interests of transportation.' Therefore, it is very wrong to regard Gwangju as only an inland city, and if the estuary explodes, it will be possible to return to a marine-linked city. ● Mokpo, where discrimination between Japanese and Korean villages is serious, has continued to develop. As a gateway to Jeollanam-do and the center of a production group, it has become an important port and a key point of commerce in Joseon.The population exceeded 60,000 in the 1930s. In Jeollanam-do, he was the first to be baptized by modern civilization and was so ahead that he was one of the top five in the country. However, the baptism was not evenly distributed, regardless of person or area. Discrimination has been seen everywhere. In particular, discrimination against Japanese and Korean villages was so serious that it was a major characteristic of Japanese colonial era Mokpo urbanization. The Japanese decorated the city to make it easier for them to live. Stations, government offices, banks, schools, markets, and other major institutions that perform modern functions were established in a close and convenient place. Water and sewage, road pavement, transportation and communication, electricity, gas, health, and hygiene were also installed mainly by the Japanese. The swing streets were organized, clean and convenient. On the other hand, the streets of Koreans were so miserable.  ▲ Korean villages (left) and Japanese villages adjacent to Mokpo Port during the Japanese colonial period.At that time, discrimination against the two villages was severe. The back of Mokpo Port, a commercial city, was the place where defeated groups and bot peddlers wandered in the rural area. Young people went out on the street with fish sellers and crabbees, women with Deokjangsu and sweet potato merchants, boys with Genmai bread, Denppura, towel socks, and girls with soybean oil and vegetables. They were miserable because they were forced out of traffic control. There was a queue of suicides due to the hardships of life. The beggars also roamed about. There was a huge number of stray streets, which were full of prostitutes and sexually transmitted diseases.It was too miserable to be a 'port romance'. ●In Mokpo City, Professor Ko suggested an interesting way to distinguish Mokpo City as follows, running from the Yeongsangang River estuary, the Street Museum."If the Jeollanam-do Provincial Government site along the Yeongsangang River is 21st century-style, the Hanae city built in the 1990s on landfill in the 1980s is rationalistic. Beyond the 90s rationalism streets where new motels coexist with apartments, there is a cultural street with public facilities such as the National Maritime Museum. There is a 1970s-style street made by the World Bank (IBRD), and it is impossible to go straight anywhere by vaguely creating a T-shaped road to create a pedestrian-centered street. You can see Samhakdo over there and you can see Yudalsan Mountain. That's downtown Mokpo, where the streets of Koreans and Japanese were divided." At this point, it is the Street Museum. With the coexistence of Japanese, Korean, 70s, 80s, 90s, and 21st century styles, it has been piled up one by one to create a port city. The first Mokpo exploration site, which eloquently speaks of the past 100 years, may be the Japanese consulate used as the Mokpo Cultural Center today.Built in 1900 (the 37th year of King Gojong's reign), it was built by a Russian architect, and it remains solid even after 100 years, with a high-end marble fireplace installed. From here, you can see the area of even Japanese people, including Dongchaek, at a glance. It has established itself proudly in an authoritative position. It was used as a board office in Mokpo and a deputy office in Mokpo, and after liberation, it was used as a city hall and a municipal library. A little down from the Cultural Center, you will see the stone building of Oriental Cheoksiksa.It is said that in the 1920s, it was moved from Yeongsanpo to here after doing a lot of bad things, and it is an institution that grew up by sucking up the high blood of Namdo. The Dongchuk Mokpo branch collected the largest tenant fees in the country and was a symbol of colonial exploitation with real estate collateral loans and usages.Lee Nan-young's song "Tears of Mokpo," which was popular in the 1930s, must flow with such a sad story. It is the only one left in the country along with the Busan branch in Dongchuck as citizens are ready to revive what was owned by the Navy and on the verge of being abolished. The highlight is also Lee Hoon-dong Garden.It is said to be 1999 pyeong, but it was built by a man named Uchidani Manpae in the 1930s. After Korea's liberation from Japanese colonial rule, the Coast Guard was stationed, and it was transferred to Lee Hoon-dong (from Haenam in 1917), who established Joseon Naehwa in 1947 through the ownership of Park Ki-bae, a lawmaker. It is located at the southern foot of Yudalsan Mountain, the guardian mountain of Mokpo, and consists of an entrance garden, an affordable garden, an Imcheon garden, and a sponsorship. It is the largest garden in Namdo, and there are 113 kinds of trees, so it is a repository of warm local plants. In addition to Japanese-style stone lanterns, Japanese-style tea gardens, ponds, and stone pagodas are arranged. If you look up from the garden, you can see Nojeokbong Peak. The legendary protagonist, who defeated Admiral Yi Sun-shin without a fight by making him wear a camouflage cliff as a test for the enemy, is looking down at the Waegwan Garden. It's a very ironic part. ● As the Chungmugong camp climbed Nojeokbong Peak as the site of cotton exploitation, you can see Kohado Island in front of your nose. After the Battle of Myeongnyang, Yi Sun-sin moved his camp to Gohado Island on October 29, 1597, stockpiling military rice, and reorganizing his power, and then moving his camp to Gogeumdo Island on February 17 of the following year.In 1722, Oh Jung-ju, the controller, and Lee Bong-sang, the fifth-generation descendant of Chungmugong, built a monument to Lee Chungmugong's ancient capital in the ruins to this day. There is another monument at the dock of Kohado Island, which is the birth monument of Joseon's land.In 1899, the Japanese Consulate began to test-grow U.S. land noodles, and as they succeeded in cultivating them, land noodles spread throughout the country. During the harvest season, Mokpo Port was covered with white cotton, so it was a symbol of Namdo exploitation along with rice. It is another irony that Chungmugong's position was changed to the site of cotton exploitation as the Japanese Consulate General established a monument for the Japanese Consulate in 1936. The 100 years of Mokpo passed so sadly. Who talks about colonial modernity? Who discusses the theory of colonial accumulation and colonial development only with quantitative statistics? It is eloquent that the life of the port, which most clearly shows the human group of the colonial era, was only for the Japanese, and the fruit was irrelevant to the Korean people. Rice and cotton piled up like mountains in Mokpo Port were symbols of the exploitation of the people of Namdo. In other words, I would like to urge some domestic desk theorists to visit Mokpo Port, which is consequently consistent with the fiction of colonial modernism emphasized in Japan's textbook distortion. If you walk through Mokpo Port for an hour, you will soon feel that modern development was a fabrication based solely on national discrimination and exploitation.

Lee Tak-oh, a person from the Ming Empire

 "I was a dog" It is a matter for Confucian society (1527-1602). The pen name is Tak-oh. The Ming figure. At the age of 26, he became a local poet and served as a government official for 28 years. He was "the one who misled people on the wrong road" for 22 years until he committed suicide in prison at the age of 76. One day, when he was 62 years old, he was itching his head, so it was cumbersome to scratch it, and he cut his hair when the smell of sweat and dandruff flew away. The scandal that "a former government official of the four-room museum has become a monk" is a matter of course. It was a protest and challenge to a society dominated by Confucianism. In a society that makes people choose between walking meat or hypocrites, it was "great performance" to put weight on individual freedom, rights, or happiness. His confession, "I was a dog before 50," was a poo at himself and the Confucian society. By abandoning his office at fifty-four, he released the intolerable bondage of the bureaucracy, and by pushing his head away at sixty-two, he broke up with the sectarian society. He is a heretic who has crossed Yang Myung-hak and Buddhism. He downplayed the kind of public-spirited people and insisted on being faithful to natural intelligence. He refuted the views that "women ruin the country" and "women have short insights," defended "gannung" by saying that 200% of courage and knowledge were required, criticizing fake Taoism, and criticized the bureaucratic society before and after the death of Jang Geo-jeong. A decade-long letter with Gyeongjeonghyang is the axis of controversy. They are tied up to form works such as Bunseo, Jangseo, and Seolseo. His book spreads quite widely. Considering the printing situation at the time, it is a proof of the controversy of the writing. Countless people who are hit by the stones he randomly throws put him in jail. The scandal with young bhikkhuni Mae Dam-yeon also played a part. The razor that cut his hair was a tool to cut his own throat. "It is humanity to dress and eat, and it is the reason of all things." "Children are innocent and innocent, but they lose their purity as society's knowledge and unspoken hints are injected." "There is no such thing as a born. It's the difference between being a saint and a robber and meeting an opportunity." His revolutionary perception is compared to enlightenment ideas such as Voltaire and Montesquieu. What's his temper? I shook so clean that I couldn't handle the worn broom. The clothes had no blemishes, and I often wiped my face and brushed my body. I didn't like the smell of people's noses, so I let them sit far away and kicked them out, and if I didn't think I could communicate, I stayed quiet without saying a word. In Joseon, Choi Se-jin's "Hunmongja" came out in the year he was born, and he suffered the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. He met Matteo Ricci three times between 1599 and 1600, and three years later, Lee Kwang-jung and Kwon-hee of Joseon brought Matteo Ricci's "Gonyeoman National Exhibition." "A Taoist is like a dog or a pig." "Before I was 50 years old, I was only one dog." When the dog in front of him barked at his shadow, he followed him. If someone asks me why I barked, I have no choice but to shut my mouth and smile shyly like a mute...." Yi Ji (1527-1602) was one of the leading heretical thinkers of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. His pen name is Tak-oh. Lee Tak-oh freely criticized the ideological world at the time when he did not recognize other studies other than Gong Maeng's intention. "He who deceives heaven and man must weigh Taoism. This is because Taoism is good for selling the trick." There are many things that have been threatened with life thanks to the attack on Taoists that their behavior is no different from that of dogs and pigs. He, who pursued freedom of thought, argued that the heart of a young child was the true heart of man. They say that children's clear and clean minds that have not been stained with reading or knowledge should be preserved as they are, and human desires should be acknowledged without pretense. However, Lee Tak-oh himself seemed to have thought that his thoughts were an unacceptable radical argument at the time. His book was named "Bunseo," which means "a book to be burned down," or "a book to be hidden." He said, "No one recognizes me enough to give my life. I have prophesied that in the future I will vent my anger by death for those who do not recognize me." As he said, Lee Tak-oh committed suicide in prison at the age of 76 when he was impeached for being too sensitive. It was the end of a heretic who fought against the world.   Lee Tak-oh, author of "Bunseo" and the largest heretic in Chinese history, is more philosophically and humanely attractive than any other Chinese philosopher who sought absolute freedom of mind in the ideological world of the late Ming Dynasty, which recognized no academic or thought except dogmatized Zhu Zi. In this book, Lee Tak-oh's thoughts and tragic life, which overthrew the knowledge of the past and revealed the hypocrisy of the intellectual, will be a scene to reflect on our fears, cowardice, and self-defense in the 21st century, when social oppression mechanisms continue to be accepted without reflection. "Before I was 50 years old, I was only one dog!" - "Bunseo" [I have learned the teachings of the saints since I was young, but I don't know what the teachings of the saints are. I respect Confucius, but I don't know where Confucius is admirable. This is just a rhythm that a dwarf follows the sound of others' good performance while watching a play among people. Before I was 50 years old, I was just one dog. When the dog in front of him barked at his shadow, he followed him. If someone asks me why I barked, I have no choice but to shut my mouth and smile shyly like a mute....] Lee Tak-oh's desperate remark, "I was a dog," is a penitentiary of a thinker and a painful reminder to scholars of this era. After the Song Dynasty, the Confucian scripture, which was fixed as Juhee's tin, was the only academic system recognized by the state. It was shocking at the time to criticize Confucius or deny the absolute truth of the scriptures. No one in the Middle Ages of the East could doubt the truth of Confucius and the Confucian scriptures themselves. No, I couldn't verbalize a meeting. Even Wang Su-in (Wang Yang-myeong), the founder of Yang Myeong-hak, did not dare to publicly correct Joo-hee's errors and built the "Juju Manmanjeong Theory" after much consideration and used it as a shield for his "Chiyangji" studies, but was criticized for providing people with pods. However, Lee Tak-oh did not criticize Confucius himself. Despite the fact that there could be free interpretation and ideas of Confucius, they rebelled against the behavior of the Taoists at the time, who made only Joo-hee's. [Adults don't blame people for having everything perfectly] So each person can become an adult. Therefore, Yangmyeong said, "Everything full of streets is a saint," and the Buddha also said, "The heart is a Buddha, and everyone is a Buddha." Since each person is an adult, there is no other way that adults can't stop showing people. If there is nothing that cannot be done by the plowing, planting rice, grilling bowls, and fishing, then shall we not take the good of the other ten million saints and wise men? How can it be said that I had to learn Confucius only to succeed in the right vein?] In the article "Praise for Harm," Lee Tak-oh fundamentally denied the divine authority granted to the Do of Gongmeng through the character of the remains, and Confucius was also an ordinary group that could be called "brother" rather than "intelligent Zen master." A Taoist wore high-heeled shoes with a wide band on his long sleeve, a hat called Samgang Osang, and a robe called humanity, and took a word or two from the old scripture, stole three or four words from Confucius's words, and boasted that he was a true disciple of Jungni. Then I met the remains. The remains are intelligent people, and they laughed at it and said, "This man doesn't know my brother yet." The man spoke with a gust of anger and a flush of red. "If heaven hadn't brought Jungni to this world, the history of all ages would have been like a long night. What kind of man do you dare to call Zhongni brother?" the remains said. "Then perhaps Bok-hee before Jung-ni was born or the saints before that would have walked on the road by lighting candles every day!"] "If heaven had not made Jung-ni born, the history of all time would have been a long night," said Joo-hee. In a word, Lee Tak-oh ridiculed the absurdity and gasiness of deifying Jungni (Confucius). Later, based on this article, Lee Tak-oh was accused of criticizing adults and belittling the law. As a person, as an ancient thinker and educator, Lee Tak-oh respected Confucius. Confucius' morality and learning certainly had something that made people happy with their hearts and truly admire. However, it is abominable to use him as a magic spell to cover the mouths of 10 million living people while supporting him as an icon of sacredness, and to use him as a step to tighten and kill the Holy Spirit of all people. As Lee Tak-oh, he could not accept this behavior even if his head was broken and bleeding. Confucius attacked by Lee Tak-oh was not Confucius during the Spring and Autumn period, but a later Confucius who "rejected the hundred families and respected only Confucian scholars." Outspoken remarks and writings that subvert the existing order have sparked numerous debates with outspoken remarks and writings. A case in point is the 10-year debate with Gyeongjeonghyang, who claimed to be the best Taoist at the time. To Gyeongjeonghyang, who rebukes Gongmeng's road, Lee Tak-oh wrote as soon as he picked up the brush without hesitation or hesitation. "People in the world talk in their sleep in broad daylight, but it is worth saying that they are always awake because only Gong is talking in broad daylight alone in their dreams." For Kyung Jung-hyang, it was really a disgrace and anger. Lee Tak-oh's outspoken attitude caused serious social repercussions and led to countless threats of life. He who loves fame in the world must weigh Taoism. This is because Taoism is good for creating fame. He who has not been appointed must be educated in Taoism. This is because Taoism is good for opening the way to appointment. He who deceives heaven and man must weigh Taoism. This is because Taoism is good to sell the trick.

To this day, the act of combining Taoism on the outside, pursuing wealth inside, and dressing up in deep and elegant clothes is no different from that of a dog pig.] Lee Tak-oh presented his ideas to the world through Bunseo, Jangseo, Seolseo, and numerous works. Lee Tak-oh knew. If these books come out, the anger that will drive you crazy doesn't just stop at the level of criticism so far. Therefore, the name of the book was named "Book to Burn" (Bunseo) and "Book to Hide" (Jangseo), but his book was not burned or could not be hidden. Chinese culture with Confucian culture as its main subject has always emphasized social order, and 'individual' was only one screw of a huge machine called society. Living within the ethical relationship of Samgang Five-sang, maintaining and protecting the rules of this relationship was the job of a person who fits the nature. However, Lee Tak-oh proudly suggested one principle. "People value what they do for themselves, and they strive for their way." This was an outrageous remark from the perspective of Chinese society at the time. If you don't go your own way, and if you do your homework, it will be the same eccentric wall, and if you don't know how to do it for yourself and work only for others, even if it's Yosun, it will be fine dust.] Lee Tak-oh's ideas were heresy, far more destructive than Buddha and Laozi, in the Confucian state of ethics and "social orientation." From the perspective of Taoists, it was obvious that if Lee Tak-oh's ideas were allowed to spread, the 2,000-year-old tradition of thought style and value standards would be broken. However, Lee Tak-oh's admonition was something that many people did not dare to say even if they wanted to say it, and encouraged those who were dissatisfied with fake righteousness and with manners that bound people, certainly instigating and bewitching many people. Thus, the impact of Lee Tak-oh on the fence of Myeonggyo and the collision between Taoists to protect the tradition of Myeonggyo became inevitable. Respect the human mind as it is, Lee Tak-oh's idea of pursuing freedom of thought is well revealed in his "concentration theory". He says that the heart of a child is the true heart of a human being, and no adult can be true if he loses it. [Childhood innocence is a true heart] If you say you shouldn't have a child's heart, it's the same as saying you shouldn't have a true. Childhood innocence is pure and true, and it is the true intention of the first determination. If you lose your innocence, you lose your true heart; if you lose your true heart, you lose your true person. If a person is not true, the original intention no longer exists at all.] Lee Tak-oh argues that the clear and clean mind of children who are not infected with reading books is the most valuable thing, and that the natural human mind, which is the Taoist, should be respected and human desire should be affirmed without pretense. Even if a child's innocence is blocked, the words do not come out from the bottom of his heart, and even if he participates in politics, there is no root in the political affairs that the person conducts, and even if he writes, the meaning is not conveyed properly.

the relationship between the Yuan Dynasty and the Northern Yuan

 In fact, it is said that the Mongols lived more often in Sangdo (Karakoram) than in the Great City.When I was living in a big city...There's a Mongolian "gal" around the palace, and you're staying there... for your information.The power outage of the Great Wall is now northwest of the Forbidden City.It was on the west corner of Sinmumun Gate...In Ming China, the Great Wall was smashed the Great Wall.Not to mention the demolition of the blackout building, but even the site...I dug it all up and turned it into a "moat. ************************************************ In 1370, the 15th Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, Togon Temurkan, died in Eungchang, and the crown prince Ayushiridara became the Great Khan. Soon after, the Ming army also invaded Ngchangbu, and Ayushiridakhan retreated to Karakorum. Hundreds of Mongol emperors, including Maitreyabara, the grandson of Togon Temurkan, were captured by the Ming army, and Ayushiridarakan still had the power and influence of the Genghis Khan Empire in Manchuria, Gamsuk, Tibet, Yunnan, and Central Asia. In 1372, Zhu Yuanzhang, who was a fool in the Ming Dynasty, broke into the Mongolian Plateau in the last north by dividing 150,000 troops into three paths by a general named Seodal, but was defeated by General Kukutemur in the Tol River... But shortly thereafter Kukutemur fell ill and Ayushiradarakhan died in 1378. In 1378, Togus Usgil Temurkan, who succeeded his deceased brother to become the 17th Great Khan, frequently invaded mainland China and fought fiercely against Mongolia and the Ming Dynasty. Togustemurkan entered the Hulunbuyur region of eastern Mongolia in response to Nahachu, a general of the Jalair family, who held sway over the Ming Dynasty, and entered the southward position. But this despicable Nahachu surrendered in 1387 despite having a large force of 200,000 troops under the leadership of Pungseung. (later Nahachu dies during the Yunnan conquest) To save the crisis on the Eastern Front, Togu Stemurkhan himself went to the Bouir-Nor lakeside to communicate with Goryeo and try to co-operate the Ming army. However, in 1388, he was attacked by a great army led by Namok and was severely defeated. This was a real disgrace in Mongolian history. Togusthemurkan, who fled westward to the battle of the only major loss to the untalented Jjanggae, was killed by Ishder, a descendant of Ariqbouquet, who was defeated by the Kublai Khan near the Tol River, and the Kublai family was cut off. By 1392, Ishder was able to reach Kahnwie, Mongolia, based on Oirat's support. Oirat was a group of people who were called foresters by the Mongols, based in the northwestern Mongolian Plateau and the upper reaches of the Yanisei River west of Lake Baikal. After submitting to Genghis Khan, it was organized into four Tumen, Choros, Durbet, Hoschot, and Torgut, which by this time advanced into the North Mongolian Plateau. It's a new name for Khan, but this is only the Kublai lineage that's boiled, and it's still Genghis Khan's family, and the Mongol Empire continues. Engh Zorigt Khan was crowned 19th Khan and he developed Mongolia's economy, followed by Erbek Nigul Segtskan as the 20th Khan. However, he was deceived by the sweet words of Oirat's Emperor Goo Hai, and he killed Karguchuk and took Oljayt for the beauty of Alljayt, the wife of Prince Karguchuk. Khan was then killed by Ogechikashika of Oirat. And then Gungtemur Khan came to power, but then he fell out with Oirat, and in 1402 Uggs Kasihakan, the 22nd Khan who came to power, made peace with Oirat. Olktemurkan, who ascended to the 23rd Khan in 1408, was defeated by the main forces of Yeongrakje in 1410, but he continued to train his troops and fought the Ming Dynasty all his life, and gave the Ming a crushing defeat in 1411. Delbegkan, who succeeded him at the age of 17, also dedicated his life to fighting the Ming Dynasty, and Adai Khan, son and successor of Karhochak, defeated the Ming army in 1424, and the pathetic Youngnakje struggled and failed to grasp the tactics of the Mongol cavalry Eventually, he died in the army. At that time, there were three great leaders in Oirat, but one of them, Mahmoud of Chorosbu, was most likely to surrender to the Ming Dynasty and conquer the Northern Yuan. After his death, his son Togon Taishi ascended the throne, and Chorosvu became more powerful and eventually unified various parts of the Oirat. Togon Taish killed Adai Khan, a Northern Khan who was arrogant to him, and then took Tokto Abuka Taishon to the throne in 1433. But the real power was taken by Togon, who conquered the South Mongolian Plateau, and Togon Taishi became the former ruler of Mongolia. However, Togon Taishi was killed by an arrow when he was cursed by His Majesty Genghis Khan while defaming Khan with a knife in his portrait. His son, Essen Taishi, took over the shrine of Genghis Khan carefully, conquered Heunganryeong, absorbed the third-largest land of Ulyanghai Khan, subjugated the tribes of Manchuria, and demanded trade in Joseon, which was then ruled by Ido. Essenkhan expanded its territory to the West, overpowering Mogulistan Khanga of Chagatai and defeating Abulkhairkhan of Juchiga. And so the Oirat Empire was about the same size as Genghis Khan's unification of Mongolia ... Especially, the high point of Essenkan is that it defeated half a million great soldiers in civil engineering. When the pathetic Ming Dynasty imposed restrictions on border trade, Essenkan led 20,000 elite cavalry to attack the Ming Dynasty in 1449. The Ming emperor, Ju Gi-jin, led 500,000 troops to Essen Khan, but after a six-day surprise attack on the civil war, Ming was killed in excess of 300,000 troops, Wang Jin and all other Ming generals were killed and the Emperor Ju-jin and the rest of Ming were taken prisoner. This is how great Essen Khan's military technology was when he defeated over half a million men with only 20,000 cavalry in the famous Civil War. Essen Khan beheaded the main camp and threw his head at the gates of Beijing. But in the history of the pathetic Ducks, Ju Gi-jin came to life and became emperor again, and I don't know if this was also made up by the Ducks, who enjoyed manipulation, glorification, and exaggeration. I think it's said that he's revived with a face similar to that of Ju Gi-jin... Later in 1452, Essen left only those who had Oirat as their mother, and killed all of the Northern imperial families, including Toktoabukakhan and his brother Wagwarzhin Jernan, and went on to call themselves Daewon Nature Daekan. But in 1455, a minister named Arachtinsang, a subordinate, rebelled and attacked Essen Khan, who fled and was killed, and the Oirat Empire collapsed. The Oirat, which expanded significantly over the two generations of Togon and Essen, declined in East Mongolia due to the civil war, but still threatened the meadowlands between the Ili River and the Caspian Sea in the West. Essen Khan was killed, followed by a nine-year-old young Khan named Mercos Uheggt, who died a year later, followed by his brother Mullen. Mullen Khan died in 1462 and in 1463, from Mogulistan, the descendant of the Chakatai family in the West, Bekalsran founded Mandorun, the aunt of Tyson Khan, on Khan and became Taesa himself. Mandoruncan is killed in 1467 in the battle against Bolhu Ginnon and Bolhu Ginnon is also killed just before declaring Khan in 1470.Dayan, only five years old, was left of the Kublai clan. Manduhai, the young widow of Mandorunkan, took Dayan, who had been abandoned by his remarried mother, and protected him and declared him Khan. Dayan is the Chinese name given to Daewon's vocal range and his ambition to become Daewon's Khan. Dayan Khan's real name is Batumont-kei and in 1481, Dayan married Manduhai, a girl who had him take back to Cannes. Unbelievable, Dayan Khan married a woman over 30 years old, had six twins, another son, and seven children. In 1487, Dayan Khan became the Great Khan at the age of 24 and Dayan Khan was chosen as the last great Khan of the Mongol Empire. The Emperor of Ming, the Emperor of Ming, is the great Daekan who made Ming shiver for fear of him... He first attempted to unify Mongolia, completely dispelling the threat of Oirat and establishing sovereignty in the Inner Mongolian Plateau, restoring the authority of the Genghis Khanate. The traditional division was to organize the tribes of East Mongolia into six tumen, divided into the left (Jungarh) in the east and the right (Barrungar) in the west, and the left was directly controlled by Dayan Khan and the right was under the title of Zinong, Khan's son. The left was the three-tumen of Chahar, Khalka, and Wu Liangkan, and the right was the three-tumen of Ordos, Tumet, and Karachin. In any case, Dayan Khan defeated Oirat, and between 1497 and 1505, he conquered Ming's fluctuations and Gamsukseong, and in 1510, he captured the North China region and took silver to punish Ming. Anyway, even the Ming emperor was afraid of Dayan Khan, and when Dayan Khan died in 1524, the two sides started fighting. Afterwards, Dayan Khan's third son, Barsbolt Saimalak Jernan Khan, was crowned and during his reign the civil war intensified. When Barthvolt Khan died in 1531, fighting began on the right, and Altan, the second son of Barthvolt Khan, who led Tumet, grew up to overwhelm the left wing by replacing his nephew, Zinong. After Barsbolt Khan, Bodhi Alakkan, the son of Turbolt, the grandson of Dayan Khan of Chaharbu, takes the seat of Khan, but Altan takes the initiative... The reason why he's called Altan Khan even though he's not Khan is because he's a very accomplished and he's a great figure. Altan wanted to trade with Ming, but Ming didn't respond, so he attacked Ming almost every year, especially in 1542, killing Zhang Sechung, the Ming's appendix, and capturing 200,000 people in 18 Juhyeon, centered on Sanseoseong.

In 1550, by besieging Beijing and threatening the Ming Dynasty, they awakened the tradition of Genghis Khan, and Altan allowed the captured Han people to engage in farming, and from this point on, the Mongolian Plateau was also grainy. In 1552, the Altan defeated Oirat and recaptured Karakorum, a symbol of the Mongol Empire's sovereignty, and raided Oirat's home, Zungaria. In 1566, they conquered the Qinghai region and in 1572, they went all the way to Tibet. Literally, the Great Wall was just a form. The left-wing Chaharbu moved east of Heunganryeong by the forces of Altan, and Kalkabu moved to the North Mongolian Plateau where the Oirat forces had retreated and occupied it. It was also at this time that the Mongols migrated to the Qinghai region. However, after Altan's grandson defected to Ming, Altan reconciled with Ming and Ming gave Altan Khan the title of King of Pure Righteousness. Every year, a regular trade market was held at the border, and the bone changed livestock, leather goods, and dairy products to Myeongna's textiles and daily goods, and Myeongna paid allowances to Mongolian lords. In Hughoth, supplies from China gathered and then people from all over Mongolia became the center of trade and flourished, but Altan Khan himself did not stay in the city, but stayed in the nearby meadow, Ordo. Ming called the castle naturalized in 1575. In 1578, Altan Khan became an avid Tibetan Buddhist believer, inspired by the invitation of Shenam Gyacho, who had a reputation as a high priest of the then-Tibetan buddha in Qinghai. He gave him the title of the Dalai Lama, and Shenam Gyacho became the Dalai Lama III. In this way, the Mongols' nomadic spirit was tamed in the prayers of the Ramas, by giving divine authority to the revival of the Genghis Khana that Dayan and Altan had achieved and instead the Mongols devoted themselves to the Ramas. Unfortunately, from this point on, the fighting power of the Mongols began to deteriorate because of Buddhism. In 1582, Altan Khan died at the age of 76, and there was no greater figure. Bodhi Alakkan, who was a scarecrow, died in 1547, followed by Darayson Goodenkan in 1548. Darayson Goodenkan said that during his tenure, he unified the six tribes by using a policy of conciliatoryism and lived comfortably. He was succeeded by his youngest son, Tumen, who took the seat of the Great Khan. When Tumenkan is crowned, the North Yuan is able to re-establish the unification of Mongolia and Tumenkan introduces a new decree, so he is known in history as Tumen Zagtkan. Tumen Jagt Khan died in 1592 when Naresuen of Siam ascended the throne in the year of the Seven Years' War in Joseon, and in 1593, his eldest son, Bojan Chechen, took the seat. Joseon was noisy with the Seven Years' War and his reign was quiet during the 300 Years' War between Siam and Myanmar in Indochina... It is said that during his reign, the rebellion of Bobai, a Mongolian who defected to his command, took place and helped it... In 1603, Bojan Chechen Khan died, followed by Rigden Hotagt Khan, the son of the Mangus, who took the seat of the Great Khan... Rigden Hotagt Khan was the last Khan of the North and a ferocious figure, but Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia and several Tibetan Buddhist scriptures were translated into Mongolian, which had a profound impact on Mongolian culture. Instead, it greatly deteriorated the fighting power of the Mongol soldiers and ended up boiling their knees to the Qing Dynasty... During the reign of Rigden Khan, Nurhachikan founded the Qing Dynasty in Manchuria. The Qing Dynasty is actually a nomadic empire and a successor state to the Mongol Empire. And if that's the reason... Nurhachikan entered into an alliance with Genghis Khan's younger brother, the Khassar family's Jorginho Mongolians. From this time on, various Mongolian ministries, including the Horchinbu, received various royal titles and titles, and the Qing Dynasty became the combined government of the Manchurian and Mongolian nobility. In 1626, the Hongtaijikan, who succeeded Nurhachikan, fought fiercely against Rigden Hotagtkan, who also fought bravely, but had already left it to Tibetan Buddhism, the fighting power weakened and eventually lost to the Eight Armies of Qing Rigden Khan fled. Rigden Khan died in Qinghai during the expedition to Tibet in 1634, and Hong Taijikan captured Rigden Khan's young son, Ejay, and his mother, Empress Sutai, who gave Hong Taijikan the jade seal used by the Yuan emperor. Hongtaijikan thought that Genghis Khan's Mandate came to him, and in 1636 he convened Kuril Thai in Shenyang, and was elected as a common emperor of three races by Manchus, Mongolians and Chinese representatives, and the Great Mongol Empire ended in 1634.

the Austrian Empire that followed the Siege of Vienna

 

Austria, which defeated Turkey and signed the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, formed an empire. Originally, the Habsburgs of Austria were the Holy Roman Emperor... the German Emperor. So Austria is under the direct control of the German emperor. But in the Thirty Years' War of the 17th century, Germany was devastated by the death of one-third of its population, and each empire was effectively independent. Germany had been divided since the late Middle Ages in the 14th century, but the Thirty Years' War and the resulting Treaty of Bestfarren in 1648, were certainly true. Everything was a trick of the French Cardinal Richelieu... ...although the Buddha died just before the end of the war. And so the Habsburgs have no choice but to cling to their direct control of Austria... ...and to make matters worse, 200,000 Ottoman Turks, encouraged by Louis XIV, the French Sun King. But blessing in disguise. Austria annexed Hungary and other countries with the Treaty of Karlowitz and formed an empire that controlled Middle Eastern Europe larger than what is now French territory. By the end of the 18th century, southern Poland was also annexed. However, as you can see in the Pumple below, Napoleon took over the capital Vine in the early 19th century, depriving him of the title of the Holy Roman Emperor in name only. Later, he became a victorious country, became the chair of the Federal Republic of Germany, and Italy and Venice and Lombardy were also accepted, but both Germany and Italy were defeated in the 1860s and kicked out in the 1860s. And by this time the empire was at a big crossroads... ...because there was already a nationalist craze in Europe. In the February Revolution of 1848, the Hungarians rose up and managed to suppress it with the help of the Russian army. The German rulers (Austria) are only a few, and they're alienated from German reunification, so this is not a state, it's a private estate of the Habsburgs. A country that cannot exist in the 19th century. But this is where the greatness of the Austrians comes into play, and Emperor Franz Josef breaks up the empire in 1867 after losing the Seven-Week War against Prussia. Independence of Hungary, the emperor of Austria and the king of Hungary... ...that is, one monarch, one government and two capitals... ...Vine and Budapest. This is the famous Austrian = Hungarian dual empire. The Germanic people, who were in power, put the Mazars, the Hungarians, into the same ruler. The rest of the population here are furious................Czech Slovakian Polish Romanian Slovenian Croatian ..............and yet marginalized. And what's more, the Hungarians were so sneaky, they wanted independence when they were the governed, and now they have power and they put pressure on the minorities in their territory. Rather, the intensity of the repression was more than... ...Germans. If a poor man succeeds suddenly, he will be scarier than the rich. But all in all, Austria = Hungary is really doing well... ...and they've had peace and prosperity for 50 years. It was one of the eight major world powers... ...at least sixth place: Britain, France, Germany, the United States, Russia, Austria = Hungary, Italy, Japan. The capital city of Biin was a very beautiful city, and various philosophers, artists, scientists, etc. enjoyed its heyday. There's a Jewish population of 10 percent, and Hitler, the poor painter who scorned it. However, only Austria has developed and Hungary and other eastern regions are still poor... The weakness that the structure of the Industrial Revolution also cut the empire in half. During World War I, in 1916, Franz Josef, the reigning emperor of the Habsburgs, dies, and in 1918, his son, the last emperor of the Habsburgs, kills himself with a pistol. The territory is divided into seven countries: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, parts of Poland, parts of Italy, parts of Romania, parts of Yugoslavia... Currently, Czech Republic and Slovakia are divided, and Yugoslavia is divided into Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia. Some parts of Slovakia have moved to Ukraine, as many as 11 countries. That means that the people were diverse. The distribution of people in short clips. The Austrian Empire, the official name of the territory controlled by the ============================================================ Habsburg monarch, was established in 1804 when Franz II, the last emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, declared himself Emperor Franz II of Austria. Two years later, the Holy Roman Empire died down. After the fall of Napoleon (1814–15), Austria again became the leader of a small state, but was expelled from the German Confederation after being defeated in 1866 in the Seven Years' War against Prussia. Austrian Emperor Franz Josef took a renewed interest in the eastern part of the empire, trying to strengthen his empire with heterogeneous elements. Even before the war, he realized the need to compromise with rebellious Hungarians. The result of the negotiations was a grand compromise signed on February 8, 1867. It was not a compromise between Hungary and the rest of the Austrian Empire, but between the emperor and Hungary. Franz Josef once promised not to amend the constitution without the advice of the Reichsrat, but the intention of the Austrian people was not considered when signing the agreement. Hungary gained responsible cabinet membership and full internal autonomy under the agreement, and instead agreed that the Austrian Empire should still be maintained as a large nation for war and diplomacy. Franz Josef thus relinquished the privileges and non-Mazars protection obligations within Hungary to maintain the Habsburg dynasty's external reputation. The 'Joint Monarchy' consisted of the emperor, his subjects, the foreign minister, and the army minister. With the exception of the emperor himself, there was no co-prime minister of Austria and Hungary and no co-ministerial cabinet. The joint issue between Austria and Hungary was to be considered by a delegation of representatives from both countries' parliaments. The customs union and profit distribution regulations will be revised once every 10 years. Thanks to this provision, Hungarians were given the opportunity to receive a reward from the rest of the empire once every 10 years. The Compromise began to take effect in March 1867, when the Hungarian Parliament approved the agreement as a constitution. The Austrian Parliament was unable to amend the grand compromise and was only allowed to ratify it. As a reward, the German liberals, the majority in Congress, won considerable concessions from the emperor. Individual rights were secured, a completely neutral judiciary was created, and freedom of faith and education was guaranteed. But ministers still held the emperor individual accountable, not the Austrian parliament. The official name of the country formed by the Great Compromise was Austria-Hungary. The kingdom had its own name, king, and history. But the rest of the empire was just an accidental mass with no clear definition. The region was known in principle as 'the kingdoms and countries that send representatives to the Austrian parliament', and more simply 'the other half of the empire'. The unnamed area was soon called "Austria," "Austria in the true sense of the word," and "Little Austria," but it was all technically incorrect, and it was not until the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1915 that the "other half of the empire" was called the "Austrian Empire." The cause of this confusion was that the Austrian Empire, made up of miscellaneous pieces, was not a country with a common ritual or purpose, but a territory owned by the Habsburg family.